卧龙自然保护区大熊猫栖息地植物群落多样性Ⅴ:不同竹林的物种多样性
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摘要
采用α-多样性、β-多样性和植物区系等参数,分析了卧龙自然保护区野生大熊猫栖息地主食竹种各竹林的物种多样性特征.结果表明,物种丰富度、物种优势度、物种均匀度和植物区系成分在3种竹林中都有着显著性差异(P<0.05).物种丰富度和优势度的排序是拐棍竹林>冷箭竹林>短锥玉山竹林;Shannon-Wiener多样性指数呈现出拐棍竹林>短锥玉山竹林>冷箭竹林的变化格局;Simpson多样性指数为冷箭竹林大于拐棍竹林和短锥玉山竹林,而拐棍竹林与短锥玉山竹林相差不大;群落均匀度两指数(Jsw和Jsi)均表现为短锥玉山竹林>拐棍竹林>冷箭竹林.不同竹林各层次的α-多样性,无论是乔木层、灌木层,还是草本植物层,在3种竹林之间均具有不同的变化.拐棍竹林、冷箭竹林和短锥玉山竹林的植物科属地理分布格局较为相似(P>0.05),都以温带地理成分为主,具有与卧龙自然保护区整体植物区系地理成分的相同模式,但就植物种类而言,3种竹林的差异极其显著(P<0.05);同时,各竹林中乔木层优势树木的重要值、灌木层植物的平均数量,以及草本层植物的平均盖度之间也具有明显的差异(P<0.05).3种竹林之间的相似性系数(β-多样性)很低,具有各自的组成物种和群落结构(P<0.05),这与不同竹种的生物学特性、海拔分布范围和生长发育阶段密切相关.本研究结果可为竹林分布的制图、退化生境的恢复、地震灾害受损栖息地的重建以及圈养大熊猫食物基地的建设等提供参考资料.图3表5参32
Forty-eight forest sampling plots between 2 000 m and 3 000 m in the Wolong Nature Reserve,located at the western edge of the Sichuan Basin,were investigated.The species diversity of different bamboo forests was studied using the indices on both α-diversity and β-diversity.The species richness,species dominance,species evenness and plant flora were found significantly different at the 0.05 level among three bamboo forests.The species richness and species dominance were highest in Fargesia robusta forest,then in Bashania faberi forest and lowest in Yushania brevipaniculata forest.The ordination pattern of Shannon-wiener index was F.robusta forest>B.faberi forest>Y.brevipaniculata forest.The Simpson index of B.faberi forest was more than that of F.robusta forest and that of Y brevipaniculata forest,and the difference between that of F.robusta forest and that of Y.brevipaniculata forest was not significant.The two indices of species evenness(Jsw and Jsi) were Y.brevipaniculata forest > F.robusta forest > B.faberi forest.The α-diversity values of arbor layer,shrub layer and herb layer had different changes in the three bamboo forests.The plant flora,which primary component was temperate zone distribution types,was similar in different bamboo forests(P>0.05) and coincident with that of the Wolong Nature Reserve.The species of the three bamboo forests were significantly different at 0.05 levels,and so did the importance value of dominant species of arbor layer,the quantity of shrub layer and the coverage of herb layer.The comparability index(β-diversity) was very small among the three bamboo forests,mainly due to different plant species compositions and community structures(P<0.05).These differences can be explained by the biological characteristics of different bamboo species,their altitudinal distributions and growth phases.The results can be applied in mapping of bamboo distribution,restoration of degraded habitats,recovery of giant panda's habitats destroyed by the "5·12" Wenchuan Earthquake and its aftershocks,and establishment of in-captive giant panda food bases.Fig 3,Tab 5,Ref 32
