玛尼M_s7.9级地震三维动态模拟及余震解释
|
摘要
以1997年玛尼地震为例,利用三维非线性动态有限元方法,再现了玛尼地震的破裂过程.研究结果表明:(1)玛尼地震产生的动态应力波随时间变化呈明显波动性且随距离衰减,沿断裂带衰减相对慢一些.其波动性是震源区不同相位应力波及一些反射波相互叠加造成的.震源区动应力强烈的波动性使破裂表现"愈合脉冲"特征.(2)玛尼地震与其后几年发生的中强余震关系密切.2001年3月5日在大震西南方向发生Ms6.4级地震、阿尔金断裂西段1999年与2000年的两次中强地震可能均主要是玛尼地震的产物.(3)玛尼地震对昆仑大震孕震区的动应力影响,卸载前产生的动应力变化大约为0.05 MPa,其远大于静应力的地震触发阈值,卸载后动应力剧烈波动,上下波动达0.2 MPa左右,其大约相当于0.02 MPa的静应力,这是静应力触发地震阈值的2倍,揭示玛尼地震很大程度上触发了昆仑大震的提前发生.
In this study,the rupture process of the Mani earthquake in 1997 was simulated using the three-dimensional nonlinear dynamic finite method.The result shows that(1) Dynamic stress wave produced by the Mani earthquake presented obvious fluctuation with time,and attenuated with distances.It attenuated slowly along fault zone.Its fluctuation feature was engendered by the superposition of differ-phase and reflected stress waves.The strong fluctuation of dynamic stress in the earthquake source made rupture to show the characteristic of concrescence and pulse.(2) The Mani earthquake and its moderate aftershocks had many affinities.For example,the strain energy of Ms6.4 earthquake in the northwest of Mani on March 5,2001 and two moderate earthquakes(1999 and 2000) in the west of Altyn fault may result from the Mani earthquake mostly.(3) The dynamic stress of the Mani earthquake for the potential earthquake source of the Kunlun earthquake was about 0.05 MPa before unloading,which was more bigger than the earthquake triggering value of static stress.After unloading,dynamic stress fluctuated acutely,and its fluctuation was about 0.2 MPa that corresponds to 0.02 MPa static stress,and it was two times the earthquake triggering value of static stress.So we think that the Mani earthquake triggered the Kunlun earthquake to cause to occur sooner.
In this study,the rupture process of the Mani earthquake in 1997 was simulated using the three-dimensional nonlinear dynamic finite method.The result shows that(1) Dynamic stress wave produced by the Mani earthquake presented obvious fluctuation with time,and attenuated with distances.It attenuated slowly along fault zone.Its fluctuation feature was engendered by the superposition of differ-phase and reflected stress waves.The strong fluctuation of dynamic stress in the earthquake source made rupture to show the characteristic of concrescence and pulse.(2) The Mani earthquake and its moderate aftershocks had many affinities.For example,the strain energy of Ms6.4 earthquake in the northwest of Mani on March 5,2001 and two moderate earthquakes(1999 and 2000) in the west of Altyn fault may result from the Mani earthquake mostly.(3) The dynamic stress of the Mani earthquake for the potential earthquake source of the Kunlun earthquake was about 0.05 MPa before unloading,which was more bigger than the earthquake triggering value of static stress.After unloading,dynamic stress fluctuated acutely,and its fluctuation was about 0.2 MPa that corresponds to 0.02 MPa static stress,and it was two times the earthquake triggering value of static stress.So we think that the Mani earthquake triggered the Kunlun earthquake to cause to occur sooner.
引文
[1]Harris R A,Simpson R W.Changes in static stress on south-ern California fault after the 1992 Landers earthquake[J].Na-ture,1992,360:251~254.
[2]Harris R A.Introduction to special session:Stress triggers,stress shadows,and implications for seismic hazard[J].J Geo-phys Res,1998,103:24347~24358.
