气候变化对树轮异常结构的影响及应用研究进展
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摘要
树轮异常结构作为反映气候变化的一个重要参数,已被广大生态学家所重视并应用。树轮异常结构包括霜轮、浅轮、伪轮、畸形木材反应木、树脂道、火疤等。这些异常年轮结构与温度、降水、光照等气候因子有着复杂的相关关系。温度对年轮异常结构的影响主要表现在低温对形成层生长的抑制作用,从而形成霜轮、浅轮。生长期内干旱,形成层生长时间短,甚至使形成层生长减慢或停止,从而形成伪轮。高强度的光照会引起高温少雨,加剧旱情的发生,从而导致伪轮。另外,通过对树轮异常结构的分析,可用这些特征来重建森林干扰的历史,如火山喷发、火灾、冰灾、虫害、旱灾、地震等。这些研究在帮助人们了解和研究古气候变化对森林植被的影响,以及预测未来全球变化对陆地生态系统的影响有重要的理论和现实意义。文章综述了气候变化对树轮异常结构的影响的研究进展和应用,并概述了发展前景,希望能加快和拓宽这一领域的发展。
As an important parameter to show the climatic changes,pathological structures of tree rings have been paid more attention to and applied by lots of ecologists.Pathological structures of tree-rings,which include frost rings,light rings,false rings,reaction wood,resin duct,et al,are significantly correlated with some climatic factors,such as temperature,precipitation and solar radiation.Low temperature can decrease the growth rate of the trunk cambium,thus frost rings and light rings being formed.In the dry years,the trunk cambium has such a short growth period that it even stops to grow,which leads to the formation of false rings.High-intensity solar radiation can cause high-temperature,less rain and aggravate drought,which results in false rings.In addition,through the analysis of pathological tree-rings structure,the paper can reconstruct the history of forest disturbance,such as volcanic eruptions,fire,ice disaster,pests,drought and earthquakes.These achievements can greatly help not only probe into the impact of paleo-climate on forest vegetation but also predict the effect of global climate change on terrestrial ecosystem.This paper reviewed the advances and applications in this field,which aimed to widen people's knowledge and accelerate the development of this field.
As an important parameter to show the climatic changes,pathological structures of tree rings have been paid more attention to and applied by lots of ecologists.Pathological structures of tree-rings,which include frost rings,light rings,false rings,reaction wood,resin duct,et al,are significantly correlated with some climatic factors,such as temperature,precipitation and solar radiation.Low temperature can decrease the growth rate of the trunk cambium,thus frost rings and light rings being formed.In the dry years,the trunk cambium has such a short growth period that it even stops to grow,which leads to the formation of false rings.High-intensity solar radiation can cause high-temperature,less rain and aggravate drought,which results in false rings.In addition,through the analysis of pathological tree-rings structure,the paper can reconstruct the history of forest disturbance,such as volcanic eruptions,fire,ice disaster,pests,drought and earthquakes.These achievements can greatly help not only probe into the impact of paleo-climate on forest vegetation but also predict the effect of global climate change on terrestrial ecosystem.This paper reviewed the advances and applications in this field,which aimed to widen people's knowledge and accelerate the development of this field.
引文
[1]SCHWEINGRUBER F H.Tree Rings:Basics and Applications of Dendrochronology[M].Dordrecht,Netherlands:Kluwer Academic Publisher,1988.
[2]KATARINA C,MARTIN D L,DIETER E.Reconstructing dry and wet summers in SE Slovenia from oak tree-ring series[J].International Journal of Biometeorology,2008,52:607-615.
[3]OBERHUBER W,STUMBOCK M,KOFLER W.Cli-mate-tree-growth relationships of Scots pine stands(Pinus sylvestris L.)exposed to soil dryness[J].Trees,1998,13:19-27.
[4]WALTER O,WERNER K,KLAUS P.Long-term changes in tree-ring-climate relationships at Mt.Patscherkofel(Tyrol,Austria)since the mid-1980s[J].Trees-Structure and Function,2008,22:31-40.
