山东诸城晚白垩世古地震事件与恐龙化石埋藏
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摘要
在山东诸城库沟、龙骨涧、西见屯集群恐龙化石埋藏层——上白垩统王氏群辛格庄组与红土崖组中,发现存在脆性、塑性及液化等多种类型的软沉积物变形构造,主要包括负载构造、球—枕构造、挤入构造(火焰构造)、液化卷曲变形、液化脉状构造、混插沉积构造及地震断裂等典型的粗碎屑沉积物形成的古地震记录。多层的软沉积物变形构造及未变形沉积层间互出现,反映晚白垩世诸城地区地震活动频繁,地震活动具有多期性、间歇性及活动能量强—弱转换的脉动性。泥石流、洪泛平原沉积层中埋藏了大规模、顺层分布的恐龙(鸭嘴龙)骨骼化石,其中砂砾岩物源主要来自盆地南缘下白垩统的莱阳组和青山组。多层的古地震软沉积物变形构造层之间夹持着恐龙化石埋藏层,可能与盆地南缘诱发泥石流、埋藏大规模恐龙骨骼的突发性、强能量地震事件有关。
Various and complex styles of soft-sediment deformation structures were recognized in the Upper Cretaceous of the Kugou-Longgujian-Xijiantun district at southwestern area of Zhucheng in Jiaolai Basin,which was located in Jiaodong Peninsula,eastern China.Many types of brittle,plastic and liquefied soft-sediment deformation structures were found including load structure,ball-pillow structure,injection structure(flame structure),liquefied deformation,liquefied vein,mixed plunge structure,minor earthquake fault.These deformation structures were typically formed by coarse sediments during palaeoearthquake event.Multi-bed soft-sediment deformation interclated with non-deformed beds,which indicate the earthquakes of the Late Cretaceous in Zhucheng were frequent,multi-stage,periodic and of strong-weak changing.Large scale dinosaur(hadrosaurs) fossils were found in coarse sediments from flood plain and debris flows were mainly from the Lower Cretaceous Laiyang and Qingshan Formations in the southern margin of the basin.Dinosaur fossils buried layer among the structural deformation layers of multi-layer palaeoearthquake soft-sediment deformation may be related with the sudden,strong energetic seismic events which lead to the mud-rock flow burying large scale dinosaur skeletons.
Various and complex styles of soft-sediment deformation structures were recognized in the Upper Cretaceous of the Kugou-Longgujian-Xijiantun district at southwestern area of Zhucheng in Jiaolai Basin,which was located in Jiaodong Peninsula,eastern China.Many types of brittle,plastic and liquefied soft-sediment deformation structures were found including load structure,ball-pillow structure,injection structure(flame structure),liquefied deformation,liquefied vein,mixed plunge structure,minor earthquake fault.These deformation structures were typically formed by coarse sediments during palaeoearthquake event.Multi-bed soft-sediment deformation interclated with non-deformed beds,which indicate the earthquakes of the Late Cretaceous in Zhucheng were frequent,multi-stage,periodic and of strong-weak changing.Large scale dinosaur(hadrosaurs) fossils were found in coarse sediments from flood plain and debris flows were mainly from the Lower Cretaceous Laiyang and Qingshan Formations in the southern margin of the basin.Dinosaur fossils buried layer among the structural deformation layers of multi-layer palaeoearthquake soft-sediment deformation may be related with the sudden,strong energetic seismic events which lead to the mud-rock flow burying large scale dinosaur skeletons.
引文
陈文,刘新宇,张思红.2002.连续激光阶段升温40Ar/39Ar地质年代测定方法研究[J].地质论评,48(增):127-134.
杜远生,韩欣.2000.论震积作用和震积岩[J].地球科学进展,(4):389-394.
何碧竹,乔秀夫,许志琴,等.2010.塔里木盆地满加尔坳陷及周缘晚奥陶世古地震记录及其地质意义[J].地质学报,84(12):1805-1816.
