汶川地震后医疗机构提供精神卫生和心理社会支持的能力:来自四川部分地区基层医务人员的问卷调查与深入访谈
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摘要
目的:了解四川地震后部分极重及重灾区的精神病院及乡镇卫生院、村卫生室提供灾后精神卫生和心理社会支持(mental health and psychosocial support,MHPSS)的能力。方法:参照联合国机构间常委会对MHPSS的定义和分级,自编问卷,包括卫生机构基本信息及目前提供服务的情况,近2年接受MHPSS培训及教材和参考书的情况,提供MHPSS的意愿及可行性。调查来自县级精神病院1所、乡镇级精神病院1所、乡镇卫生院5所和村卫生室5所的医生共30名,从业年限1~42年(中位数12年)。并对其中10人进行深入访谈,了解个人从业经历、地震对医疗机构的影响、学习和提供MHPSS的经历和感受等。结果:县级和乡镇级精神科医师在辖区内的人口比例分别为0.68/10万人和0.83/10万人。震前无相关培训;震后11人接受过1~7天(中位数2天)的非分级培训,且教材和参考书严重不足。仅有19人表示有时间提供MHPSS服务,可能的时间为(6.9±2.5)h/周。县级和乡镇级精神病院需管理地震前的已住院患者及震后新发病例。县精神病院开展了某些形式的心理健康宣传教育。只有2所乡镇卫生院提供灾后约20人/月的门诊心理咨询。精神科医师震前没有受过心理危机干预培训,没有治疗诊治创伤后应激障碍的经验。基层非精神科医生觉得自己的能力有限,无法给受灾群众提供到位的服务。乡镇卫生院仅有地西泮这一种基本精神科药品。地震对医疗机构的建筑有不同程度的破坏,乡镇级精神病院病房全部倒塌。结论:四川地震后县级及以下医疗机构提供精神卫生和心理社会支持的能力极为有限。建议今后对相关人员开展实用的、有针对性的分级培训;采取措施改变基层卫生机构缺乏基本精神科药品的现状;在新建或改造精神病院时,加强硬件的抗灾强度。
Objective:To explore post-earthquake mental health and psychosocial support(MHPSS)capacity by psychiatric hospitals,and township health centers and village clinics in some extremely hit and severely hit areas in Sichuan.Methods:Referring to definition and levels of mental health and psychosocial support defined by the Inter-Agency Standing Committee of UN,a questionnaire consisting of basic information and current services of health facilities,MHPSS training and teaching materials in the past two years,and willingness and feasibility to provide MHPSS was developed,and 30 doctors from 1 county-level psychiatric hospital,1 town-level psychiatric hospital,5 township health centers,and 5 village clinics were surveyed.Ten of them were interviewed to explore their occupational experiences,the earthquake influence on the health facilities,the experiences and feelings of learning and providing MHPSS.Result:There were 0.68 psychiatrist/100,000 population and 0.83 psychiatrist/100,000 population in county level and town level respectively.There had been no pre-quake training on MHPSS,11 doctors got(1~7)days(median=2 days)of post-quake training,but unleveled,with insufficient teaching materials or reference books.Only 19 doctors could have time to provide MHPSS,and possible hours would be(6.9±2.5)hours/week.The county-level and town-level psychiatric hospitals had to manage the pre-quake inpatients,and admitted post-quake new cases.The county-level psychiatric hospital conducted some patterns of public mental health education.Only 2 township health centers provided 20 persons/month outpatient psychological counseling.Psychiatrists had not been trained in psychological crisis intervention,and had not had experience to deal with post traumatic stress disorder before the earthquake.Non-psychiatric physicians felt that their capacity of providing proper MHPSS was quite limited.The township health centers only had valium as the basic psychotropics.Buildings in health facilities were damaged by the earthquake,which was especially reflected by collapse of a whole ward building in the town-level psychiatric hospital.Conclusion:Post-earthquake MHPSS capacity by health facilities in county and lower levels is extremely limited in Sichuan.It is suggested that in the future the relevant professionals be trained in more practical and specific ways in different levels,the township health centers and village clinics be authorized to use basic psychotropic medications,and disaster-resistant level be strengthened while building new or altering old psychiatric hospitals.
