创伤后应激障碍的民族差异问题
|
摘要
创伤后应激障碍(PTSD)的民族差异主要体现在少数民族PTSD的发生率较高和症状反应与症状结构的差异。以美国代表的西方国家的研究表明,这些差异主要是源于暴露水平、少数民族的社会地位以及不同的文化背景。汶川地震后,有研究也发现羌族PTSD发生率高于汉族,然而对于羌汉民族间症状反应的具体差异及其原因,还并不十分明确。因此,有必要在中国进行PTSD民族差异系统深入的研究,这既有助于灾后心理援助工作更加有针对性的开展,也能够为从东方文化视角下理解PTSD提供理论依据。
The evidence for differences in prevalence and symptom structure of posttraumatic stress disorder(PTSD) in western countries,especially U.S.,was reviewed.We tired to summarize the explanation of the differences in terms of trauma exposure,socioeconomic status(SES) and cultural context.Some studies have found higher rate of PTSD among victims of Qiang than their Han counterparts after the 2008 Sichuan earthquake in China.Deepgoing and systematic studies are essential,in order to provide targeted interventions for different ethnic groups,as well as to gain a understanding of PTSD from the background of China.
The evidence for differences in prevalence and symptom structure of posttraumatic stress disorder(PTSD) in western countries,especially U.S.,was reviewed.We tired to summarize the explanation of the differences in terms of trauma exposure,socioeconomic status(SES) and cultural context.Some studies have found higher rate of PTSD among victims of Qiang than their Han counterparts after the 2008 Sichuan earthquake in China.Deepgoing and systematic studies are essential,in order to provide targeted interventions for different ethnic groups,as well as to gain a understanding of PTSD from the background of China.
引文
中华医学会精神科分会.(2001).中国精神障碍分类与诊断标准(CCMD-3)(第3版).山东:山东科学技术出版社.
American Psychiatric Association.(2000).Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders(4th ed.,rev.).Washington,DC:Author.
Anderson,L.P.(1991).Acculturative stress:A theory of relevance to black Americans.Clinical Psychology Review,11(6),685-702.
Brewin,C.R.,Andrews,B.,&Valentine,J.D.(2003).Meta-analysis of risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder in trauma-exposed adults.Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology,68(5),748-766.
Cannon,M.S.,&Locke,B.Z.(1977).Being black is detrimental to one’s mental health:Myth or reality-Phylon,38(4),408-428.
Chossegros,L.,Hours,M.,Charnay,P.,Bernard,M.,Fort,E.,Boisson,D.,et al.(2011).Predictive factors of chronic post-traumatic stress disorder6months after a road traffic accident.Accident Analysis and Prevention,43(1),471-477.
Dohrenwend,B.P.,Turner,J.B.,Turse,N.A.,Lewis-Fernandez,R.,&Yager,T.J.(2008).War-related posttraumatic stress disorder in Black,Hispanic,and majority White Vietnam veterans:The roles of exposure and vulnerability.Journal of Traumatic Stress,21(2),133-141.
Ford,J.D.(2008).Trauma,posttraumatic stress disorder,and ethnoracial minorities:Toward diversity and cultural competence in principles and practices.Clinical Psychology:Science and Practice,15(1),62-67.
Galea,S.,Ahern,J.,Resnick,H.,Kilpatrick,D.,Bucuvalas,M.,Gold,J.,et al.(2002).Psychological sequelae of the September 11 terrorist attacks in New York City.NewEngland Journal of Medicine,346(13),982-987.
Green,B.L.,Grace,M.C.,Lindy,J.D.,&Leonard,A.C.(1989).Race differences in response to combat stress.Journal of Traumatic Stress,3(3),379-393
Hamama-Raz,Y.,Solomon,Z.,Cohen,A.,&Laufer,A.(2008).PTSD Symptoms,forgiveness,and revenge among Israeli Palestinian and Jewish adolescents.Journal of Traumatic Stress,21(6),521-529.
Hobfoll,S.E.(1989).Conservation of resources:A new attempt at conceptualizing stress.American Psychologist,44(3),513-524.
Hobfoll,S.E.(1998).Stress,culture and community:The psychology and philosophy of stress.New York:Plenum.
Hobfoll,S.E.,Canetti-Nisim,D.,Johnson,R.J.,Palmieri,P.A.,Varley,J.D.,&Galea,S.(2008).The association of exposure,risk,and resiliency factors with PTSD among Jews and Arabs exposed to repeated acts of terrorism in Israel.Journal of Traumatic Stress,21(1),9-21.
Jenkins,J.(1996).Culture,emotion,and PTSD.In A.Marsella,M.Friedman,E.Gerrity,&R.Scurfield(Eds.),Ethnocrilrural aspects of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder:Issues,research,and clinical applications(pp.165-182).Washington,DC:APA.