胡志承.1973.山东诸城巨型鸭嘴龙化石[J].地质学报,47(2):179-206.
胡志承,程政武.1986.巨型山东龙再研究的新进展[J].中国地质科学院院报,14:163-170.
李守军.1998.山东侏罗白垩纪地层划分与对比[J].石油大学学报(自然科学版),22(1):1-4.
李志恒.2010.探访山东诸城“恐龙墓地”[J].化石,(1):2-8.
梁定益,聂泽同,宋志敏.1994.再论震积岩及震积不整合——以川西、滇西地区为例[J].地球科学,19(6):845-850.
梁定益,聂泽同,万晓樵,等.1991.试论震积岩及震积不整合——以川西、滇西地区为例[J].现代地质,5(2):138-147.
刘明渭,张庆玉,宋万千.2003.山东省白垩纪岩石地层序列与火山岩系地层划分[J].地层学杂志,27(3):247-253.
柳永清,旷红伟,彭楠,等.2010.鲁东诸城地区晚白垩世恐龙集群埋藏地沉积相与埋藏学初步研究[J].地质论评,56(4):457-468.
陆克政,戴俊生.1994.胶莱盆地的形成和演化[M].山东东营:石油大学出版社,1-174.
乔秀夫,李海兵,王思恩,等.2008.新疆境内塔拉斯—费尔干纳断裂早侏罗世走滑的古地震证据[J].地质学报,82(6):721-730.
乔秀夫,李海兵.2009.沉积物的地震及古地震效应[J].古地理学报,11(6):593-610.
乔秀夫,宋天锐,高林志,等.1994.碳酸盐岩振动液化地震序列[J].地质学报,68(1):16-34.
乔秀夫,宋天锐,高林志,等.2006.地层中地震记录(古地震)[M].北京:地质出版社,1-263.
邱检生,王德滋,罗清华,等.2001.鲁东胶莱盆地青山组火山岩的40Ar-39Ar定年——以五莲分岭火山机构为例[J].高校地质学报,7(3):351-355.
山东省第四地质矿产勘查院.2003.山东省区域地质志[M].山东济南:山东省地图出版社,1-970.
施炜,张岳桥,董树文,等.2003.山东胶莱盆地构造变形及形成演化——以王氏群和大盛群变形分析为例[J].地质通报,22(5):325-334.
宋明春,李远友,战金成,等.2002.1:25万日照市幅区域地质调查报告[M].山东济南:山东省地质调查院,1-660.
宋明春,王沛成.2003.山东省区域地质[M].山东济南:山东省地图出版社,1-970
田洪水,张增奇,张邦花,等.2006.山东临朐红丝石层中的古地震事件记录[J].中国地质,33(5):1137-1143.
许志琴.1984.郯庐裂谷系概述[J].构造地质论丛,(3):39-46.
鄢继华,陈世悦,姜在兴,等.2007.断陷湖盆震浊积岩成因模拟实验[J].古地理学报,9(3):277-282.
闫峻,陈江峰,谢智,等.2003.鲁东晚白垩世玄武岩中的幔源捕虏体:对中国东部岩石圈减薄时间制约的新证据[J].科学通报,48(14):1570-1574.
闫峻,陈江峰,谢智,等.2005.鲁东白垩世玄武岩及其中幔源包体的岩石学和地球化学研究[J].岩石学报,21(1):99-112.
杨剑萍,聂玲玲,张琳璞,等.2008.柴达木盆地西南缘乌南油田新近系古地震记录及储集性能研究[J].地质学报,86(6):805-812.
杨钟健.1958.中国古生物志(142册),新丙种(16号)[M].北京:科学出版社,1-138.
殷秀兰,杨天南.2005.胶州—莱阳盆地白垩纪莱阳群中的震积岩及构造意义讨论[J].地质论评,51(5):502-506.
翟慎德.2003.胶莱盆地莱阳凹陷构造特征及演化[J].石油实验地质,25(2):137-142.