Forty-eight forest sampling plots between 2 000 m and 3 000 m in the Wolong Nature Reserve,located at the western edge of the Sichuan Basin,were investigated.The species diversity of different bamboo forests was studied using the indices on both α-diversity and β-diversity.The species richness,species dominance,species evenness and plant flora were found significantly different at the 0.05 level among three bamboo forests.The species richness and species dominance were highest in Fargesia robusta forest,then in Bashania faberi forest and lowest in Yushania brevipaniculata forest.The ordination pattern of Shannon-wiener index was F.robusta forest>B.faberi forest>Y.brevipaniculata forest.The Simpson index of B.faberi forest was more than that of F.robusta forest and that of Y brevipaniculata forest,and the difference between that of F.robusta forest and that of Y.brevipaniculata forest was not significant.The two indices of species evenness(Jsw and Jsi) were Y.brevipaniculata forest > F.robusta forest > B.faberi forest.The α-diversity values of arbor layer,shrub layer and herb layer had different changes in the three bamboo forests.The plant flora,which primary component was temperate zone distribution types,was similar in different bamboo forests(P>0.05) and coincident with that of the Wolong Nature Reserve.The species of the three bamboo forests were significantly different at 0.05 levels,and so did the importance value of dominant species of arbor layer,the quantity of shrub layer and the coverage of herb layer.The comparability index(β-diversity) was very small among the three bamboo forests,mainly due to different plant species compositions and community structures(P<0.05).These differences can be explained by the biological characteristics of different bamboo species,their altitudinal distributions and growth phases.The results can be applied in mapping of bamboo distribution,restoration of degraded habitats,recovery of giant panda's habitats destroyed by the "5·12" Wenchuan Earthquake and its aftershocks,and establishment of in-captive giant panda food bases.Fig 3,Tab 5,Ref 32
引文
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2Shi SY(石胜友),Yang JD(杨季冬),Wang ZP(王周平),Li XG(李旭光).Species diversity in the progression ecological restoration of artificial mixed forest after wind-damage in Jinyun mountain,Sichuan.Biodiv Sci(生物多样性),2002,10(3):274～279
3Zhao CM(赵常明),Chen QH(陈庆恒),Qiao YK(乔永康),Pan KW(潘开文).Dynamics of species diversity in the restoration process of artificial spruce conifer forest in the eastern edge of Qinghai-Tibet plateau.Acta Phytoecol Sin(植物生态学报),2002,26(Suppl):20～29
4Hou RP(侯瑞萍),Zhang KB(张克斌),Qiao F(乔锋),Li R(李瑞),Yang JJ(杨俊杰).Biodiversity and desertification in the ecotone of agriculture-animal husbandry.Ecol&Environ(生态环境),2004,13(3):350～353
5Zhu WZ(朱万泽),Cai XH(蔡小虎),He F(何飞),Wang JX(王金锡).Response of species diversity to restoration succession:The case of the moist evergreen broad-leaved forests in the western edge of Sichuan Basin.Biodiv Sci(生物多样性),1996,14(1):1～12
6Wang RQ(王仁卿),KauzeFujiwara,You HM(尤海梅).Theory and practices for forest vegetation restoration:Native forest with native tress-introduction of the Miyawaki’s method for reconstruction of“environmental protection forest(ecological method to reforestation)”.Acta Phytoecol Sin(植物生态学报),2002,26(Suppl):1417～1425
7Shen GZ(申国珍),Xie ZQ(谢宗强),Feng CY(冯朝阳),Xu WT(徐文婷),Guo K(郭柯).Influence of the Wenchuan earthquake on giant panda habitats and strategies for restoration.Acta Phytoecol Sin(植物生态学报),2008,32(6):1417～1425
8Feng YZ(冯耀宗).Species diversity and managed ecosystem stability.Chin J Appl Ecol(应用生态学报),2003,14(6):853～857
