基于射线追踪的微地震多波场正演模拟
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摘要
对于微地震正演模拟,本文以射线追踪的原理为基础,对两点间的射线追踪问题进行了研究,应用二分算法、改进二分算法和微变网格算法对水平层状匀速模型、弯曲层状匀速模型和复杂地质模型进行射线追踪,使得计算效率和适用范围都得到了很大的改善.文中对每种算法误差范围和计算效率进行了对比验证,对于不同的地质模型,选用合适的算法才能在计算速度和精度上得到双重保证,最后正演模拟了多波三分量记录.在模型建立上引入了超薄层概念,并在前人模拟的直达波、透射波、反射波基础上拟了折射波,使正演模拟的多波场信息更丰富.文中的应用实例及模型结果表明:与二分法相比,改进二分法能够对弯曲界面进行射线追踪,并能保证结果的精度.弯曲层状模型中,改进二分法与微变网格法相比计算速度有显著提高,能够应用到资料的反演中.
The ray tracing method is a sort of approximate calculation method for wave field which has characteristics of rapid and efficient calculation,direct and clear ray path.Based on the principle of ray tracing in microseimic forward,lots of research on ray tracing between two points have been done in this paper.Aiming at horizontal layered uniform motion model,curved layered uniform motion model and complex geological model,the corresponding ray tracing algorithms,such as the dichotomy,the improved dichotomy and micro-variable mesh algorithm,are scientifically designed to improve the computational efficiency and application scope greatly on the premise of original trial ray method.The error range and computational efficiency for each algorithm in this paper has been compared and verified.A proper algorithm is selected for different geological model in order to achieve fast calculation speed and high accuracy simultaneously.,and then forward simulation are carried out for multi-wave field three-component records. The notion of ultra-thin layer has been introduced into this paper during modeling and the refraction wave is taken into consideration for simulation on the premise of existing simulation for direct wave,transmission wave and reflection wave.The multi-wave field information by forward simulation is richer than before. The results of models and application examples in this paper show that the improved dichotomy can achieve ray tracing for curved interface with high accuracy compared with the dichotomy.In the curved layered model,the improved dichotomy possesses higher calculation speed than the micro-variable mesh algorithm and could be applied in inversion.
The ray tracing method is a sort of approximate calculation method for wave field which has characteristics of rapid and efficient calculation,direct and clear ray path.Based on the principle of ray tracing in microseimic forward,lots of research on ray tracing between two points have been done in this paper.Aiming at horizontal layered uniform motion model,curved layered uniform motion model and complex geological model,the corresponding ray tracing algorithms,such as the dichotomy,the improved dichotomy and micro-variable mesh algorithm,are scientifically designed to improve the computational efficiency and application scope greatly on the premise of original trial ray method.The error range and computational efficiency for each algorithm in this paper has been compared and verified.A proper algorithm is selected for different geological model in order to achieve fast calculation speed and high accuracy simultaneously.,and then forward simulation are carried out for multi-wave field three-component records. The notion of ultra-thin layer has been introduced into this paper during modeling and the refraction wave is taken into consideration for simulation on the premise of existing simulation for direct wave,transmission wave and reflection wave.The multi-wave field information by forward simulation is richer than before. The results of models and application examples in this paper show that the improved dichotomy can achieve ray tracing for curved interface with high accuracy compared with the dichotomy.In the curved layered model,the improved dichotomy possesses higher calculation speed than the micro-variable mesh algorithm and could be applied in inversion.
引文
[1]加尔彼林,朱光明,等译.垂直地震剖面[M].石油工业出版社.1983.Galperin,Zhu Guang_ming,etc.Vertical seismic profiling[M].Petroleum Industry Press.1983.
[2]Langan,R.T.,Lerche,I.&Cutler,R.T.Tracing of raysthrough heterogeneous media[J].An accurate and efficientprocedure,Geophysics,1985,50:1456-1465.
[3]Prothero,W.A.,Taylor,W.J.&Eickmeyer J.A.A fasttwo point three dimension ray tracing algorithm using a simplestep search method[J].Bull.Seis.Soc.Am,1988,78:1190-1198.
