创伤暴露程度对中学生创伤后成长的影响——复原力的调节作用
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摘要
采用修订后的创伤后成长问卷(PTGI)、复原力量表(CD-RISC)以及自编的震后创伤暴露程度调查表对汶川地震后异地复学的166名中学生进行问卷调查,探讨复原力在创伤暴露程度和创伤后成长关系中的调节作用。结果表明:主观害怕程度对创伤后成长有正向预测作用,主观害怕程度越高,创伤后成长的水平越高;复原力对主观害怕程度和创伤后成长之间的关系起增强作用;复原力对房屋损毁和创伤后成长之间的关系有一定的增强作用。
Positive psychology offers insight into the positive effect of some negative events such as natural disasters.During the procedure of recovery from an traumatic event,people who have experienced trauma can gain resilience and post-traumatic growth. There have been many studies on the relationship between traumatic exposure and post-traumatic growth,but few of them have taken resilience into consideration.Resilience is similar to posttraumatic growth but more like a personal trait than an outcome.In order to understand the relationship between traumatic exposure and posttraumatic growth in the "May 12" Wenchuan earthquake as well as the role of resilience,one hundred and sixty six teenagers who had experienced the earthquake were investigated.These high school students were inquired by the revised PTGI(Posttraumatic Growth Inventory),CD-RISC(Conner-Davidson Resilience Scale),a selfdesigned questionnaire on traumatic exposure and some demographic questions in class.Hierarchical regressions were conducted to understand the role of resilience between dimensions of traumatic exposure and posttraumatic growth.The results showed that the resilience moderated the relationship of some dimensions of traumatic exposure and posttraumatic growth.On the average students' resilience and PTG were relatively high.PTG was significantly different in genders(F(1,161) = 8.76,p =.004),with the PTG of female students higher than that of male students.But there was no difference in grades.With the effect of gender controlled,both the resilience and one dimension of traumatic exposure,the level of subjective feeling of being scared could positively predict PTG. Additionally,resilience worked as a moderator(β_(resilience * scared level) =.24,p =.001).For students in the high-resilience group,the subjective feeling of being scared could predict PTG(βscaral level′=.24,p <.05),while for students in the low-resilience group,the subjective feeling of being scared could not predict PTG(β_(scared level) =.06,p =.62).The result indicated that resilience strengthened the relationship between subjective scared level and PTG.Furthermore,the trend of resilience as a moderator could also be observed in the relationship between another dimension of traumatic exposure,housing damage level and PTG.The prediction power of housing damage level for PTG was stronger in students of the high-resilience group than that in the students of the low-resilience group.The results shed light on the condition of gaining post-traumatic growth after the traumatic event,and indicated the possiblity of intervention.They also suggested a gender difference,and the importance of identifying some specific groups for intervention.In addition,the higher prediction of the subjective feeling of being scared on PTG also indicated the group to which psychological intervention might be more effective.Further investigation needs to be done on specifying the effective strategies for specific groups which have all experienced trauma but have different demand for intervention.The information provided by this study is useful for directing,strengthening,evaluating disaster-related interventions and enhancing the positive growth after the earthquake.
Positive psychology offers insight into the positive effect of some negative events such as natural disasters.During the procedure of recovery from an traumatic event,people who have experienced trauma can gain resilience and post-traumatic growth. There have been many studies on the relationship between traumatic exposure and post-traumatic growth,but few of them have taken resilience into consideration.Resilience is similar to posttraumatic growth but more like a personal trait than an outcome.In order to understand the relationship between traumatic exposure and posttraumatic growth in the "May 12" Wenchuan earthquake as well as the role of resilience,one hundred and sixty six teenagers who had experienced the earthquake were investigated.These high school students were inquired by the revised PTGI(Posttraumatic Growth Inventory),CD-RISC(Conner-Davidson Resilience Scale),a selfdesigned questionnaire on traumatic exposure and some demographic questions in class.Hierarchical regressions were conducted to understand the role of resilience between dimensions of traumatic exposure and posttraumatic growth.The results showed that the resilience moderated the relationship of some dimensions of traumatic exposure and posttraumatic growth.On the average students' resilience and PTG were relatively high.PTG was significantly different in genders(F(1,161) = 8.76,p =.004),with the PTG of female students higher than that of male students.But there was no difference in grades.With the effect of gender controlled,both the resilience and one dimension of traumatic exposure,the level of subjective feeling of being scared could positively predict PTG. Additionally,resilience worked as a moderator(β_(resilience * scared level) =.24,p =.001).For students in the high-resilience group,the subjective feeling of being scared could predict PTG(βscaral level′=.24,p <.05),while for students in the low-resilience group,the subjective feeling of being scared could not predict PTG(β_(scared level) =.06,p =.62).The result indicated that resilience strengthened the relationship between subjective scared level and PTG.Furthermore,the trend of resilience as a moderator could also be observed in the relationship between another dimension of traumatic exposure,housing damage level and PTG.The prediction power of housing damage level for PTG was stronger in students of the high-resilience group than that in the students of the low-resilience group.The results shed light on the condition of gaining post-traumatic growth after the traumatic event,and indicated the possiblity of intervention.They also suggested a gender difference,and the importance of identifying some specific groups for intervention.In addition,the higher prediction of the subjective feeling of being scared on PTG also indicated the group to which psychological intervention might be more effective.Further investigation needs to be done on specifying the effective strategies for specific groups which have all experienced trauma but have different demand for intervention.The information provided by this study is useful for directing,strengthening,evaluating disaster-related interventions and enhancing the positive growth after the earthquake.