9Zhang GH(张刚华),Xiao JH(萧江华),Nie JZ(聂洁珠),Chen Sl(陈双林),Guo YW(郭子武).Study on the species diversity at Moso bamboo stands of different type.For Res(林业科学研究),2007,20(5):615～621
10State Forestry Administration of China(国家林业局).The3rd National Survey Report on Giant Panda in China.Beijing,China(北京):Science Press(科学出版社),2006.40～137
11Bearer SL.The effect of forest harvesting on giant panda habitat use in Wolong Nature Reserve,China:[Ph.D.Degree Dissertation].East Lansing,MI,USA:Michigan State University,2005
12Hu JC(胡锦矗),Schaller GB,Pan WS(潘文石),Zhu J(朱靖).Wolong’s Panda.Chengdu,China(成都):Sichuan Publishing House of Science&Technology(四川科学技术出版社),1985
13Yi TP(易同培).Bamboo Flora of Sichuan.Beijing,China(北京):China Forestry Publishing House(中国林业出版社),1997
14Wolong Nature Reserve Administration(卧龙自然保护区管理局),Biology of Nanchong Normal College(南充师范学院生物系),Conservation Department of Sichuan Forest Office(四川省林业厅保护处).Wolong Plant Vegetation and Resource Plants.Chengdu,China(成都):Sichuan Publishing House of Science&Technology(四川科学技术出版社),1987.11～194
15Taylor AH,Qin ZH.Culm dynamics and dry-matter production of bamboos in the Wolong and Tangjiahe giant panda reserves,Sichuan,China.J Appl Ecol,1987,24:419～433
16Taylor AH,Qin ZH.Bamboo dieback:An opportunity to restore panda habitat.Environ Conserv,1991,17:166～168
17Taylor AH,Huang JY,Zhou SQ.Canopy tree development and undergrowth bamboo dynamics in old-growth Abies–Betula forests in southwestern China:A12-year study.For Ecol&Manage,2004,200:347～360
18Wang W,Franklin SB,Ren Y,Ouellette JR.Growth of bamboo Fargesia qinlingensis and regeneration of trees in a mixed hardwood-conifer forest in the Qinling Mountains,China.For Ecol&Manage,2006,234:107～115
19Qin ZS(秦自生),Taylor AH,Cai XC(蔡绪慎).Bamboos and Forest Dynamic Succession of Giant Panda’s Habitat in Wolong.Beijing,China(北京):China Forestry Publishing House(中国林业出版社),1993.1～325
20Taylor AH,Qin ZS.Bamboo regeneration after flowering in the Wolong giant panda Reserve,China.Biol Conserv,1993a,63:231～234
21Zhou SQ(周世强),Huang JY(黄金燕).A study on the clonal population structure of young Bashania fangiana after natural regeneration.J Bamboo Res(竹子研究汇刊),1998,17(1):88～96
22Li CB(李成彪).A Study of Staple Food Bamboo for the Giant Panda.Guiyang,China(贵州):Sichuan Publishing House of Science&Technology(四川科学技术出版社),1997.83～221
23Zhang WR(张万儒).The forest soils and its vertical distribution laws of Wolong Nature Reserve.Sci Silv Sin(林业科学),1983,19(3):254～268
24Zhou SQ(周世强),Huang JY(黄金燕),Tan YC(谭迎春),Zhou XP(周小平),Wang PY(王鹏彦),Zhang HM(张和民).Diversity of the plant community of giant panda’s habitat in Wolong Nature Reserve——I.The basic characters of plant community.J Sichuan For Sci&Technol(四川林业科技),2003,24(2):6～11
25Zhao HF(赵洪峰),Lei HM(雷富民).Bird diversity in typical degraded ecosystem in the upper reaches of Minjiang River,Sichuan,China.Chin J Appl Environ Biol(应用与环境生物学报),2003,9(1):42～48
26Meng QF(孟庆繁),Hu YY(胡隐月),Wang QD(王庆贵),Zhang FB(张凤斌).β-diversity of forest communities in east Heilongjiang Province.Chin J Appl Ecol(应用生态学报),1999,10(2):140～142
27Lan LB(兰立波),Liu QZ(刘琼招),Chen SL(陈顺理).Field spectral characteristics of the giant panda’s chieffood bamboos in the mountainous region of west Sichuan.Mount Res(山地研究),1988,6(3):175～182