[5]吴祥定.树木年轮与气候变化[M].北京:气象出版社,1990.WU Xiangding.Tree-ring and Climate Change[M].Beijing:Meteoro-logical Press,1990.
[6]HANTERMIROV R M,GORLANOVA L A,SHIYATOV S G.Pathological tree-ring structures in Siberian juniper(Juniperus sibirica burgsd.)and their use for reconstructing extreme climatic events[J].Russian Journal of Ecolog,2000,31:167-173.
[7]GINDL W,GRABNER M,WIMMER R.The influence of tempera-ture on latewood lignin content in treeline Norway spruce compared with maximum density and ring width[J].Trees,2000,14:409-414.
[8]GURSKAYA M A,SHIYATOV S G.Distribution of frost injuries in the wood of conifers[J].Russian Journal of Ecology,2006,37:7-12.
[9]HARRINGTON C R.The Year without a Summer-World Climate in1816[M].Ottawa:Canadian Museum of Nature,1992.
[10]卢洪瑞.杉木木材构造随树龄的变异[J].林业科学,1985,(3):268-275.LU Hongrui.The wood anatomical variation of cunninghamia lanceo-lata due to tree ages[J].Scientia Silvae sinicae,1985,(3):268-275.
[11]MATTHEW B,CRIS B.Crossdating and analysis of eucalypt tree rings exhibiting terminal and reverse latewood[J].Trees-Structure and Function,2006,20:767-781.
[12]HELAMA S,LAANELAID A,RAISIO J.Oak decline in Helsinki portrayed by tree-rings,climate and soil data[J].Plant and Soil,2009,319:163-174.
[13]袁玉江,李江风.天山西部云杉林年轮气候生长量与气候的关系[J].新疆大学学报:自然科学版,1994,11(4):93-98.YUAN Yujiang,LI Jiangfeng.The relationships between tree-ring climate growth of spruce forest and climate in the west part of Tian-shan Mountain[J].Journal of Xinjiang University:Nature Science,1994,11(4):93-98.
[14]BOURIAUD O,LEBAN J M,BERT D,et al.Intra-annual variations in climate influence growth and wood density of Norway spruce[J].Tree physiology,2005,25:651-660.
[15]王亚军,陈发虎,勾晓华.利用树木年轮资料重建祁连山中段春季降水的变化[J].地理科学,2001,21(4):373-377.WANG Yajun,CHEN Fahu,GOU Xiaohua.Reconstruction of spring precipitation in the middle region of the Qilian Mountains using tree-ring data[J].Scientia Geographica Sinica,2001,21(4):373-377.
[16]HEINRICH I,BANKS J C G.Tree-ring anomalies in Toona ciliata[J].IAWA Journal,2006,27:213-231.
[17]WIMMER R,STRUMIA G,HOLAWE F.Use of false rings in Aus-trian pine to reconstruct early growing seasonprecipitation[J].Cana-dian Journal of Forest Research,2000,30:1691-1697.
[18]YOUNG P J,MEGONIGAL J P,SHARITZ R R,et al.False ring formation in baldcypress(Taxodium distichum)saplings under two flooding regimes[J].Wetlands,1993,13:293-298.
[19]LUIS M D,GRICAR J,CUFAR K.Seasonal dynamics of wood for-mation in Pinus halepensis from dry and semi-arid ecosystems inSpain[J].IAWA Journal,2007,28:389-404.
[20]COPENHEAVER C A,POKORSKI E A,CURRIE J E,et al.Causa-tion of false ring formation in Pinus banksiana:A comparison of age,canopy class,climate and growth rate[J].Forest Ecology and Man-agement,2006,236:348-355.
[21]RIGOZO N R,NORDEMANN D J R,ECHER E,et al.Solar variabil-ity effects studied by tree-ring data wavelet analysis[J].Advances in Space Research,2002,29(12):1985-1988.
