自然灾害后易发的儿科感染性疾病
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摘要
自然灾害加重了与感染性疾病发生相关的多种危险因素,为感染性疾病的发生创造了条件。该文介绍了自然灾害,尤其是地震后容易发生感染性疾病的危险因素和近年来报道的灾后感染性疾病。震后出现流行的感染性疾病包括腹泻、霍乱、病毒性肝炎、上呼吸道感染、结核、麻疹、钩端螺旋体病、登革热、破伤风、气性坏疽,以及一些少见感染。儿童是易发生感染的人群,儿科医生更需重视自然灾害和感染关系的研究。
Natural disasters may lead to the outbreaks of infectious diseases because they increase the risk factors for infectious diseases.This paper reviews the risk factors for infectious diseases after natural disasters,especially earthquake,and the infectious diseases following disasters reported in recent years.The infectious diseases after earthquake include diarrhea,cholera,viral hepatitis,upper respiratory tract infection,tuberculosis,measles,leptospirosis,dengue fever,tetanus,and gas gangrene,as well as some rare infections.Children are vulnerable to infectious diseases,so pediatricians should pay more attention to the research on relationship between infectious diseases and natural disasters.
Natural disasters may lead to the outbreaks of infectious diseases because they increase the risk factors for infectious diseases.This paper reviews the risk factors for infectious diseases after natural disasters,especially earthquake,and the infectious diseases following disasters reported in recent years.The infectious diseases after earthquake include diarrhea,cholera,viral hepatitis,upper respiratory tract infection,tuberculosis,measles,leptospirosis,dengue fever,tetanus,and gas gangrene,as well as some rare infections.Children are vulnerable to infectious diseases,so pediatricians should pay more attention to the research on relationship between infectious diseases and natural disasters.
引文
[1]Kouadio IK,Aljunid S,Kamigaki T,Hammad K,Oshitani H.Infectious diseases following natural disasters:prevention and con-trol measures[J].Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther,2012,10(1):95-104.
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[3]Barzilay EJ,Schaad N,Magloire R,Mung KS,Boncy J,Dahour-ou GA,et al.Cholera surveillance during the Haiti epidemic—thefirst 2 years[J].N Engl J Med,2013,368(7):599-609.
[4]Karmakar S,Rathore AS,Kadri SM,Dutt S,Khare S,Lal S.Post-earthquake outbreak of rotavirus gastroenteritis in Kashmir(India):an epidemiological analysis[J].Public Health,2008,122(10):981-989.
[5]Lora-Suarez F,Marin-Vasquez C,Loango N,Gallego M,TorresE,Gonzalez MM,et al.Giardiasis in children living in post-earth-quake camps from Armenia(Colombia)[J].BMC PublicHealth,2002,2:5.
[6]Oztürk CE,Sahin I,Yavuz T,Oztürk A,Akgünogˇlu M,Kaya D.Intestinal parasitic infection in children in post-disaster situationsyears after earthquake[J].Pediatr Int,2004,46(6):656-662.
[7]陈根,南克祎,赵宗国,刘海军,包根书,韩俭,等.5.12地震对甘肃灾区人群常见卫生习惯、腹泻和儿童肠道蠕虫感染的影响[J].中国病原生物学杂志,2010,5(11):附页4.
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[9]Kaya AD,Ozturk CE,Yavuz T,Ozaydin C,Bahcebasi T.Chan-ging patterns of hepatitis A and E sero-prevalences in children af-ter the 1999 earthquakes in Duzce,Turkey[J].J Paediatr ChildHealth,2008,44(4):205-207.
[10]Kanno T,Iijima K,Abe Y,Koike T,Shimada N,Hoshi T,et al.Peptic ulcers after the Great East Japan earthquake and tsunami:possible existence of psychosocial stress ulcers in humans[J].JGastroenterol,2013,48(4):483-490.
[11]Aoyagi T,Yamada M,Kunishima H,Tokuda K,Yano H,Ishi-bashi N,et al.Characteristics of infectious diseases in hospital-ized patients during the early phase after the 2011 great East Japanearthquake:pneumonia as a significant reason for hospital care[J].Chest,2013,143(2):349-356.
[12]Kanamori H,Aso N,Tadano S,Saito M,Saito H,Uchiyama B,et al.Tuberculosis exposure among evacuees at a shelter afterearthquake,Japan,2011[J].Emerg Infect Dis,2013,19(5):799-801.
[13]Schneider E,Hajjeh RA,Spiegel RA,Jibson RW,Harp EL,Marshall GA,et al.A coccidioidomycosis outbreak following theNorthridge,Calif,earthquake[J].JAMA,1997,277(11):904-908.
[14]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention(CDC).Malaria ac-quired in Haiti-2010[J].MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep,2010,59(8):217-219.
[15]Agarwal A,McMorrow M,Arguin PM.The increase of importedmalaria acquired in Haiti among US travelers in 2010[J].Am JTrop Med Hyg,2012,86(1):9-10.