28Linderman MA,Liu J,Qi J,An L,Ouyang Z,Yang J,Tan Y.Usingartificial neural networks to map the spatial distribution of understorey bamboo from remote sensing data.Int J Remote Sensing,2004,25(9):1685～1700
29Linderman MA,Bearer S,An L,Tan YC,Ouyang ZY,Liu JG.The effects of understory bamboo on broad-scale of giant panda habitat.Biol Conser,2005,121:383～390
30Ouyang ZY(欧阳志云),Liu JG(刘建国),Xiao H(肖寒),Tan YC(谭迎春),Zhang HM(张和民).An assessment of giant panda habitat in Wolong Nature Reserve.Acta Ecol Sin(生态学报),2001,21(11):1869～1974
31Bian M(卞萌),Wang TJ(汪铁军),Liu YY(刘艳芳),Fei T(费腾),Skidmore AK.Detection of understory bamboo in giant panda habitats using an indirect remote sensing approach.Acta Ecol Sin(生态学报),2007,27(11):4824～4831
32Zhou SQ(周世强),Guo Q(郭勤),Huang JY(黄金燕).The best forestation models of converting cropland to forestland project-The cubic artificial plant community.Sichuan For Explor&Des(四川林勘设计),2005,3:19～22
2Shi SY(石胜友),Yang JD(杨季冬),Wang ZP(王周平),Li XG(李旭光).Species diversity in the progression ecological restoration of artificial mixed forest after wind-damage in Jinyun mountain,Sichuan.Biodiv Sci(生物多样性),2002,10(3):274～279
3Zhao CM(赵常明),Chen QH(陈庆恒),Qiao YK(乔永康),Pan KW(潘开文).Dynamics of species diversity in the restoration process of artificial spruce conifer forest in the eastern edge of Qinghai-Tibet plateau.Acta Phytoecol Sin(植物生态学报),2002,26(Suppl):20～29
4Hou RP(侯瑞萍),Zhang KB(张克斌),Qiao F(乔锋),Li R(李瑞),Yang JJ(杨俊杰).Biodiversity and desertification in the ecotone of agriculture-animal husbandry.Ecol&Environ(生态环境),2004,13(3):350～353
5Zhu WZ(朱万泽),Cai XH(蔡小虎),He F(何飞),Wang JX(王金锡).Response of species diversity to restoration succession:The case of the moist evergreen broad-leaved forests in the western edge of Sichuan Basin.Biodiv Sci(生物多样性),1996,14(1):1～12
6Wang RQ(王仁卿),KauzeFujiwara,You HM(尤海梅).Theory and practices for forest vegetation restoration:Native forest with native tress-introduction of the Miyawaki’s method for reconstruction of“environmental protection forest(ecological method to reforestation)”.Acta Phytoecol Sin(植物生态学报),2002,26(Suppl):1417～1425
7Shen GZ(申国珍),Xie ZQ(谢宗强),Feng CY(冯朝阳),Xu WT(徐文婷),Guo K(郭柯).Influence of the Wenchuan earthquake on giant panda habitats and strategies for restoration.Acta Phytoecol Sin(植物生态学报),2008,32(6):1417～1425
8Feng YZ(冯耀宗).Species diversity and managed ecosystem stability.Chin J Appl Ecol(应用生态学报),2003,14(6):853～857
9Zhang GH(张刚华),Xiao JH(萧江华),Nie JZ(聂洁珠),Chen Sl(陈双林),Guo YW(郭子武).Study on the species diversity at Moso bamboo stands of different type.For Res(林业科学研究),2007,20(5):615～621
10State Forestry Administration of China(国家林业局).The3rd National Survey Report on Giant Panda in China.Beijing,China(北京):Science Press(科学出版社),2006.40～137
11Bearer SL.The effect of forest harvesting on giant panda habitat use in Wolong Nature Reserve,China:[Ph.D.Degree Dissertation].East Lansing,MI,USA:Michigan State University,2005
12Hu JC(胡锦矗),Schaller GB,Pan WS(潘文石),Zhu J(朱靖).Wolong’s Panda.Chengdu,China(成都):Sichuan Publishing House of Science&Technology(四川科学技术出版社),1985
13Yi TP(易同培).Bamboo Flora of Sichuan.Beijing,China(北京):China Forestry Publishing House(中国林业出版社),1997
14Wolong Nature Reserve Administration(卧龙自然保护区管理局),Biology of Nanchong Normal College(南充师范学院生物系),Conservation Department of Sichuan Forest Office(四川省林业厅保护处).Wolong Plant Vegetation and Resource Plants.Chengdu,China(成都):Sichuan Publishing House of Science&Technology(四川科学技术出版社),1987.11～194
