汶川地震225位遇难学生父母精神状况的横断面调查
摘要
目的调查5·12汶川地震遇难学生父母的精神状况,为灾后心理重建工作提供决策依据。方法随机抽取绵竹市122户遇难学生家庭,采用问卷、访谈、观察法对225名丧子父母展进行调查,获取相关资料(人口学特征、家庭受灾情况、经济状况及心理行为状况),而后结合二次文献,对所得资料进行分析并提出政策建议。结果①123名遇难学生中独生子女占91.87%;女生占50.41%;小学及幼儿园学生占48.78%,中学生占50.41%,中专生占0.81%;丧子父母小学文化及以下占29.78%,初中或高中学历占64%,中专以上学历占6.22%。②丧子父亲与母亲在心理行为表现上存在显著性差异:接受现实(P=0.042)、躯体化(P=0.040)、外出打工(P=0.000);夫妻之间的心理互动与敌对情绪产生具有强关联性。③仅18.03%的丧子父母的社会支持系统良好,不愿接受现实的丧子父母均无良好的家庭和社会支持系统。④经济状况较好,教育文化程度高的更易接受现实;对尚未找到孩子遗体的丧子父母来说,易合并抑郁和躯体化,更难以接受现实;目睹现场惨境的父母更易受噩梦困扰,未见到子女最后一面而接到死亡通知的父母更易产生自责。结论 ①应研究适合快速普及的心理危机干预操作模式并进行广泛传播(如哀伤抚慰),通过多种有效途径来实现低成本、广受众、好效果的新时期心理援助。②建立"丧子家庭互助组织",帮助丧子父母建立良好的社会支持系统,促进其在心理上的"重生"及生活上的"重建"。③利用村镇卫生站/院的特殊优势,在其基础上建立一个具有长期、规范、制度化的心理干预长效机制。④分类分期展开心理干预工作,体现针对性。
Objective To perform a cross-sectional study on mental situations of parents of student victims in Wenchuan earthquake and analysis the data to produce best evidences for the government on their decision-making.Methods By the use of questionnaires,interviewer,and observation,we performed field study on 225 student victims' parents selected by simple random sampling to collect their demographic characteristics,economic and mental status.Results(1) Of the 123 student victims the only child of the family account for 91.87%,female account for 50.41%,the pupil and below,the middle school student,and the college account for 48.78%,50.41%,0.81% respectively.(2) Mental and behavior differences between fathers and mothers were signif icant.(3) The parents declining to accept the death of their children are not in a good social support.(4) The parents with good family economics and high education are more likely to accept the death of children.Conclusion(1) We should build a 'Mutual Aid' organization to help those parents construct a good social support net.(2) To take the advantage of rural hospitals to build the long-acting mechanism of the psychological intervention.(3) To perform the psychological intervention corresponding to right period and right aimed group.
Objective To perform a cross-sectional study on mental situations of parents of student victims in Wenchuan earthquake and analysis the data to produce best evidences for the government on their decision-making.Methods By the use of questionnaires,interviewer,and observation,we performed field study on 225 student victims' parents selected by simple random sampling to collect their demographic characteristics,economic and mental status.Results(1) Of the 123 student victims the only child of the family account for 91.87%,female account for 50.41%,the pupil and below,the middle school student,and the college account for 48.78%,50.41%,0.81% respectively.(2) Mental and behavior differences between fathers and mothers were signif icant.(3) The parents declining to accept the death of their children are not in a good social support.(4) The parents with good family economics and high education are more likely to accept the death of children.Conclusion(1) We should build a 'Mutual Aid' organization to help those parents construct a good social support net.(2) To take the advantage of rural hospitals to build the long-acting mechanism of the psychological intervention.(3) To perform the psychological intervention corresponding to right period and right aimed group.
引文
1中国首次公布汶川大地震遇难和失踪学生人数.[2009-05-07].http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2009-05/07/content_11330674.htm.
2Gilliland BE,James RK.危机干预策略.肖水源,译.北京:中国轻工出版,2000.
3沙莎,张婉奇,钟欣,等.灾后心理干预工作的实践与思考.首都医科大学学报,2008,29(4):409-411.
4Galea S,Ahern J,Resnick H,et al.Psychological Sequelae of the September11Terrorist Attacks in New York City.N Engl J Med,2002,346(13):982-987.
5House JS,Landis KR,Umberson D.Social Relation and Health Science.Sience,1988,21(241):640-545.
6夏建中.“孝”的文化与“忠”的文化——中日传统家族伦理之比较.中国人民大学学报,1996,6(2):34-40.
7Wellman B,Wortley S.Different strokes from different folks:Community ties and social support.American Journal of Sociology,1990,96(3):558-588.
8Marsden P.Homogeneity in confi ding relations.Social Networks,1988,10(1):57-76.
9蒋兰慧,李幼平,万春梅,等.汶川地震遇难学生父母生活现状的横断面调查.中国循证医学杂志,2009,9(2):171-177.
10扶长青,张大均.国外创伤后应激障碍干预模式及启示.中小学心理健康教育,2008,5(17):23-25.
11邢娟娟.应急心里干预探讨.疾病控制杂志,2007,11(4):407-409.
12李雪英.PTSD的认知理论及认知行为治疗.中国临床心理学杂志,1999,7(2):125-128.
13罗震雷,杨淑霞.震灾后不同群体的心理应激与危机干预.中国西部科技,2008,34(26):66-67.
14贾晓明.从民间祭奠到精神分析——关于丧失后哀伤的过程.中国心理卫生杂志,2005,19(8):569-571.
2Gilliland BE,James RK.危机干预策略.肖水源,译.北京:中国轻工出版,2000.
3沙莎,张婉奇,钟欣,等.灾后心理干预工作的实践与思考.首都医科大学学报,2008,29(4):409-411.
4Galea S,Ahern J,Resnick H,et al.Psychological Sequelae of the September11Terrorist Attacks in New York City.N Engl J Med,2002,346(13):982-987.
5House JS,Landis KR,Umberson D.Social Relation and Health Science.Sience,1988,21(241):640-545.
6夏建中.“孝”的文化与“忠”的文化——中日传统家族伦理之比较.中国人民大学学报,1996,6(2):34-40.
7Wellman B,Wortley S.Different strokes from different folks:Community ties and social support.American Journal of Sociology,1990,96(3):558-588.
8Marsden P.Homogeneity in confi ding relations.Social Networks,1988,10(1):57-76.
9蒋兰慧,李幼平,万春梅,等.汶川地震遇难学生父母生活现状的横断面调查.中国循证医学杂志,2009,9(2):171-177.
10扶长青,张大均.国外创伤后应激障碍干预模式及启示.中小学心理健康教育,2008,5(17):23-25.
11邢娟娟.应急心里干预探讨.疾病控制杂志,2007,11(4):407-409.
12李雪英.PTSD的认知理论及认知行为治疗.中国临床心理学杂志,1999,7(2):125-128.
13罗震雷,杨淑霞.震灾后不同群体的心理应激与危机干预.中国西部科技,2008,34(26):66-67.
14贾晓明.从民间祭奠到精神分析——关于丧失后哀伤的过程.中国心理卫生杂志,2005,19(8):569-571.
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