Jones,L.,Brazel,D.,Peskind,E.R.,Morelli,T.,&Raskind,M.A.(2000).Group therapy program for African-American veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder.Psychiatric Services,51(9),1177-1179.
Kingston,S.,&Raghavan,C.(2009).The relationship of sexual abuse,early initiation of substance use,and adolescent trauma to PTSD.Journal of Traumatic Stress,22(1),65-68.
Kulka,R.A.,Schlesenger,W.E.,Fairbank,J.A.,Hough,R.L.,Jordan,B.K.,Marmar,C.R.,et al.(1990).Trauma and the Vietnam War generation:Report of Findings from the National Vietnam Veterans Readjustment Study.New York:Brunner/Mazel.
Kun,P.,Han,S.C.,Chen,X.C.,&Yao,L.(2009).Prevalence and risk factors for post-traumatic stress disorder:A cross-sectional study among survivors of the Wenchuan2008earthquake in China.Depression and Anxiety,26(12),1134-1140.
Lee,C.S.,Chang,J.C.,Liu,C.Y.,Chang,C.J.,Chen,T.H.H.,Chen,C.H.,et al.(2009).Acculturation,psychiatric comorbidity and posttraumatic stress disorder in a Taiwanese aboriginal population.Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology,44(1),55-62.
MacDonald,C.,Chamberlain,K.,&Long,N.(1997).Race,combat,and PTSD in a community sample of New Zealand Vietnam war veterans.Journal of Traumatic Stress,10(1),117-124.
Maercker,A.,&Herrle,J.(2003).Long-term effects of the Dresden bombing:Relationships to control beliefs,religious belief,and personal growth.Journal of Traumatic Stress,16(6),579-587
Mghir,R.,&Raskin,A.(1999).The psychological effects of the war in Afghanistan on young Afghan refugees from different ethnic backgrounds.International Journal of Social Psychiatry,45(1),29-36.
Neria,Y.,Nandi,A.,&Galea,S.(2008).Post-traumatic stress disorder following disasters:A systematic review.Psychological Medicine,38(4),467-480.
Norris,F.H.,Perilla,J.L.,&Murphy,A.D.(2001).Postdisaster stress in the United States and Mexico:A cross-cultural test of the multicriterion conceptual model of posttraumatic stress disorder.Journal of Abnormal Psychology,110(4),553-563.
Norris,F.H.,Vanlandingham,M.J.,&Vu,L.(2002).PTSD in vietnamese Americans following hurricane Katrina:Prevalence,patterns,and predictors.Journal of Traumatic Stress,22(2),91-101.
Norris,F.H.,Weisshaar,D.L.,Conrad,M.L.,Diaz,E.M.,Murphy,A.D.,&Iba-ez,G.E.(2001).A qualitative analysis of posttraumatic stress among Mexican victims of disaster.Journal of Traumatic Stress,14(4),741-756.
Ortega,A.N.,&Rosenheck,R.(2000).Posttraumatic stress disorder among Hispanic Vietnam veterans.American Journal of Psychiatry,157(4),615-619.
Osterman,J.E.,&de Jong,J.T.V.M.(2007).Cultural issues and trauma.In M.J.Friedman,T.M.Keane,&P.A.Resick(Eds),Handbook of PTSD:Science and practice.(pp.425-448).New York&London:The Guilford Press.
Palinkas,L.A.,Petterson,J.S.,Russell,J.C.,&Downs,M.A.(2004).Ethnic differences in symptoms of post-traumatic stress after the Exxon Valdez oil spill.Prehospital&Disaster Medicine,19(1),102-112.
Perilla,J.L.,Norris,F.H.,&Lavizzo,E.A.(2002).Ethnicity,culture,and disaster response:Identifying and explaining ethnic differences in PTSD six months after Hurricane Andrew.Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology,21(1),20-45.
Pole,N.,Best,S.R.,Metzler,T.,&Marmar,C.R.(2005).Why are Hispanics at greater risk for PTSD-Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology,11(2),144-161.
Pole,N.,Best,S.R.,Weiss,D.S.,Metzler,T.,Liberman,A.M.,Fagan,J.,et al.(2001).Effects of gender and ethnicity on duty-related posttraumatic stress symptoms among urban police officers.Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease,189(7),442-448.
Roth,S.,Newman,E.,Pelcovitz,D.,van,der,Kolk,B.,&Mandel,F.S.(1997).Complex PTSD in victims exposed to sexual and physical abuse:Results from the DSM-IV field trial for posttraumatic stress disorder.Journal of Traumatic Stress,10(4),539-555.
Ruef,A.M.,Litz,B.T.,&Schlenger,W.E.(2000).Hispanic ethnicity and risk for combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder.Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology,6(3),235-251.