[3]Hill D P,Reasenberg P A,Michael A,et al.Seismicity remote-ly triggered by the magnitude 7.3 Landers,California,earth-quake[J].Science,1993,260:161 7~1623.
[4]吴小平,付虹,Michel Bouchon,等.完全库仑破裂应力变化与云南龙陵震群序列的应力触发[J].地球物理学报,2007,50(4):1111~1122.WU X P,FU H,Michel Bouchon,et al.Complete Coulombfailure stress changes and stress triggering.of Yunnan Lon-gling earthquake sequence[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chi-nese),2007,50(4):1111~1122.
[5]周仕勇,姜明明,Russell Robinson.1997年新疆伽师强震群发展过程中发震断层间相互作用的影响[J].地球物理学报,2006,49(4):1102~1109.Zhou S Y,Jiang M M,Russell R.The role of fault interac-tions in the generation of the 1997 Jiashi strong earthquakeswarm,Xinjiang,China[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chi-nese),2006,49(4):1102~1109.
[6]Kilb D,Gomberg J,Bodin P.Earthquake triggering by dynam-ic stresses[J].Nature,2000,408:570~574.
[7]陆明勇,郑文衡,胡志奇.动态应力作用与地震机制的初步研究[J].地球物理学报,2006,49(1):170~179.Lu M Y,Zheng W H,Hu Z Q.A preliminary study on effectsof dynamical stress in relation to earthquake mechanism[J].Chinese J.Geophys(in Chinese),2006,49(1):170~179.
[8]郑文衡,陆明勇.地震动态触发机制的初步研究[J].地球物理学报,2005,48(1):116~123.Zheng W H,Lu M Y.A preliminary study on mechanism ofdynamic triggering of earthquakes[J].Chinese J.Geophys(inChinese),2005,48(1):116~123.
[9]陆明勇,郑文衡.地壳块体动应力演化特征及其与地震关系的初步研究[J].地震学报,2005,27(3):282~291.Lu M Y,Zheng W H.Preliminary study on variation charac-teristics of ocean tide dynamic stress.in crust and its relation-ship with earthquakes[J].Acta Seismologia Sinica(in Chi-nese),2005,27(3):282~291.
[10]韩竹军,谢富仁,万永革.断层间相互作用与地震触发机制的研究进展[J].中国地震,2003,19(1):67~76.Han Z J,Xie F R,Wan Y G.Progress on fault interactionand earthquake triggering mechanism[J].Earthquake re-search in China(in Chinese),2003,19(1):67~76.
[11]Van-der-Woerd J,Ryerson F J,Tapponnier P,et al.Hol-ocene left lateral slip rate determined by cosmogenic surfacedating on Xidatan segment of the Kunlun fault(Qinghai,Chi-na)[J].Geology,2000,26(8):695~698.
[12]许力生,陈运泰.1997年中国西藏玛尼Ms7.9地震的时空破裂过程[J].地震学报,1999,21(5):449~459.Xu L S,Chen Y T.Tempo-spatial rupture process of the 1997Mani,Tibet China earthquake ofMs7.9[J].Acta seismolog-ica sinica(in Chinese),1999,21(5):449~459.
[13]单新建,李建华,张桂芳等.1997年玛尼7.9级地震的构造环境和地表破裂带特征[J].地球物理学报,2006,49(3):831~837.Shan X J,Li J H,Zhang G F.The tectonic condition and thefeature of surface rupture zone of the Mani earthquake(Ms7.9)in 1997[J].Chinese J.Geophys(in Chinese),2006,49(3):831~837.
[14]Peltzer G,Crampe F and King G,et al.Evidence of nonlin-ear elasticity of the crust from the Mw7.6 Mani(Tibet)earth-quake[J].Science,1999,286:272~276.
[15]Aaron J,Charles J,Susan L,et al.Broadband source model-ing of the November 8,1997,Tibet(Mw=7.5)earthquakeand its tectonic implication[J].JGR,2000,105(12):28065~28080.