[4]Cerveny V.&Hron F.The ray series method and dynamicray tracing system for three-dimendional inhomgeneous media[J].Bull.Seism.Soc.Am,1980,70:47-77.
[5]Pereyra V.,Lee,W.H.K.&Keller H.B.Solving two-pointseismic-ray tracing problems in a heterogeneous medium[J].Bull.Seism.Soc.Am,1980,70:79-99.
[6]高尔根,徐果明.二维速度随机分布逐步迭代射线追踪方法[J].地球物理学报,1996,39:302-308.Gao Er-geng,Xu Guo-ming.A new kind of step by stepineraitve ray-tracing method[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(inChinese),1996,39:302-308.
[7]高尔根,徐果明等.一种任意界面的逐段迭代射线追踪方法[J].石油地球物理勘探,1998,33(1):54-60.Gao Er-geng,Xu Guo-ming,etc.Segmentally-iterative raytracing method for any interface[J].Oil GeophysicalProspecting,1998,33(1):54-60.
[8]徐果明,卫山,高尔根,等.二维复杂介质的块状建模及射线追踪[J].石油地球物理勘探,2001,36(2):213-219.Xu Guo-ming,Wei Shan,Gao Er-geng,etc.Block model-building and ray-tracing in 2-D complicated medium[J].OilGeophysical Prospecting,2001,36(2):213-219.
[9]赵改善,郝守玲,杨尔皓,等.基于旅行时线性插值的地震射线追踪算法[J].石油物探,1998,37(2):14-24.Zhao Gai-shan,Hao Shou-ling,Yang Er-hao,etc.Seismic raytracing algorithm based on the linear trabeltime interpolation[J].Geophysial Prospecting For Petrom,1998,37(2):14-24.
[10]赵改善.快速射线追踪算法[J].石油地球物理勘探,1991,26(2):145-151.Zhao Gai-shan.Fast ray-tracing algorithm[J].OilGeophysical Prospecting,1991,26(2):145-151.
[11]张建中,陈世军,徐初伟.动态网格最短路径射线追踪[J].地球物理学报,2004,47(5):899-904.Zhang Jian-zhong,Cheng Shi-jun,Xu Chu-wei.A method ofshortest path ray tracing with dynamic networks[J].ChineseJ.Geophys.(in Chinese),2004,47(5):899-904.
[12]张霖斌,许云,等.地震反射波波前法射线追踪[J].石油地球物理勘探,1995,30(1):50-55.Zhang Lin-bin,Xu Yun,etc.Ray tracing for seismic reflectionwave[J].Oil Geophysical Prospecting,1995,30(1):50-55.
[13]张钋,刘洪,李幼铭.射线追踪方法的发展现状[J].地球物理学进展,1999,15(1):123-127.Zhang Po,Liu Hong,Li You-ming.The situation andprogress of ray tracing method research[J].Progress inGeophyscis,1999,15(1):123-127.
[14]刘洪,孟凡林,李幼铭.计算最小走时和射线路径的界面网全局方法[J].地球物理学报,1995,38(6):823-832.Liu Hong,Meng Fan-Lin,Li You-ming.The interface gridmethod for seeking globalminimum travel-time and thecorrespondent raypath[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(inChinese),1995,38(6):823-832.
[15]徐异,杨长春,刘洪,等.射线追踪的微变网格方法[J].地球物理学报,1996,39(1):97-102.Xu Yi,Yang Chang-chun,Liu Hong,etc.A grid-changeablemethod for ray tracing[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(inChinese),1996,39(1):97-102.
[16]鲁传恒,顾贤明.井间地震射线层析成像[J].CT理论与应用研究,1994,3(3):20-21.Lu Chuan-Heng,Gu Xian-ming.Cross-hole Seismictomography using ray traveltime[J].ComputerzedTomography And Applications,1994,3(3):20-21.
[17]加尔彼林.地震勘探偏振法[M].石油工业出版社,1989:38-41.Galperin.Seismic exploration polarization method[M].Petroleum Industry Press.1989:38-41.
[18]Mao,W.J.,Stuart,G.W.Rapid multi-wave-type ray tracing incomplex 2-D and 3-D isotropic media[J].Geophysics,1997,62:298-308.