Objective:To explore post-earthquake mental health and psychosocial support(MHPSS)capacity by psychiatric hospitals,and township health centers and village clinics in some extremely hit and severely hit areas in Sichuan.Methods:Referring to definition and levels of mental health and psychosocial support defined by the Inter-Agency Standing Committee of UN,a questionnaire consisting of basic information and current services of health facilities,MHPSS training and teaching materials in the past two years,and willingness and feasibility to provide MHPSS was developed,and 30 doctors from 1 county-level psychiatric hospital,1 town-level psychiatric hospital,5 township health centers,and 5 village clinics were surveyed.Ten of them were interviewed to explore their occupational experiences,the earthquake influence on the health facilities,the experiences and feelings of learning and providing MHPSS.Result:There were 0.68 psychiatrist/100,000 population and 0.83 psychiatrist/100,000 population in county level and town level respectively.There had been no pre-quake training on MHPSS,11 doctors got(1~7)days(median=2 days)of post-quake training,but unleveled,with insufficient teaching materials or reference books.Only 19 doctors could have time to provide MHPSS,and possible hours would be(6.9±2.5)hours/week.The county-level and town-level psychiatric hospitals had to manage the pre-quake inpatients,and admitted post-quake new cases.The county-level psychiatric hospital conducted some patterns of public mental health education.Only 2 township health centers provided 20 persons/month outpatient psychological counseling.Psychiatrists had not been trained in psychological crisis intervention,and had not had experience to deal with post traumatic stress disorder before the earthquake.Non-psychiatric physicians felt that their capacity of providing proper MHPSS was quite limited.The township health centers only had valium as the basic psychotropics.Buildings in health facilities were damaged by the earthquake,which was especially reflected by collapse of a whole ward building in the town-level psychiatric hospital.Conclusion:Post-earthquake MHPSS capacity by health facilities in county and lower levels is extremely limited in Sichuan.It is suggested that in the future the relevant professionals be trained in more practical and specific ways in different levels,the township health centers and village clinics be authorized to use basic psychotropic medications,and disaster-resistant level be strengthened while building new or altering old psychiatric hospitals.
引文
[1]The Inter-Agency Standing Committee.IASC Guidelines on Men-tal Health and Psychosocial Support in Emergency Settings[OL].Geneva:The Inter-Agency Standing Committee,2007:1-19(2007-12)[2009-09-03].http:∥www.humanitarianinfo.org/iasc/pageloader.aspx?page=con-tent-products-products&sel=22.
[2]Wessells M,van Ommeren M.Developing inter-agency guide-lines on mental health and psychosocial support in emergency set-tings[J].Intervention,2008,6(3/4):199-218.
[3]中华人民共和国卫生部.2008年各类卫生机构人员数[M].中国卫生统计年鉴,2009:24-27.
[4]汪向东,赵丞智,新福尚隆,等.地震后创伤性应激障碍的发生率及影响因素[J].中国心理卫生杂志,1999,13(1):28-30.
[5]World Health Organization Regional Office for the Western Pacif-ic.The world needs disaster-resistant hospitals,says WHO[OL].Geneva:World Health Organization Regional Office forthe Western Pacific,2009[2009-09-03].http:∥www.wpro.who.int/media_centre/press_releases/pr_20090406.htm.
[2]Wessells M,van Ommeren M.Developing inter-agency guide-lines on mental health and psychosocial support in emergency set-tings[J].Intervention,2008,6(3/4):199-218.
[3]中华人民共和国卫生部.2008年各类卫生机构人员数[M].中国卫生统计年鉴,2009:24-27.
[4]汪向东,赵丞智,新福尚隆,等.地震后创伤性应激障碍的发生率及影响因素[J].中国心理卫生杂志,1999,13(1):28-30.
[5]World Health Organization Regional Office for the Western Pacif-ic.The world needs disaster-resistant hospitals,says WHO[OL].Geneva:World Health Organization Regional Office forthe Western Pacific,2009[2009-09-03].http:∥www.wpro.who.int/media_centre/press_releases/pr_20090406.htm.
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