[16]孙建宝,徐锡伟,沈正康,等.基于线弹性位错模型及干涉雷达同震形变场反演1997年玛尼Mw7.5级地震参数-Ⅰ.均匀滑动反演[J].地球物理学报,2007,50(4):1097~1110.Sun J B,Xu X W,Shen Z K,et al.Parameter inversion ofthe 1997 Mani earthquake from INSAR co-seismic deforma-tion field based on linear elastic dislocation model-I.Uniformslip inversion[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2007,50(4):1097~1110.
[17]邵芸,谭衢霖,刘浩,等.雷达差分干涉测量技术及其应用研究[J].地球物理学报,2006,45(增刊):205~213.Shao Y,Tan Q L,Liu H,et al.Study on SAR differentialinterferometry technology and its application to the mainearthquake of 1997 using ERS-1/2 SAR data:a case study inChina[J].Chinese J.Geophys,2006,45(supplement,inChinese):205~213.
[18]徐锡伟,宋方敏,杨晓平,等.中国大陆地表破裂潜在震源区的地震地质学综合判定,震情研究,2000,44(1):l4~26.Xu X W,Somg F M,Yang X P,et al.Seismological evidencesand implications of potential earthquake source around surfacerupture region in China[J].Research on Earthquake Informa-tion(in Chinese),2000,44(1):l4~26.
[19]冯浩.有关1997年11月8日西藏玛尼地震震级的讨论[J].国际地震动态,1999,(7):l~7.Feng H.Discussion on the Magnitude of the Earthquake Oc-curring at Mani,Tibet on November 8,1997[J].Recent De-velopments World Seismology(in Chinese),1999,(7):l~7.
[20]刘瑞丰,陈运泰,Frank Krueger等.用远场资料反演西藏玛尼地震的高阶地震矩张量[J].地震学报,2000,22(3):225~232.Liu R F,Chen Y T.Higher degree moment tensor inversion ofMani earthquake using far-field broad-band recording[J].Ac-ta Seismologica Sinica(in Chinese),2000,22(3):225~232.
[21]马杏垣主编,中国岩石圈地球动力学图集[M].北京:中国地图出版社,1989.Ma X Y(ed.).Lithospheric dynamics atlas of China[M].Bei-jing:China Cartographic Publishing House(in Chinese),1989.
[22]潘宏勋,葛肖虹,刘俊来,等.对祁连山北缘榆木山隆起的质疑[J].长春科技大学学报,2000,30(1),9~13.Pan H X,Ge X H,Liu J L,et al.Query to the Yumushan up-lift on the north margin of Qilian mountion[J].Journal ofChangchun University of Science and Technology(in Chi-nese),2000,30(1),9~13.
[23]青海省地震局,中国地震局地壳应力研究所.东昆仑山活动断裂带[M].北京:地震出版社,1999.Seismological Bureau of Qinghai Province.The active east-Kunlun fault zone,institute of crustal dynamics,China earth-quake administration(in Chinese)[M].Beijing:SeismologicalPress,1999.
[24]马文静,苏旭.1990年共和7.0级地震孕震构造动力学模式探讨[J].地震,2000,20(2):69~76.Ma W J Su X.A preliminary study on seismological tectonicdynamics model with 7.0 on April 26,1990 in Gonghe,Qing-hai[J].Earthquake(in Chinese),2000,20(2):69~76.
[25]史大年,姜枚,马开义,等.阿尔金断裂带地壳和上地幔结构的P波层析成像[J].地球物理学报,1999,42(3):341~350.Shi D N,Jiang M,Ma K Y,et al.Crust and upper mantle to-mographic structure across the altyn fault zone using teleseis-mic p-waves[J].Chinese J.Geophys(in Chinese),1999,42(3):341~350.
[26]刘明军,李松林,方盛明,等.利用地震波速研究青藏高原东北缘地壳组成及其动力学[J].地球物理学报,2008,51(2):412~430.Liu M J,Li S L,Fang S M,et al.Study on crustal csompo-sition and geodynamics using seismic velocities in the north-eastern margin of the Tibetan plateau[J].Chinese J.Geo-phys.(in Chinese),2008,51(2):412~430.