[16]Sharp TM,Pillai P,Hunsperger E,Santiago GA,Anderson T,Vap T,et al.A cluster of dengue cases in American missionariesreturning from Haiti,2010[J].Am J Trop Med Hyg,2012,86(1):16-22.
[17]Spencer HC,Campbell CC,Romero A,Zeissig O,Feldman RA,Boostrom ER,et al.Disease-surveillance and decision-making afterthe 1976 Guatemala earthquake[J].Lancet,1977,2(8030):181-184.
[18]Aoki T,Koizumi N,Watanabe H.A case of leptospirosis probablycaused by drinking contaminated well-water after an earthquake[J].Jpn J Infect Dis,2001,54(6):243-244.
[19]Fakoorziba MR,Baseri A,Eghbal F,Rezaee S,Azizi K,Moe-menbellah-Fard MD.Post-earthquake outbreak of cutaneous leish-maniasis in a rural region of southern Iran[J].Ann Trop MedParasitol,2011,105(3):217-224.
[20]Sharifi I,Poursmaelian S,Aflatoonian MR,Ardakani RF,MirzaeiM,Fekri AR,et al.Emergence of a new focus of anthroponoticcutaneous leishmaniasis due to Leishmania tropica in rural commu-nities of Bam district after the earthquake,Iran[J].Trop Med IntHealth,2011,16(4):510-513.
[21]Ait-Oudhia K,Lami P,Lesceu S,Harrat Z,Hamrioui B,DedetJP,et al.Increase in the prevalence of canine leishmaniasis in ur-ban Algiers(Algeria)following the 2003 earthquake[J].AnnTrop Med Parasitol,2009.103(8):679-692.
[22]郑德福,陈漪澜,邱东川,陈开华,李莉,黎能金,等.四川地震藏区6县鼠类旋毛虫自然感染状况调查[J].寄生虫病与感染性疾病,2010,8(10):203-205.
[23]Sutiono AB,Qiantori A,Suwa H,Ohta T.Characteristic tetanusinfection in disaster-affected areas:case study of the Yogyakartaearthquakes in Indonesia[J].BMC Res Notes,2009,2:34.
[24]蒲丹,乔甫,张卫东,曾智,谭成,尹维佳,等.67例疑似气性坏疽地震伤员院内交叉感染控制分析[J].中国循证医学杂志,2008,8(8):620-622.
[25]Kang M,Xie Y,Mintao C,Chen Z,Chen H,Fan H,et al.An-timicrobial susceptibility of clinical isolates from earthquake vic-tims in Wenchuan[J].Clin Microbiol Infect,2009,15(1):87-92.
[26]Ran YC,Ao XX,Liu L,Fu YL,Tuo H,Xu F.Microbiologicalstudy of pathogenic bacteria isolated from paediatric wound infec-tions following the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake[J].Scand J InfectDis,2010,42(5):347-350.
[27]Arquès I,Vincent M,Olive C,CabiéA,Canivet I,Hochedez P.Clinical and microbiologic characteristics of children treated at theFort De France University Hospital after the 2010 Haiti earthquake[J].Pediatr Infect Dis J,2013,32(5):568-569.
[2]吴承刚.地震灾害后的卫生防疫//徐如祥.地震灾害医学[M].北京:人民军医出版社,2009:54-77.
[3]Barzilay EJ,Schaad N,Magloire R,Mung KS,Boncy J,Dahour-ou GA,et al.Cholera surveillance during the Haiti epidemic—thefirst 2 years[J].N Engl J Med,2013,368(7):599-609.
[4]Karmakar S,Rathore AS,Kadri SM,Dutt S,Khare S,Lal S.Post-earthquake outbreak of rotavirus gastroenteritis in Kashmir(India):an epidemiological analysis[J].Public Health,2008,122(10):981-989.
[5]Lora-Suarez F,Marin-Vasquez C,Loango N,Gallego M,TorresE,Gonzalez MM,et al.Giardiasis in children living in post-earth-quake camps from Armenia(Colombia)[J].BMC PublicHealth,2002,2:5.
[6]Oztürk CE,Sahin I,Yavuz T,Oztürk A,Akgünogˇlu M,Kaya D.Intestinal parasitic infection in children in post-disaster situationsyears after earthquake[J].Pediatr Int,2004,46(6):656-662.
[7]陈根,南克祎,赵宗国,刘海军,包根书,韩俭,等.5.12地震对甘肃灾区人群常见卫生习惯、腹泻和儿童肠道蠕虫感染的影响[J].中国病原生物学杂志,2010,5(11):附页4.
[8]Hipgrave DB,Assefa F,Winoto A,Sukotjo S.Donated breastmilk substitutes and incidence of diarrhoea among infants andyoung children after the May 2006 earthquake in Yogyakarta andCentral Java[J].Public Health Nutr,2012,15(2):307-315.