引文
张姝玥,王芳,许燕,潘益中,毕帼英.(2009).受灾情况和复原力对地震灾区中小学生创伤后应激反应的影响.心理科学进展,17 (3),556-561.
赵玉芳,赵守良.(2009).震前生活事件、创伤程度对中学生震后心理应激状况的影响.心理科学进展,17(3),511-515.
Benard,B.(1997).Drawing forth resilience in all our youth. Reclaiming Children and Youth:Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Problems,6(1 ),29 - 32.
Chen,S.H.,Hung,F.C.,Lin,Y.S.& Tseng,H.M.(2000). Lessons from the 921 earthquake:Trauma,psychosocial reactions and psychological growth.In Loh C H,Liao W I(Eds.), Proceedings of international workshop on annual commemoration of Chi - Chi earthquake.Social Aspect(pp.318 - 331).
Connor,K.M.& Davidson,J.R.T.(2003).Development of a new resilience scale:The Connor- Davidson Resilience Scale(CD- RISC).Depression and Anxiety,18(2),76-82.
Cryder,C.H.,Kilmer,R.P.,Tedeschi,R.G.& Calhoun,L.G. (2006).An exploratory study of posttraumatic growth in children following a natural disaster.American Journal of Orthopsychiatry,76(1),65-69.
Davis,C.G.,Nolen-Hoeksema,S.& Larson,J.(1998).Making sense of loss and benefiting from the experience:Two construals of meaning.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,75(2), 561-574.
Lechner,S.C.,Carver,C.S.,Antoni,M.H.,Weaver,K.E.& Phillips,K.M.(2006).Curvilinear associations between benefit finding and psychosocial adjustment to breast cancer.Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology,74(5),828-840.
Mahdieh,S.(2009 ).Psychometric evaluation of the Connor -Davidson Resilience Scale(CD- RISC):Using Iranian students. International Journal of Testing,9(1),60—66.
Ong,A.D.,Bergeman,C.S.,Bisconti,T.L.& Wallace,K.A. (2006).Psychological resilience,positive emotions,and successful adaptation to stress in later life.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,91(4),730-749.
Powell,S.,Rosner,R.,Butollo,W.,Tedeschi,R.G.& Calhoun, L.G.(2003).Posttraumatic growth after war:A study with former refugees and displaced people in Sarajevo.Journal of Clinical Psychology,59(1),71-83.
Pynoos,R.S.,Geonjian,A.,Tashjian,M.,Karakashian,M., Manjikian,R.,Manoukian,G.,Steinberg,A.M.& Fairbanks, L.A.(1993).Post- traumatic stress reactions in children after the 1988 Armenian Earthquake.The British Journal of Psychiatry,163,239-247.
Snape,M.C.(1997).Reactions to a traumatic event:The good,the bad and the ugly? Psychology,Health and Medicine,2,237 - 242.
Tedeschi,R.G.& Calhoun,L.G.(1996).The posttraumatic growth inventory:Measuring the positive legacy of trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress,9(3),455—471.
Vernberg,E.M.,La Greca,A.M.,Silverman,K.W.& Prinstein,M.J.(1996).Prediction of posttraumatic stress symptoms in children after Hurricane Andrew.Journal of Abnormal Psychology,105(2),237-248.
Waysman,M.,Schwarzwald,J.& Solomon,Z.(2001).Hardiness: An examination of its relationship with positive and negative longterm changes following trauma.Journal of Traumatic Stress,14 (3),531-548.