[19]Um,J.,Thurber,C.H.A fast algorithm for two-point seismicray tracing[J].Bull.Seism.Soc.Am,1987,77:972-986.
[20]Moser,T.J.Shrtest path calculation of seismic rays[J].Geophysics,1991,56:59-67.
[21]Farra,V.,Virieux,J.,Madariaga,R.Ray perturbation theoryfor interfaces[J].Geophysical Journal International,1989,99(2):377-390.
[22]B.C.Dyer,R.H.Jones,J.F.Cowles,Associates.O.Barkved,P.G.folstad,Amoco Norwa-y CSM.Micro-seismic Surveyof a North Sea Reservoir[J].World Oil,2002,5:74-77.
[23]R.B.Willis,and J.Fontaine,Universal Well Services Inc.and L.Paugh,Great Lakes Energy Partners LLC and L.Griffin,Pinnacle Technologies.Geology and Geometry:AReview of Factors Affecting the Effectiveness of HydraulicFracturing[A].SPE Eastern Regional Meeting,2006,58(3):51-53.
[24]范桃园,杨长春,王真理,等.复杂地质层面的网格化模型及两点射线追踪方法[J].地球物理学进展,2009,24(1):118-123.Fan T Y,Yang C C,Wang Z L,et al.Surface meshing and 3-D two-point ray tracing in complex geology structure[J].Progress in Geophys.(in Chinese),2009,24(1):118-123.
[25]李波涛,杨长春,陈雨红,等.基于波前面三角形网格剖分的波前重建法三维射线追踪[J].地球物理学进展,2009,24(2):507-512,DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1004-2903.2009.02.019.Li B T,Yang C C,Chen Y H,et al.3Dwavefront constructionmethod ray tracing based on triangular grids layout on wavefront[J].Progress in Geophys.(in Chinese),2009,24(2):507-512,DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1004-2903.2009.02.019.
[2]Langan,R.T.,Lerche,I.&Cutler,R.T.Tracing of raysthrough heterogeneous media[J].An accurate and efficientprocedure,Geophysics,1985,50:1456-1465.
[3]Prothero,W.A.,Taylor,W.J.&Eickmeyer J.A.A fasttwo point three dimension ray tracing algorithm using a simplestep search method[J].Bull.Seis.Soc.Am,1988,78:1190-1198.
[4]Cerveny V.&Hron F.The ray series method and dynamicray tracing system for three-dimendional inhomgeneous media[J].Bull.Seism.Soc.Am,1980,70:47-77.
[5]Pereyra V.,Lee,W.H.K.&Keller H.B.Solving two-pointseismic-ray tracing problems in a heterogeneous medium[J].Bull.Seism.Soc.Am,1980,70:79-99.
[6]高尔根,徐果明.二维速度随机分布逐步迭代射线追踪方法[J].地球物理学报,1996,39:302-308.Gao Er-geng,Xu Guo-ming.A new kind of step by stepineraitve ray-tracing method[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(inChinese),1996,39:302-308.
[7]高尔根,徐果明等.一种任意界面的逐段迭代射线追踪方法[J].石油地球物理勘探,1998,33(1):54-60.Gao Er-geng,Xu Guo-ming,etc.Segmentally-iterative raytracing method for any interface[J].Oil GeophysicalProspecting,1998,33(1):54-60.
[8]徐果明,卫山,高尔根,等.二维复杂介质的块状建模及射线追踪[J].石油地球物理勘探,2001,36(2):213-219.Xu Guo-ming,Wei Shan,Gao Er-geng,etc.Block model-building and ray-tracing in 2-D complicated medium[J].OilGeophysical Prospecting,2001,36(2):213-219.
[9]赵改善,郝守玲,杨尔皓,等.基于旅行时线性插值的地震射线追踪算法[J].石油物探,1998,37(2):14-24.Zhao Gai-shan,Hao Shou-ling,Yang Er-hao,etc.Seismic raytracing algorithm based on the linear trabeltime interpolation[J].Geophysial Prospecting For Petrom,1998,37(2):14-24.
[10]赵改善.快速射线追踪算法[J].石油地球物理勘探,1991,26(2):145-151.Zhao Gai-shan.Fast ray-tracing algorithm[J].OilGeophysical Prospecting,1991,26(2):145-151.