Somer,E.,Maguen,S.,Or-Chen,K.,&Litz,B.T.(2009).Managing terror:Differences between Jews and Arabs in Israel.International Journal of Psychology,44(2),138-146.
Torabi,M.R.,&Seo,D.-C.(2004).National study of behavioral and life changes since September 11.Health Education&Behavior,31(2),179-192.
Wang,L.,Zhang,Y.Q.,Wang,W.Z.,Shi,Z.B.,Shen,J.H.,Li,M.,et al.(2009).Symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder among adult survivors three months after the Sichuan earthquake in China.Journal of Traumatic Stress,22(5),444-450.
Wang,X.D.,Gao,L.,Shinfuku,N.,Zhang,H.B.,Zhao,C.Z.,&Shen,Y.C.(2000).Longitudinal study of earthquake-related PTSD in a randomly selected community sample in north China.American Journal of Psychiatry,157(8),1260-1266.
American Psychiatric Association.(2000).Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders(4th ed.,rev.).Washington,DC:Author.
Anderson,L.P.(1991).Acculturative stress:A theory of relevance to black Americans.Clinical Psychology Review,11(6),685-702.
Brewin,C.R.,Andrews,B.,&Valentine,J.D.(2003).Meta-analysis of risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder in trauma-exposed adults.Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology,68(5),748-766.
Cannon,M.S.,&Locke,B.Z.(1977).Being black is detrimental to one’s mental health:Myth or reality-Phylon,38(4),408-428.
Chossegros,L.,Hours,M.,Charnay,P.,Bernard,M.,Fort,E.,Boisson,D.,et al.(2011).Predictive factors of chronic post-traumatic stress disorder6months after a road traffic accident.Accident Analysis and Prevention,43(1),471-477.
Dohrenwend,B.P.,Turner,J.B.,Turse,N.A.,Lewis-Fernandez,R.,&Yager,T.J.(2008).War-related posttraumatic stress disorder in Black,Hispanic,and majority White Vietnam veterans:The roles of exposure and vulnerability.Journal of Traumatic Stress,21(2),133-141.
Ford,J.D.(2008).Trauma,posttraumatic stress disorder,and ethnoracial minorities:Toward diversity and cultural competence in principles and practices.Clinical Psychology:Science and Practice,15(1),62-67.
Galea,S.,Ahern,J.,Resnick,H.,Kilpatrick,D.,Bucuvalas,M.,Gold,J.,et al.(2002).Psychological sequelae of the September 11 terrorist attacks in New York City.NewEngland Journal of Medicine,346(13),982-987.
Green,B.L.,Grace,M.C.,Lindy,J.D.,&Leonard,A.C.(1989).Race differences in response to combat stress.Journal of Traumatic Stress,3(3),379-393
Hamama-Raz,Y.,Solomon,Z.,Cohen,A.,&Laufer,A.(2008).PTSD Symptoms,forgiveness,and revenge among Israeli Palestinian and Jewish adolescents.Journal of Traumatic Stress,21(6),521-529.
Hobfoll,S.E.(1989).Conservation of resources:A new attempt at conceptualizing stress.American Psychologist,44(3),513-524.
Hobfoll,S.E.(1998).Stress,culture and community:The psychology and philosophy of stress.New York:Plenum.
Hobfoll,S.E.,Canetti-Nisim,D.,Johnson,R.J.,Palmieri,P.A.,Varley,J.D.,&Galea,S.(2008).The association of exposure,risk,and resiliency factors with PTSD among Jews and Arabs exposed to repeated acts of terrorism in Israel.Journal of Traumatic Stress,21(1),9-21.
Jenkins,J.(1996).Culture,emotion,and PTSD.In A.Marsella,M.Friedman,E.Gerrity,&R.Scurfield(Eds.),Ethnocrilrural aspects of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder:Issues,research,and clinical applications(pp.165-182).Washington,DC:APA.
Jones,L.,Brazel,D.,Peskind,E.R.,Morelli,T.,&Raskind,M.A.(2000).Group therapy program for African-American veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder.Psychiatric Services,51(9),1177-1179.
Kingston,S.,&Raghavan,C.(2009).The relationship of sexual abuse,early initiation of substance use,and adolescent trauma to PTSD.Journal of Traumatic Stress,22(1),65-68.
Kulka,R.A.,Schlesenger,W.E.,Fairbank,J.A.,Hough,R.L.,Jordan,B.K.,Marmar,C.R.,et al.(1990).Trauma and the Vietnam War generation:Report of Findings from the National Vietnam Veterans Readjustment Study.New York:Brunner/Mazel.
Kun,P.,Han,S.C.,Chen,X.C.,&Yao,L.(2009).Prevalence and risk factors for post-traumatic stress disorder:A cross-sectional study among survivors of the Wenchuan2008earthquake in China.Depression and Anxiety,26(12),1134-1140.