[9]Kaya AD,Ozturk CE,Yavuz T,Ozaydin C,Bahcebasi T.Chan-ging patterns of hepatitis A and E sero-prevalences in children af-ter the 1999 earthquakes in Duzce,Turkey[J].J Paediatr ChildHealth,2008,44(4):205-207.
[10]Kanno T,Iijima K,Abe Y,Koike T,Shimada N,Hoshi T,et al.Peptic ulcers after the Great East Japan earthquake and tsunami:possible existence of psychosocial stress ulcers in humans[J].JGastroenterol,2013,48(4):483-490.
[11]Aoyagi T,Yamada M,Kunishima H,Tokuda K,Yano H,Ishi-bashi N,et al.Characteristics of infectious diseases in hospital-ized patients during the early phase after the 2011 great East Japanearthquake:pneumonia as a significant reason for hospital care[J].Chest,2013,143(2):349-356.
[12]Kanamori H,Aso N,Tadano S,Saito M,Saito H,Uchiyama B,et al.Tuberculosis exposure among evacuees at a shelter afterearthquake,Japan,2011[J].Emerg Infect Dis,2013,19(5):799-801.
[13]Schneider E,Hajjeh RA,Spiegel RA,Jibson RW,Harp EL,Marshall GA,et al.A coccidioidomycosis outbreak following theNorthridge,Calif,earthquake[J].JAMA,1997,277(11):904-908.
[14]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention(CDC).Malaria ac-quired in Haiti-2010[J].MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep,2010,59(8):217-219.
[15]Agarwal A,McMorrow M,Arguin PM.The increase of importedmalaria acquired in Haiti among US travelers in 2010[J].Am JTrop Med Hyg,2012,86(1):9-10.
[16]Sharp TM,Pillai P,Hunsperger E,Santiago GA,Anderson T,Vap T,et al.A cluster of dengue cases in American missionariesreturning from Haiti,2010[J].Am J Trop Med Hyg,2012,86(1):16-22.
[17]Spencer HC,Campbell CC,Romero A,Zeissig O,Feldman RA,Boostrom ER,et al.Disease-surveillance and decision-making afterthe 1976 Guatemala earthquake[J].Lancet,1977,2(8030):181-184.
[18]Aoki T,Koizumi N,Watanabe H.A case of leptospirosis probablycaused by drinking contaminated well-water after an earthquake[J].Jpn J Infect Dis,2001,54(6):243-244.
[19]Fakoorziba MR,Baseri A,Eghbal F,Rezaee S,Azizi K,Moe-menbellah-Fard MD.Post-earthquake outbreak of cutaneous leish-maniasis in a rural region of southern Iran[J].Ann Trop MedParasitol,2011,105(3):217-224.
[20]Sharifi I,Poursmaelian S,Aflatoonian MR,Ardakani RF,MirzaeiM,Fekri AR,et al.Emergence of a new focus of anthroponoticcutaneous leishmaniasis due to Leishmania tropica in rural commu-nities of Bam district after the earthquake,Iran[J].Trop Med IntHealth,2011,16(4):510-513.
[21]Ait-Oudhia K,Lami P,Lesceu S,Harrat Z,Hamrioui B,DedetJP,et al.Increase in the prevalence of canine leishmaniasis in ur-ban Algiers(Algeria)following the 2003 earthquake[J].AnnTrop Med Parasitol,2009.103(8):679-692.
[22]郑德福,陈漪澜,邱东川,陈开华,李莉,黎能金,等.四川地震藏区6县鼠类旋毛虫自然感染状况调查[J].寄生虫病与感染性疾病,2010,8(10):203-205.
[23]Sutiono AB,Qiantori A,Suwa H,Ohta T.Characteristic tetanusinfection in disaster-affected areas:case study of the Yogyakartaearthquakes in Indonesia[J].BMC Res Notes,2009,2:34.
[24]蒲丹,乔甫,张卫东,曾智,谭成,尹维佳,等.67例疑似气性坏疽地震伤员院内交叉感染控制分析[J].中国循证医学杂志,2008,8(8):620-622.
[25]Kang M,Xie Y,Mintao C,Chen Z,Chen H,Fan H,et al.An-timicrobial susceptibility of clinical isolates from earthquake vic-tims in Wenchuan[J].Clin Microbiol Infect,2009,15(1):87-92.
[26]Ran YC,Ao XX,Liu L,Fu YL,Tuo H,Xu F.Microbiologicalstudy of pathogenic bacteria isolated from paediatric wound infec-tions following the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake[J].Scand J InfectDis,2010,42(5):347-350.
[27]Arquès I,Vincent M,Olive C,CabiéA,Canivet I,Hochedez P.Clinical and microbiologic characteristics of children treated at theFort De France University Hospital after the 2010 Haiti earthquake[J].Pediatr Infect Dis J,2013,32(5):568-569.
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