[27]高星,王卫民,姚振兴.中国及邻近地区地壳结构[J].地球物理学报,2005,48(3):591~601.GAO X,WANG W M,YAO Z X.Crustal structure of Chinamainland and its adjacent regions[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2005,48(3):591~601.
[28]黄立人,马青,郭良迁,等.华北部分地区水平变形的力学机制——三维有限单元计算和GPS复测结果的分析,地震学报,1999,21(1):50~56.Huang L R,Ma Q,Guo L Q,et al.Dynamic mechanism forhorizontal deformation in part of North China area——three-dimensional finite element calculation and analysis of resultsfrom GPS remeasurement[J].Acta Seismologica Sinica(inChinese),1999,21(1):50~56..
[30]张郢珍,张立人,粟生平,等.地壳极限应变与危险区强震发生的概率估计[J].中国地震,1991,7(2):31~36.ZHANG Y Z,ZHANG L R,LI S P.et al.Ultimate strain ofcrust and the probability of strong earthquake in potential ar-eas[J].1991,Earthquake Research in China(in Chinese),7(2):31~36.
[31]陈培善,卓玉如,金严,等.唐山地震前后津京唐张地区的应力场[J].地球物理学报,1978,21(1):34~58.Chen P S,Zhuo Y R,JIN Y,et al.The stress field of the Pe-king—Tientsin—Tangshan—Zhangjiakou area before andafter the Tangshan earthquake of July 28,1976[J].ChineseJ.Geophys,1978,21(1):34~58.
[32]Cotton F and Coutant O,Dynamic stress variations due toshear faults in a plane-layered medium[J].Geophys.J.Int,1997,128,676~688.
[2]Harris R A.Introduction to special session:Stress triggers,stress shadows,and implications for seismic hazard[J].J Geo-phys Res,1998,103:24347~24358.
[3]Hill D P,Reasenberg P A,Michael A,et al.Seismicity remote-ly triggered by the magnitude 7.3 Landers,California,earth-quake[J].Science,1993,260:161 7~1623.
[4]吴小平,付虹,Michel Bouchon,等.完全库仑破裂应力变化与云南龙陵震群序列的应力触发[J].地球物理学报,2007,50(4):1111~1122.WU X P,FU H,Michel Bouchon,et al.Complete Coulombfailure stress changes and stress triggering.of Yunnan Lon-gling earthquake sequence[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chi-nese),2007,50(4):1111~1122.
[5]周仕勇,姜明明,Russell Robinson.1997年新疆伽师强震群发展过程中发震断层间相互作用的影响[J].地球物理学报,2006,49(4):1102~1109.Zhou S Y,Jiang M M,Russell R.The role of fault interac-tions in the generation of the 1997 Jiashi strong earthquakeswarm,Xinjiang,China[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chi-nese),2006,49(4):1102~1109.
[6]Kilb D,Gomberg J,Bodin P.Earthquake triggering by dynam-ic stresses[J].Nature,2000,408:570~574.
[7]陆明勇,郑文衡,胡志奇.动态应力作用与地震机制的初步研究[J].地球物理学报,2006,49(1):170~179.Lu M Y,Zheng W H,Hu Z Q.A preliminary study on effectsof dynamical stress in relation to earthquake mechanism[J].Chinese J.Geophys(in Chinese),2006,49(1):170~179.
[8]郑文衡,陆明勇.地震动态触发机制的初步研究[J].地球物理学报,2005,48(1):116~123.Zheng W H,Lu M Y.A preliminary study on mechanism ofdynamic triggering of earthquakes[J].Chinese J.Geophys(inChinese),2005,48(1):116~123.