Lee,C.S.,Chang,J.C.,Liu,C.Y.,Chang,C.J.,Chen,T.H.H.,Chen,C.H.,et al.(2009).Acculturation,psychiatric comorbidity and posttraumatic stress disorder in a Taiwanese aboriginal population.Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology,44(1),55-62.
MacDonald,C.,Chamberlain,K.,&Long,N.(1997).Race,combat,and PTSD in a community sample of New Zealand Vietnam war veterans.Journal of Traumatic Stress,10(1),117-124.
Maercker,A.,&Herrle,J.(2003).Long-term effects of the Dresden bombing:Relationships to control beliefs,religious belief,and personal growth.Journal of Traumatic Stress,16(6),579-587
Mghir,R.,&Raskin,A.(1999).The psychological effects of the war in Afghanistan on young Afghan refugees from different ethnic backgrounds.International Journal of Social Psychiatry,45(1),29-36.
Neria,Y.,Nandi,A.,&Galea,S.(2008).Post-traumatic stress disorder following disasters:A systematic review.Psychological Medicine,38(4),467-480.
Norris,F.H.,Perilla,J.L.,&Murphy,A.D.(2001).Postdisaster stress in the United States and Mexico:A cross-cultural test of the multicriterion conceptual model of posttraumatic stress disorder.Journal of Abnormal Psychology,110(4),553-563.
Norris,F.H.,Vanlandingham,M.J.,&Vu,L.(2002).PTSD in vietnamese Americans following hurricane Katrina:Prevalence,patterns,and predictors.Journal of Traumatic Stress,22(2),91-101.
Norris,F.H.,Weisshaar,D.L.,Conrad,M.L.,Diaz,E.M.,Murphy,A.D.,&Iba-ez,G.E.(2001).A qualitative analysis of posttraumatic stress among Mexican victims of disaster.Journal of Traumatic Stress,14(4),741-756.
Ortega,A.N.,&Rosenheck,R.(2000).Posttraumatic stress disorder among Hispanic Vietnam veterans.American Journal of Psychiatry,157(4),615-619.
Osterman,J.E.,&de Jong,J.T.V.M.(2007).Cultural issues and trauma.In M.J.Friedman,T.M.Keane,&P.A.Resick(Eds),Handbook of PTSD:Science and practice.(pp.425-448).New York&London:The Guilford Press.
Palinkas,L.A.,Petterson,J.S.,Russell,J.C.,&Downs,M.A.(2004).Ethnic differences in symptoms of post-traumatic stress after the Exxon Valdez oil spill.Prehospital&Disaster Medicine,19(1),102-112.
Perilla,J.L.,Norris,F.H.,&Lavizzo,E.A.(2002).Ethnicity,culture,and disaster response:Identifying and explaining ethnic differences in PTSD six months after Hurricane Andrew.Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology,21(1),20-45.
Pole,N.,Best,S.R.,Metzler,T.,&Marmar,C.R.(2005).Why are Hispanics at greater risk for PTSD-Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology,11(2),144-161.
Pole,N.,Best,S.R.,Weiss,D.S.,Metzler,T.,Liberman,A.M.,Fagan,J.,et al.(2001).Effects of gender and ethnicity on duty-related posttraumatic stress symptoms among urban police officers.Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease,189(7),442-448.
Roth,S.,Newman,E.,Pelcovitz,D.,van,der,Kolk,B.,&Mandel,F.S.(1997).Complex PTSD in victims exposed to sexual and physical abuse:Results from the DSM-IV field trial for posttraumatic stress disorder.Journal of Traumatic Stress,10(4),539-555.
Ruef,A.M.,Litz,B.T.,&Schlenger,W.E.(2000).Hispanic ethnicity and risk for combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder.Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology,6(3),235-251.
Somer,E.,Maguen,S.,Or-Chen,K.,&Litz,B.T.(2009).Managing terror:Differences between Jews and Arabs in Israel.International Journal of Psychology,44(2),138-146.
Torabi,M.R.,&Seo,D.-C.(2004).National study of behavioral and life changes since September 11.Health Education&Behavior,31(2),179-192.
Wang,L.,Zhang,Y.Q.,Wang,W.Z.,Shi,Z.B.,Shen,J.H.,Li,M.,et al.(2009).Symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder among adult survivors three months after the Sichuan earthquake in China.Journal of Traumatic Stress,22(5),444-450.
Wang,X.D.,Gao,L.,Shinfuku,N.,Zhang,H.B.,Zhao,C.Z.,&Shen,Y.C.(2000).Longitudinal study of earthquake-related PTSD in a randomly selected community sample in north China.American Journal of Psychiatry,157(8),1260-1266.
版权所有：© 2023 中国地质图书馆 中国地质调查局地学文献中心