[22]康兴成,张其花.青藏高原高海拔地区柏树生长季节的探讨[J].冰川冻土,2001,23(2):149-155.KANG Xinchen,ZHANG Qihua.The growing period of cypress in high elevation area of the Tibetan Plateau[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2001,23(2):149-155.
[23]OBERHUBER W,STUMBOCK M,KOFLER W.Climate-tree-growth relationships of Scots pine stands(Pinus sylvestris L.)exposed to soil dryness[J].Trees,1998,13:19-27.
[24]LIANG E,ECKSTEIN D.Light rings in Chinese pine(Pinus tabulae-formis)in semiarid areas of north China and their pa-laeo-climatological potential[J].New Phytologist,2006,171:783-791.
[25]ROLLAND C.Tree-ring and climate relationships for Abies alba in the internal Alps[J].Tree-Ring Bulletin,1993,53:1-11.
[26]FU C.Climate Biosphere Interaction:Biogenic Emissions and Envi-ronmental Effects of Climate Change[M].John Wile and Sons Inc,1994:1-17.
[27]TREMBLAY M,BEGIN Y.The response of black spruce to the cli-matic influence of Robert-Bourassa Reservoir in northern Quebec[J].Ecoscience,2000,7(2):228-236.
[28]ROSANNE D,DAVID F,GORDON J.Spatial response to major volcanic events in or about AD536,934and1258:Frost rings and other dendrochronological evidence from Mongolia and Northern Si-beria:Comment on R.B.Stothers,‘Volcanic Dry Fogs,Climate Cooling,and Plague Pandemics in Europe and the Middle East’(Cli-matic change,42,1999)[J].Climatic Change,2001,49:239-246.
[29]CHRISTOPH D,WOLFGANG F,WOLFRAM E.Impact of late frost events on radial growth of common beech(Fagus sylvatica L.)in Southern Germany[J].European Journal of Forest Research,2006,125:249-259.
[30]ONEL P,ZOLTAN K,BALAZS N.Frost ring:a bilogical indicator of widespread freezing days,and1876AD as a case study from cali-manimts,romania.Proceedings of the Romanian Academy[J].Series B.Chemistry,Life Sciences and Geosciences,2006,8:55.
[31]EARLE C J.Asynchronous Droughts in california streamflow as re-constructed from tree rings[J].Quatemary Research,1993,39:290-299.
[32]SWETNAM T W.Fire history and climate change in giant Sequoia Groves[J].Science,1993,262:885-889.
[33]HEYERDAHAL E K,BRUBAKER L B,AGEE J K.Spatial controls of historical fire regimes:a multiscale example from the interior west,USA[J].Ecology,2001,82:660-678.
[34]STEPHENS S L,SKINNER C N,GILL S J.Dendrochronol-ogy-based fire history of Jeffrey pine-mixed conifer forests in the Sierra San Pedro Martir,Mexico[J].Canadian Journal of Forest Research,2003,33:1090-1101.
[35]NIKLASSON M,DRAKENBERG B.A600-year tree-ring fire historyfrom Norra Kvills National Park,southern Sweden:implications for conservation strategies in the hemiboreal zone[J].Biological Conser-vation,2001,101:63-71.
[36]SAKULICH J,TAYLOR A H.Fire regimes and forest structure in a sky island mixed conifer forest,Guada-lupe Mountains National Park,Texas,USA[J].Forest Ecology and Management,2007,241:62-73.
[37]FASTIE C L,LIOYD A H,DOAK P.Fire history and post-fire forest development in an upland watershed of interior Alaska[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,2003,108:8150.
[38]WEBER U M.Dendrochronological reconstruction and in te retation of latch budmonth outbreaks in two central alpine valleys of Switzerland from1470-1990[J].Trees,1997,11:277-290.
[39]RAITIO H.Anatomical symptoms in the wood of Scots Pine damaged by frost and Pine bark bugs[J].Flora,1992,186:187-193.