张建新,杨天南,许志琴,等.1997.胶南地区的伸展作用[J].地球学报,18(2):122-128.
张岳桥,李金良,柳宗泉,等.2006.胶莱盆地深部拆离系统及其区域构造意义[J].石油与天然气地质,27(4):504-511.
张岳桥,李金良,张田,等.2008.胶莱盆地及其邻区白垩纪—古新世沉积构造演化历史及其区域动力学意义[J].地质学报,82(9):1229-1257.
张增奇,刘明渭.1996.山东省岩石地层[M].湖北武汉:中国地质大学出版社,1-328.
赵喜进,李敦景,韩岗,等.2007.山东的巨大诸城龙[J].地球学报,28(2):111-122.
周勇,纪友亮,万璐,等.2011.胶莱盆地东北部下白垩统莱阳组震积岩特征及地质意义[J].古地理学报,13(5):517-528.
Bezerra F H R,Takeya M K,Sousa M O L,et al.2007.Coseismic reacti-vation of the Samambaia fault,Brazil[J].Tectonophysics,430:27-39.
Ferreira J M,Bezerra F H R,Sousa M O L,et al.2008.The role of Pre-cambrian mylonitic belts and present-day stress field in the coseismicreactivation of the Pernambuco lineament,Brazil[J].Tectonophys-ics,456:111-126.
Ferreira J M,Oliveira R T,Takeya M K,et al.1998.Superposition of lo-cal and regional stresses in NE Brazil:Evidence from focal mecha-nisms around the Potiguar Basin[J].Geophysical Journal Interna-tional,134:341-355.
Kuenen P.1958.Experiments in Geology[J].Trans.Geol.Soc.Glasgow,23:1-28.
Montenat C,Barrier P,dstevou P O,et al.2007.Seismites:An attempt atcritical analysis and classification[J].Sedimentary Geology,196:5-30.
Moretti M,Pieri P,Tropeano M.2002.Late Pleistocene Soft-sediment De-formation Structures Interpreted as Seismites in Paralic Deposits inthe City of Bari(Apulian foreland southernItaly)[C].In:EttensohnF R,Rast N,Brett C E(eds).Ancient Seismites:Boulder,Colorado.Geological Society of America Special Paper,359:75-85.
Moretti M,Sabato L.2007.Recognition of trigger mechanisms for soft-sed-iment deformation in the Pleistocene lacustrine deposits of the Sant-Arcangelo Basin(Southern Italy):Seismic shock vs.overloading[J].Sedimentary Geology,196:31-45.
Obermeier S F.1996.Use of liquefaction-induced features for paleoseis-mic analysis-An overview of how seismic liquefaction features can bedistinguished from other features and how their regional distributionand properties of source sediment can be used to infer the locationand strength of Holocene paleo-earthquakes[J].Engineering Geolo-gy,44:1-76.
Rodr'guez-Pascuaa M A,Calvob JP,Vicentea G De,et al.2000.Soft-sediment deformation structures interpreted as seismites in lacustrinesediments of the Prebetic Zone,SE Spain,and their potential use asindicators of earthquake magnitudes during the Late Miocene[J].Sedimentary Geology,135:117-135.
Rossetti Dilce F,Bezerra F H R,Góes Ana M,et al.2010.Sediment de-formation in Miocene and post-Miocene strata,Northeastern Brazil:Evidence for paleoseismicity in a passive margin[J].Sediment.Ge-ol.doi:10.1016/j.sedgeo.2010-02-05.
Seilacher A.1969.Fault-grade beds interpreted as seismites[J].Sedim-entology,13:155-159.
Seilacher A.1984.Sedimentary structures tentatively attributed to seismicevents[J].Marine Geology,55:1-12.
杜远生,韩欣.2000.论震积作用和震积岩[J].地球科学进展,(4):389-394.