Westphal,M.& Bonanno,G.A.(2007).Posttraumatic growth and resilience to trauma:Different sides of the same coin or different coins? Applied Psychology,56(3),417-427.
Yu,X.N.& Zhang,J.X.(2007).Factor analysis and psychometric evaluation of the Connor—Davidson resilience scale(CD- R ISC) with Chinese people.Social Behavior and Personality,35(1),19 ??-31.
Zoellner,T.& Maercke,A.(2006).Posttraumatic growth in clinical psychology—A critical review and introduction of a two component model.Clinical Psychology Review,26(5),626-653.
赵玉芳,赵守良.(2009).震前生活事件、创伤程度对中学生震后心理应激状况的影响.心理科学进展,17(3),511-515.
Benard,B.(1997).Drawing forth resilience in all our youth. Reclaiming Children and Youth:Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Problems,6(1 ),29 - 32.
Chen,S.H.,Hung,F.C.,Lin,Y.S.& Tseng,H.M.(2000). Lessons from the 921 earthquake:Trauma,psychosocial reactions and psychological growth.In Loh C H,Liao W I(Eds.), Proceedings of international workshop on annual commemoration of Chi - Chi earthquake.Social Aspect(pp.318 - 331).
Connor,K.M.& Davidson,J.R.T.(2003).Development of a new resilience scale:The Connor- Davidson Resilience Scale(CD- RISC).Depression and Anxiety,18(2),76-82.
Cryder,C.H.,Kilmer,R.P.,Tedeschi,R.G.& Calhoun,L.G. (2006).An exploratory study of posttraumatic growth in children following a natural disaster.American Journal of Orthopsychiatry,76(1),65-69.
Davis,C.G.,Nolen-Hoeksema,S.& Larson,J.(1998).Making sense of loss and benefiting from the experience:Two construals of meaning.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,75(2), 561-574.
Lechner,S.C.,Carver,C.S.,Antoni,M.H.,Weaver,K.E.& Phillips,K.M.(2006).Curvilinear associations between benefit finding and psychosocial adjustment to breast cancer.Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology,74(5),828-840.
Mahdieh,S.(2009 ).Psychometric evaluation of the Connor -Davidson Resilience Scale(CD- RISC):Using Iranian students. International Journal of Testing,9(1),60—66.
Ong,A.D.,Bergeman,C.S.,Bisconti,T.L.& Wallace,K.A. (2006).Psychological resilience,positive emotions,and successful adaptation to stress in later life.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,91(4),730-749.
Powell,S.,Rosner,R.,Butollo,W.,Tedeschi,R.G.& Calhoun, L.G.(2003).Posttraumatic growth after war:A study with former refugees and displaced people in Sarajevo.Journal of Clinical Psychology,59(1),71-83.
Pynoos,R.S.,Geonjian,A.,Tashjian,M.,Karakashian,M., Manjikian,R.,Manoukian,G.,Steinberg,A.M.& Fairbanks, L.A.(1993).Post- traumatic stress reactions in children after the 1988 Armenian Earthquake.The British Journal of Psychiatry,163,239-247.
Snape,M.C.(1997).Reactions to a traumatic event:The good,the bad and the ugly? Psychology,Health and Medicine,2,237 - 242.
Tedeschi,R.G.& Calhoun,L.G.(1996).The posttraumatic growth inventory:Measuring the positive legacy of trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress,9(3),455—471.
Vernberg,E.M.,La Greca,A.M.,Silverman,K.W.& Prinstein,M.J.(1996).Prediction of posttraumatic stress symptoms in children after Hurricane Andrew.Journal of Abnormal Psychology,105(2),237-248.
Waysman,M.,Schwarzwald,J.& Solomon,Z.(2001).Hardiness: An examination of its relationship with positive and negative longterm changes following trauma.Journal of Traumatic Stress,14 (3),531-548.
Westphal,M.& Bonanno,G.A.(2007).Posttraumatic growth and resilience to trauma:Different sides of the same coin or different coins? Applied Psychology,56(3),417-427.
Yu,X.N.& Zhang,J.X.(2007).Factor analysis and psychometric evaluation of the Connor—Davidson resilience scale(CD- R ISC) with Chinese people.Social Behavior and Personality,35(1),19 ??-31.
Zoellner,T.& Maercke,A.(2006).Posttraumatic growth in clinical psychology—A critical review and introduction of a two component model.Clinical Psychology Review,26(5),626-653.
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