[40]BERGERON Y,LEDUC A,MORIN H,et al.Balsam fir mortality following the last spruce budworm outbreak in northwestern Que-bec[J].Can J For Res,1995,25:1375-1384.
[41]PAYETTE S,FORTIN M J,MORNEAU C.The recent sugar maple decline in southern Quebec:Probable causes deduced from tree rings[J].Can.J.For Res,1996,26:1069-1078.
[42]MORIRO K A.Using false rings to reconstruct local drought severity patterns on a semiarid river[J].Dissertation Abstracts International,2008,69-03B:1533.
[43]梁尔源.白扦的树木年轮生态学研究[D].中国科学院植物研究所,2001.LIANG Eryuan.A dendroecological study of Picea meyeri[D].Dis-sertation of Institute of Botany,the Chinese Academy of Sciences,2001.
[44]张志华,吴祥定,李骥.利用树木年轮资料重建新疆东天山300多年来干旱日数的变化[J].应用气象学报,1996,7(1):53-60.Zhang Zhihua,WU Xiangding,LI Ji.Utilizing treering chronologies to reconstruct300-year drought days in eastern tianshan mountains[J].Quarterly Journal of Applied Meteorology,1996,7(1):53-60.
[45]LIANG E Y,SHAO X M,HU Y X,et al.Dendroclimatic evaluation of climate-growth relationships of Meyer spruce(Picea meyeri)on a sandy substrate in semi-arid grassland,North China[J].Trees,2001,15:230-235.
[46]JACOBY G C,BUNKER D E,BENSON B E.Tree-ring evidence for an A.D.1700Cascadian earthquake in Washington and northern Ore-gon[J].Geology,1997,25:999-1002.
[2]KATARINA C,MARTIN D L,DIETER E.Reconstructing dry and wet summers in SE Slovenia from oak tree-ring series[J].International Journal of Biometeorology,2008,52:607-615.
[3]OBERHUBER W,STUMBOCK M,KOFLER W.Cli-mate-tree-growth relationships of Scots pine stands(Pinus sylvestris L.)exposed to soil dryness[J].Trees,1998,13:19-27.
[4]WALTER O,WERNER K,KLAUS P.Long-term changes in tree-ring-climate relationships at Mt.Patscherkofel(Tyrol,Austria)since the mid-1980s[J].Trees-Structure and Function,2008,22:31-40.
[5]吴祥定.树木年轮与气候变化[M].北京:气象出版社,1990.WU Xiangding.Tree-ring and Climate Change[M].Beijing:Meteoro-logical Press,1990.
[6]HANTERMIROV R M,GORLANOVA L A,SHIYATOV S G.Pathological tree-ring structures in Siberian juniper(Juniperus sibirica burgsd.)and their use for reconstructing extreme climatic events[J].Russian Journal of Ecolog,2000,31:167-173.
[7]GINDL W,GRABNER M,WIMMER R.The influence of tempera-ture on latewood lignin content in treeline Norway spruce compared with maximum density and ring width[J].Trees,2000,14:409-414.
[8]GURSKAYA M A,SHIYATOV S G.Distribution of frost injuries in the wood of conifers[J].Russian Journal of Ecology,2006,37:7-12.
[9]HARRINGTON C R.The Year without a Summer-World Climate in1816[M].Ottawa:Canadian Museum of Nature,1992.
[10]卢洪瑞.杉木木材构造随树龄的变异[J].林业科学,1985,(3):268-275.LU Hongrui.The wood anatomical variation of cunninghamia lanceo-lata due to tree ages[J].Scientia Silvae sinicae,1985,(3):268-275.
[11]MATTHEW B,CRIS B.Crossdating and analysis of eucalypt tree rings exhibiting terminal and reverse latewood[J].Trees-Structure and Function,2006,20:767-781.
[12]HELAMA S,LAANELAID A,RAISIO J.Oak decline in Helsinki portrayed by tree-rings,climate and soil data[J].Plant and Soil,2009,319:163-174.