[9]陆明勇,郑文衡.地壳块体动应力演化特征及其与地震关系的初步研究[J].地震学报,2005,27(3):282~291.Lu M Y,Zheng W H.Preliminary study on variation charac-teristics of ocean tide dynamic stress.in crust and its relation-ship with earthquakes[J].Acta Seismologia Sinica(in Chi-nese),2005,27(3):282~291.
[10]韩竹军,谢富仁,万永革.断层间相互作用与地震触发机制的研究进展[J].中国地震,2003,19(1):67~76.Han Z J,Xie F R,Wan Y G.Progress on fault interactionand earthquake triggering mechanism[J].Earthquake re-search in China(in Chinese),2003,19(1):67~76.
[11]Van-der-Woerd J,Ryerson F J,Tapponnier P,et al.Hol-ocene left lateral slip rate determined by cosmogenic surfacedating on Xidatan segment of the Kunlun fault(Qinghai,Chi-na)[J].Geology,2000,26(8):695~698.
[12]许力生,陈运泰.1997年中国西藏玛尼Ms7.9地震的时空破裂过程[J].地震学报,1999,21(5):449~459.Xu L S,Chen Y T.Tempo-spatial rupture process of the 1997Mani,Tibet China earthquake ofMs7.9[J].Acta seismolog-ica sinica(in Chinese),1999,21(5):449~459.
[13]单新建,李建华,张桂芳等.1997年玛尼7.9级地震的构造环境和地表破裂带特征[J].地球物理学报,2006,49(3):831~837.Shan X J,Li J H,Zhang G F.The tectonic condition and thefeature of surface rupture zone of the Mani earthquake(Ms7.9)in 1997[J].Chinese J.Geophys(in Chinese),2006,49(3):831~837.
[14]Peltzer G,Crampe F and King G,et al.Evidence of nonlin-ear elasticity of the crust from the Mw7.6 Mani(Tibet)earth-quake[J].Science,1999,286:272~276.
[15]Aaron J,Charles J,Susan L,et al.Broadband source model-ing of the November 8,1997,Tibet(Mw=7.5)earthquakeand its tectonic implication[J].JGR,2000,105(12):28065~28080.
[16]孙建宝,徐锡伟,沈正康,等.基于线弹性位错模型及干涉雷达同震形变场反演1997年玛尼Mw7.5级地震参数-Ⅰ.均匀滑动反演[J].地球物理学报,2007,50(4):1097~1110.Sun J B,Xu X W,Shen Z K,et al.Parameter inversion ofthe 1997 Mani earthquake from INSAR co-seismic deforma-tion field based on linear elastic dislocation model-I.Uniformslip inversion[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2007,50(4):1097~1110.
[17]邵芸,谭衢霖,刘浩,等.雷达差分干涉测量技术及其应用研究[J].地球物理学报,2006,45(增刊):205~213.Shao Y,Tan Q L,Liu H,et al.Study on SAR differentialinterferometry technology and its application to the mainearthquake of 1997 using ERS-1/2 SAR data:a case study inChina[J].Chinese J.Geophys,2006,45(supplement,inChinese):205~213.
[18]徐锡伟,宋方敏,杨晓平,等.中国大陆地表破裂潜在震源区的地震地质学综合判定,震情研究,2000,44(1):l4~26.Xu X W,Somg F M,Yang X P,et al.Seismological evidencesand implications of potential earthquake source around surfacerupture region in China[J].Research on Earthquake Informa-tion(in Chinese),2000,44(1):l4~26.
[19]冯浩.有关1997年11月8日西藏玛尼地震震级的讨论[J].国际地震动态,1999,(7):l~7.Feng H.Discussion on the Magnitude of the Earthquake Oc-curring at Mani,Tibet on November 8,1997[J].Recent De-velopments World Seismology(in Chinese),1999,(7):l~7.
[20]刘瑞丰,陈运泰,Frank Krueger等.用远场资料反演西藏玛尼地震的高阶地震矩张量[J].地震学报,2000,22(3):225~232.Liu R F,Chen Y T.Higher degree moment tensor inversion ofMani earthquake using far-field broad-band recording[J].Ac-ta Seismologica Sinica(in Chinese),2000,22(3):225~232.