何碧竹,乔秀夫,许志琴,等.2010.塔里木盆地满加尔坳陷及周缘晚奥陶世古地震记录及其地质意义[J].地质学报,84(12):1805-1816.
胡志承.1973.山东诸城巨型鸭嘴龙化石[J].地质学报,47(2):179-206.
胡志承,程政武.1986.巨型山东龙再研究的新进展[J].中国地质科学院院报,14:163-170.
李守军.1998.山东侏罗白垩纪地层划分与对比[J].石油大学学报(自然科学版),22(1):1-4.
李志恒.2010.探访山东诸城“恐龙墓地”[J].化石,(1):2-8.
梁定益,聂泽同,宋志敏.1994.再论震积岩及震积不整合——以川西、滇西地区为例[J].地球科学,19(6):845-850.
梁定益,聂泽同,万晓樵,等.1991.试论震积岩及震积不整合——以川西、滇西地区为例[J].现代地质,5(2):138-147.
刘明渭,张庆玉,宋万千.2003.山东省白垩纪岩石地层序列与火山岩系地层划分[J].地层学杂志,27(3):247-253.
柳永清,旷红伟,彭楠,等.2010.鲁东诸城地区晚白垩世恐龙集群埋藏地沉积相与埋藏学初步研究[J].地质论评,56(4):457-468.
陆克政,戴俊生.1994.胶莱盆地的形成和演化[M].山东东营:石油大学出版社,1-174.
乔秀夫,李海兵,王思恩,等.2008.新疆境内塔拉斯—费尔干纳断裂早侏罗世走滑的古地震证据[J].地质学报,82(6):721-730.
乔秀夫,李海兵.2009.沉积物的地震及古地震效应[J].古地理学报,11(6):593-610.
乔秀夫,宋天锐,高林志,等.1994.碳酸盐岩振动液化地震序列[J].地质学报,68(1):16-34.
乔秀夫,宋天锐,高林志,等.2006.地层中地震记录(古地震)[M].北京:地质出版社,1-263.
邱检生,王德滋,罗清华,等.2001.鲁东胶莱盆地青山组火山岩的40Ar-39Ar定年——以五莲分岭火山机构为例[J].高校地质学报,7(3):351-355.
山东省第四地质矿产勘查院.2003.山东省区域地质志[M].山东济南:山东省地图出版社,1-970.
施炜,张岳桥,董树文,等.2003.山东胶莱盆地构造变形及形成演化——以王氏群和大盛群变形分析为例[J].地质通报,22(5):325-334.
宋明春,李远友,战金成,等.2002.1:25万日照市幅区域地质调查报告[M].山东济南:山东省地质调查院,1-660.
宋明春,王沛成.2003.山东省区域地质[M].山东济南:山东省地图出版社,1-970
田洪水,张增奇,张邦花,等.2006.山东临朐红丝石层中的古地震事件记录[J].中国地质,33(5):1137-1143.
许志琴.1984.郯庐裂谷系概述[J].构造地质论丛,(3):39-46.
鄢继华,陈世悦,姜在兴,等.2007.断陷湖盆震浊积岩成因模拟实验[J].古地理学报,9(3):277-282.
闫峻,陈江峰,谢智,等.2003.鲁东晚白垩世玄武岩中的幔源捕虏体:对中国东部岩石圈减薄时间制约的新证据[J].科学通报,48(14):1570-1574.
闫峻,陈江峰,谢智,等.2005.鲁东白垩世玄武岩及其中幔源包体的岩石学和地球化学研究[J].岩石学报,21(1):99-112.
杨剑萍,聂玲玲,张琳璞,等.2008.柴达木盆地西南缘乌南油田新近系古地震记录及储集性能研究[J].地质学报,86(6):805-812.
杨钟健.1958.中国古生物志(142册),新丙种(16号)[M].北京:科学出版社,1-138.
殷秀兰,杨天南.2005.胶州—莱阳盆地白垩纪莱阳群中的震积岩及构造意义讨论[J].地质论评,51(5):502-506.