[13]袁玉江,李江风.天山西部云杉林年轮气候生长量与气候的关系[J].新疆大学学报:自然科学版,1994,11(4):93-98.YUAN Yujiang,LI Jiangfeng.The relationships between tree-ring climate growth of spruce forest and climate in the west part of Tian-shan Mountain[J].Journal of Xinjiang University:Nature Science,1994,11(4):93-98.
[14]BOURIAUD O,LEBAN J M,BERT D,et al.Intra-annual variations in climate influence growth and wood density of Norway spruce[J].Tree physiology,2005,25:651-660.
[15]王亚军,陈发虎,勾晓华.利用树木年轮资料重建祁连山中段春季降水的变化[J].地理科学,2001,21(4):373-377.WANG Yajun,CHEN Fahu,GOU Xiaohua.Reconstruction of spring precipitation in the middle region of the Qilian Mountains using tree-ring data[J].Scientia Geographica Sinica,2001,21(4):373-377.
[16]HEINRICH I,BANKS J C G.Tree-ring anomalies in Toona ciliata[J].IAWA Journal,2006,27:213-231.
[17]WIMMER R,STRUMIA G,HOLAWE F.Use of false rings in Aus-trian pine to reconstruct early growing seasonprecipitation[J].Cana-dian Journal of Forest Research,2000,30:1691-1697.
[18]YOUNG P J,MEGONIGAL J P,SHARITZ R R,et al.False ring formation in baldcypress(Taxodium distichum)saplings under two flooding regimes[J].Wetlands,1993,13:293-298.
[19]LUIS M D,GRICAR J,CUFAR K.Seasonal dynamics of wood for-mation in Pinus halepensis from dry and semi-arid ecosystems inSpain[J].IAWA Journal,2007,28:389-404.
[20]COPENHEAVER C A,POKORSKI E A,CURRIE J E,et al.Causa-tion of false ring formation in Pinus banksiana:A comparison of age,canopy class,climate and growth rate[J].Forest Ecology and Man-agement,2006,236:348-355.
[21]RIGOZO N R,NORDEMANN D J R,ECHER E,et al.Solar variabil-ity effects studied by tree-ring data wavelet analysis[J].Advances in Space Research,2002,29(12):1985-1988.
[22]康兴成,张其花.青藏高原高海拔地区柏树生长季节的探讨[J].冰川冻土,2001,23(2):149-155.KANG Xinchen,ZHANG Qihua.The growing period of cypress in high elevation area of the Tibetan Plateau[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2001,23(2):149-155.
[23]OBERHUBER W,STUMBOCK M,KOFLER W.Climate-tree-growth relationships of Scots pine stands(Pinus sylvestris L.)exposed to soil dryness[J].Trees,1998,13:19-27.
[24]LIANG E,ECKSTEIN D.Light rings in Chinese pine(Pinus tabulae-formis)in semiarid areas of north China and their pa-laeo-climatological potential[J].New Phytologist,2006,171:783-791.
[25]ROLLAND C.Tree-ring and climate relationships for Abies alba in the internal Alps[J].Tree-Ring Bulletin,1993,53:1-11.
[26]FU C.Climate Biosphere Interaction:Biogenic Emissions and Envi-ronmental Effects of Climate Change[M].John Wile and Sons Inc,1994:1-17.
[27]TREMBLAY M,BEGIN Y.The response of black spruce to the cli-matic influence of Robert-Bourassa Reservoir in northern Quebec[J].Ecoscience,2000,7(2):228-236.
[28]ROSANNE D,DAVID F,GORDON J.Spatial response to major volcanic events in or about AD536,934and1258:Frost rings and other dendrochronological evidence from Mongolia and Northern Si-beria:Comment on R.B.Stothers,‘Volcanic Dry Fogs,Climate Cooling,and Plague Pandemics in Europe and the Middle East’(Cli-matic change,42,1999)[J].Climatic Change,2001,49:239-246.