15Taylor AH,Qin ZH.Culm dynamics and dry-matter production of bamboos in the Wolong and Tangjiahe giant panda reserves,Sichuan,China.J Appl Ecol,1987,24:419～433
16Taylor AH,Qin ZH.Bamboo dieback:An opportunity to restore panda habitat.Environ Conserv,1991,17:166～168
17Taylor AH,Huang JY,Zhou SQ.Canopy tree development and undergrowth bamboo dynamics in old-growth Abies–Betula forests in southwestern China:A12-year study.For Ecol&Manage,2004,200:347～360
18Wang W,Franklin SB,Ren Y,Ouellette JR.Growth of bamboo Fargesia qinlingensis and regeneration of trees in a mixed hardwood-conifer forest in the Qinling Mountains,China.For Ecol&Manage,2006,234:107～115
19Qin ZS(秦自生),Taylor AH,Cai XC(蔡绪慎).Bamboos and Forest Dynamic Succession of Giant Panda’s Habitat in Wolong.Beijing,China(北京):China Forestry Publishing House(中国林业出版社),1993.1～325
20Taylor AH,Qin ZS.Bamboo regeneration after flowering in the Wolong giant panda Reserve,China.Biol Conserv,1993a,63:231～234
21Zhou SQ(周世强),Huang JY(黄金燕).A study on the clonal population structure of young Bashania fangiana after natural regeneration.J Bamboo Res(竹子研究汇刊),1998,17(1):88～96
22Li CB(李成彪).A Study of Staple Food Bamboo for the Giant Panda.Guiyang,China(贵州):Sichuan Publishing House of Science&Technology(四川科学技术出版社),1997.83～221
23Zhang WR(张万儒).The forest soils and its vertical distribution laws of Wolong Nature Reserve.Sci Silv Sin(林业科学),1983,19(3):254～268
24Zhou SQ(周世强),Huang JY(黄金燕),Tan YC(谭迎春),Zhou XP(周小平),Wang PY(王鹏彦),Zhang HM(张和民).Diversity of the plant community of giant panda’s habitat in Wolong Nature Reserve——I.The basic characters of plant community.J Sichuan For Sci&Technol(四川林业科技),2003,24(2):6～11
25Zhao HF(赵洪峰),Lei HM(雷富民).Bird diversity in typical degraded ecosystem in the upper reaches of Minjiang River,Sichuan,China.Chin J Appl Environ Biol(应用与环境生物学报),2003,9(1):42～48
26Meng QF(孟庆繁),Hu YY(胡隐月),Wang QD(王庆贵),Zhang FB(张凤斌).β-diversity of forest communities in east Heilongjiang Province.Chin J Appl Ecol(应用生态学报),1999,10(2):140～142
27Lan LB(兰立波),Liu QZ(刘琼招),Chen SL(陈顺理).Field spectral characteristics of the giant panda’s chieffood bamboos in the mountainous region of west Sichuan.Mount Res(山地研究),1988,6(3):175～182
28Linderman MA,Liu J,Qi J,An L,Ouyang Z,Yang J,Tan Y.Usingartificial neural networks to map the spatial distribution of understorey bamboo from remote sensing data.Int J Remote Sensing,2004,25(9):1685～1700
29Linderman MA,Bearer S,An L,Tan YC,Ouyang ZY,Liu JG.The effects of understory bamboo on broad-scale of giant panda habitat.Biol Conser,2005,121:383～390
30Ouyang ZY(欧阳志云),Liu JG(刘建国),Xiao H(肖寒),Tan YC(谭迎春),Zhang HM(张和民).An assessment of giant panda habitat in Wolong Nature Reserve.Acta Ecol Sin(生态学报),2001,21(11):1869～1974
31Bian M(卞萌),Wang TJ(汪铁军),Liu YY(刘艳芳),Fei T(费腾),Skidmore AK.Detection of understory bamboo in giant panda habitats using an indirect remote sensing approach.Acta Ecol Sin(生态学报),2007,27(11):4824～4831
32Zhou SQ(周世强),Guo Q(郭勤),Huang JY(黄金燕).The best forestation models of converting cropland to forestland project-The cubic artificial plant community.Sichuan For Explor&Des(四川林勘设计),2005,3:19～22
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