[11]张建中,陈世军,徐初伟.动态网格最短路径射线追踪[J].地球物理学报,2004,47(5):899-904.Zhang Jian-zhong,Cheng Shi-jun,Xu Chu-wei.A method ofshortest path ray tracing with dynamic networks[J].ChineseJ.Geophys.(in Chinese),2004,47(5):899-904.
[12]张霖斌,许云,等.地震反射波波前法射线追踪[J].石油地球物理勘探,1995,30(1):50-55.Zhang Lin-bin,Xu Yun,etc.Ray tracing for seismic reflectionwave[J].Oil Geophysical Prospecting,1995,30(1):50-55.
[13]张钋,刘洪,李幼铭.射线追踪方法的发展现状[J].地球物理学进展,1999,15(1):123-127.Zhang Po,Liu Hong,Li You-ming.The situation andprogress of ray tracing method research[J].Progress inGeophyscis,1999,15(1):123-127.
[14]刘洪,孟凡林,李幼铭.计算最小走时和射线路径的界面网全局方法[J].地球物理学报,1995,38(6):823-832.Liu Hong,Meng Fan-Lin,Li You-ming.The interface gridmethod for seeking globalminimum travel-time and thecorrespondent raypath[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(inChinese),1995,38(6):823-832.
[15]徐异,杨长春,刘洪,等.射线追踪的微变网格方法[J].地球物理学报,1996,39(1):97-102.Xu Yi,Yang Chang-chun,Liu Hong,etc.A grid-changeablemethod for ray tracing[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(inChinese),1996,39(1):97-102.
[16]鲁传恒,顾贤明.井间地震射线层析成像[J].CT理论与应用研究,1994,3(3):20-21.Lu Chuan-Heng,Gu Xian-ming.Cross-hole Seismictomography using ray traveltime[J].ComputerzedTomography And Applications,1994,3(3):20-21.
[17]加尔彼林.地震勘探偏振法[M].石油工业出版社,1989:38-41.Galperin.Seismic exploration polarization method[M].Petroleum Industry Press.1989:38-41.
[18]Mao,W.J.,Stuart,G.W.Rapid multi-wave-type ray tracing incomplex 2-D and 3-D isotropic media[J].Geophysics,1997,62:298-308.
[19]Um,J.,Thurber,C.H.A fast algorithm for two-point seismicray tracing[J].Bull.Seism.Soc.Am,1987,77:972-986.
[20]Moser,T.J.Shrtest path calculation of seismic rays[J].Geophysics,1991,56:59-67.
[21]Farra,V.,Virieux,J.,Madariaga,R.Ray perturbation theoryfor interfaces[J].Geophysical Journal International,1989,99(2):377-390.
[22]B.C.Dyer,R.H.Jones,J.F.Cowles,Associates.O.Barkved,P.G.folstad,Amoco Norwa-y CSM.Micro-seismic Surveyof a North Sea Reservoir[J].World Oil,2002,5:74-77.
[23]R.B.Willis,and J.Fontaine,Universal Well Services Inc.and L.Paugh,Great Lakes Energy Partners LLC and L.Griffin,Pinnacle Technologies.Geology and Geometry:AReview of Factors Affecting the Effectiveness of HydraulicFracturing[A].SPE Eastern Regional Meeting,2006,58(3):51-53.
[24]范桃园,杨长春,王真理,等.复杂地质层面的网格化模型及两点射线追踪方法[J].地球物理学进展,2009,24(1):118-123.Fan T Y,Yang C C,Wang Z L,et al.Surface meshing and 3-D two-point ray tracing in complex geology structure[J].Progress in Geophys.(in Chinese),2009,24(1):118-123.
[25]李波涛,杨长春,陈雨红,等.基于波前面三角形网格剖分的波前重建法三维射线追踪[J].地球物理学进展,2009,24(2):507-512,DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1004-2903.2009.02.019.Li B T,Yang C C,Chen Y H,et al.3Dwavefront constructionmethod ray tracing based on triangular grids layout on wavefront[J].Progress in Geophys.(in Chinese),2009,24(2):507-512,DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1004-2903.2009.02.019.
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