[29]CHRISTOPH D,WOLFGANG F,WOLFRAM E.Impact of late frost events on radial growth of common beech(Fagus sylvatica L.)in Southern Germany[J].European Journal of Forest Research,2006,125:249-259.
[30]ONEL P,ZOLTAN K,BALAZS N.Frost ring:a bilogical indicator of widespread freezing days,and1876AD as a case study from cali-manimts,romania.Proceedings of the Romanian Academy[J].Series B.Chemistry,Life Sciences and Geosciences,2006,8:55.
[31]EARLE C J.Asynchronous Droughts in california streamflow as re-constructed from tree rings[J].Quatemary Research,1993,39:290-299.
[32]SWETNAM T W.Fire history and climate change in giant Sequoia Groves[J].Science,1993,262:885-889.
[33]HEYERDAHAL E K,BRUBAKER L B,AGEE J K.Spatial controls of historical fire regimes:a multiscale example from the interior west,USA[J].Ecology,2001,82:660-678.
[34]STEPHENS S L,SKINNER C N,GILL S J.Dendrochronol-ogy-based fire history of Jeffrey pine-mixed conifer forests in the Sierra San Pedro Martir,Mexico[J].Canadian Journal of Forest Research,2003,33:1090-1101.
[35]NIKLASSON M,DRAKENBERG B.A600-year tree-ring fire historyfrom Norra Kvills National Park,southern Sweden:implications for conservation strategies in the hemiboreal zone[J].Biological Conser-vation,2001,101:63-71.
[36]SAKULICH J,TAYLOR A H.Fire regimes and forest structure in a sky island mixed conifer forest,Guada-lupe Mountains National Park,Texas,USA[J].Forest Ecology and Management,2007,241:62-73.
[37]FASTIE C L,LIOYD A H,DOAK P.Fire history and post-fire forest development in an upland watershed of interior Alaska[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,2003,108:8150.
[38]WEBER U M.Dendrochronological reconstruction and in te retation of latch budmonth outbreaks in two central alpine valleys of Switzerland from1470-1990[J].Trees,1997,11:277-290.
[39]RAITIO H.Anatomical symptoms in the wood of Scots Pine damaged by frost and Pine bark bugs[J].Flora,1992,186:187-193.
[40]BERGERON Y,LEDUC A,MORIN H,et al.Balsam fir mortality following the last spruce budworm outbreak in northwestern Que-bec[J].Can J For Res,1995,25:1375-1384.
[41]PAYETTE S,FORTIN M J,MORNEAU C.The recent sugar maple decline in southern Quebec:Probable causes deduced from tree rings[J].Can.J.For Res,1996,26:1069-1078.
[42]MORIRO K A.Using false rings to reconstruct local drought severity patterns on a semiarid river[J].Dissertation Abstracts International,2008,69-03B:1533.
[43]梁尔源.白扦的树木年轮生态学研究[D].中国科学院植物研究所,2001.LIANG Eryuan.A dendroecological study of Picea meyeri[D].Dis-sertation of Institute of Botany,the Chinese Academy of Sciences,2001.
[44]张志华,吴祥定,李骥.利用树木年轮资料重建新疆东天山300多年来干旱日数的变化[J].应用气象学报,1996,7(1):53-60.Zhang Zhihua,WU Xiangding,LI Ji.Utilizing treering chronologies to reconstruct300-year drought days in eastern tianshan mountains[J].Quarterly Journal of Applied Meteorology,1996,7(1):53-60.
[45]LIANG E Y,SHAO X M,HU Y X,et al.Dendroclimatic evaluation of climate-growth relationships of Meyer spruce(Picea meyeri)on a sandy substrate in semi-arid grassland,North China[J].Trees,2001,15:230-235.
[46]JACOBY G C,BUNKER D E,BENSON B E.Tree-ring evidence for an A.D.1700Cascadian earthquake in Washington and northern Ore-gon[J].Geology,1997,25:999-1002.
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