[21]马杏垣主编,中国岩石圈地球动力学图集[M].北京:中国地图出版社,1989.Ma X Y(ed.).Lithospheric dynamics atlas of China[M].Bei-jing:China Cartographic Publishing House(in Chinese),1989.
[22]潘宏勋,葛肖虹,刘俊来,等.对祁连山北缘榆木山隆起的质疑[J].长春科技大学学报,2000,30(1),9~13.Pan H X,Ge X H,Liu J L,et al.Query to the Yumushan up-lift on the north margin of Qilian mountion[J].Journal ofChangchun University of Science and Technology(in Chi-nese),2000,30(1),9~13.
[23]青海省地震局,中国地震局地壳应力研究所.东昆仑山活动断裂带[M].北京:地震出版社,1999.Seismological Bureau of Qinghai Province.The active east-Kunlun fault zone,institute of crustal dynamics,China earth-quake administration(in Chinese)[M].Beijing:SeismologicalPress,1999.
[24]马文静,苏旭.1990年共和7.0级地震孕震构造动力学模式探讨[J].地震,2000,20(2):69~76.Ma W J Su X.A preliminary study on seismological tectonicdynamics model with 7.0 on April 26,1990 in Gonghe,Qing-hai[J].Earthquake(in Chinese),2000,20(2):69~76.
[25]史大年,姜枚,马开义,等.阿尔金断裂带地壳和上地幔结构的P波层析成像[J].地球物理学报,1999,42(3):341~350.Shi D N,Jiang M,Ma K Y,et al.Crust and upper mantle to-mographic structure across the altyn fault zone using teleseis-mic p-waves[J].Chinese J.Geophys(in Chinese),1999,42(3):341~350.
[26]刘明军,李松林,方盛明,等.利用地震波速研究青藏高原东北缘地壳组成及其动力学[J].地球物理学报,2008,51(2):412~430.Liu M J,Li S L,Fang S M,et al.Study on crustal csompo-sition and geodynamics using seismic velocities in the north-eastern margin of the Tibetan plateau[J].Chinese J.Geo-phys.(in Chinese),2008,51(2):412~430.
[27]高星,王卫民,姚振兴.中国及邻近地区地壳结构[J].地球物理学报,2005,48(3):591~601.GAO X,WANG W M,YAO Z X.Crustal structure of Chinamainland and its adjacent regions[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2005,48(3):591~601.
[28]黄立人,马青,郭良迁,等.华北部分地区水平变形的力学机制——三维有限单元计算和GPS复测结果的分析,地震学报,1999,21(1):50~56.Huang L R,Ma Q,Guo L Q,et al.Dynamic mechanism forhorizontal deformation in part of North China area——three-dimensional finite element calculation and analysis of resultsfrom GPS remeasurement[J].Acta Seismologica Sinica(inChinese),1999,21(1):50~56..
[30]张郢珍,张立人,粟生平,等.地壳极限应变与危险区强震发生的概率估计[J].中国地震,1991,7(2):31~36.ZHANG Y Z,ZHANG L R,LI S P.et al.Ultimate strain ofcrust and the probability of strong earthquake in potential ar-eas[J].1991,Earthquake Research in China(in Chinese),7(2):31~36.
[31]陈培善,卓玉如,金严,等.唐山地震前后津京唐张地区的应力场[J].地球物理学报,1978,21(1):34~58.Chen P S,Zhuo Y R,JIN Y,et al.The stress field of the Pe-king—Tientsin—Tangshan—Zhangjiakou area before andafter the Tangshan earthquake of July 28,1976[J].ChineseJ.Geophys,1978,21(1):34~58.
[32]Cotton F and Coutant O,Dynamic stress variations due toshear faults in a plane-layered medium[J].Geophys.J.Int,1997,128,676~688.
版权所有：© 2023 中国地质图书馆 中国地质调查局地学文献中心