翟慎德.2003.胶莱盆地莱阳凹陷构造特征及演化[J].石油实验地质,25(2):137-142.
张建新,杨天南,许志琴,等.1997.胶南地区的伸展作用[J].地球学报,18(2):122-128.
张岳桥,李金良,柳宗泉,等.2006.胶莱盆地深部拆离系统及其区域构造意义[J].石油与天然气地质,27(4):504-511.
张岳桥,李金良,张田,等.2008.胶莱盆地及其邻区白垩纪—古新世沉积构造演化历史及其区域动力学意义[J].地质学报,82(9):1229-1257.
张增奇,刘明渭.1996.山东省岩石地层[M].湖北武汉:中国地质大学出版社,1-328.
赵喜进,李敦景,韩岗,等.2007.山东的巨大诸城龙[J].地球学报,28(2):111-122.
周勇,纪友亮,万璐,等.2011.胶莱盆地东北部下白垩统莱阳组震积岩特征及地质意义[J].古地理学报,13(5):517-528.
Bezerra F H R,Takeya M K,Sousa M O L,et al.2007.Coseismic reacti-vation of the Samambaia fault,Brazil[J].Tectonophysics,430:27-39.
Ferreira J M,Bezerra F H R,Sousa M O L,et al.2008.The role of Pre-cambrian mylonitic belts and present-day stress field in the coseismicreactivation of the Pernambuco lineament,Brazil[J].Tectonophys-ics,456:111-126.
Ferreira J M,Oliveira R T,Takeya M K,et al.1998.Superposition of lo-cal and regional stresses in NE Brazil:Evidence from focal mecha-nisms around the Potiguar Basin[J].Geophysical Journal Interna-tional,134:341-355.
Kuenen P.1958.Experiments in Geology[J].Trans.Geol.Soc.Glasgow,23:1-28.
Montenat C,Barrier P,dstevou P O,et al.2007.Seismites:An attempt atcritical analysis and classification[J].Sedimentary Geology,196:5-30.
Moretti M,Pieri P,Tropeano M.2002.Late Pleistocene Soft-sediment De-formation Structures Interpreted as Seismites in Paralic Deposits inthe City of Bari(Apulian foreland southernItaly)[C].In:EttensohnF R,Rast N,Brett C E(eds).Ancient Seismites:Boulder,Colorado.Geological Society of America Special Paper,359:75-85.
Moretti M,Sabato L.2007.Recognition of trigger mechanisms for soft-sed-iment deformation in the Pleistocene lacustrine deposits of the Sant-Arcangelo Basin(Southern Italy):Seismic shock vs.overloading[J].Sedimentary Geology,196:31-45.
Obermeier S F.1996.Use of liquefaction-induced features for paleoseis-mic analysis-An overview of how seismic liquefaction features can bedistinguished from other features and how their regional distributionand properties of source sediment can be used to infer the locationand strength of Holocene paleo-earthquakes[J].Engineering Geolo-gy,44:1-76.
Rodr'guez-Pascuaa M A,Calvob JP,Vicentea G De,et al.2000.Soft-sediment deformation structures interpreted as seismites in lacustrinesediments of the Prebetic Zone,SE Spain,and their potential use asindicators of earthquake magnitudes during the Late Miocene[J].Sedimentary Geology,135:117-135.
Rossetti Dilce F,Bezerra F H R,Góes Ana M,et al.2010.Sediment de-formation in Miocene and post-Miocene strata,Northeastern Brazil:Evidence for paleoseismicity in a passive margin[J].Sediment.Ge-ol.doi:10.1016/j.sedgeo.2010-02-05.
Seilacher A.1969.Fault-grade beds interpreted as seismites[J].Sedim-entology,13:155-159.
Seilacher A.1984.Sedimentary structures tentatively attributed to seismicevents[J].Marine Geology,55:1-12.
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