鄂尔多斯盆地延长组长7优质烃源岩中超微化石的发现及意义
摘要
运用扫描电子显微镜及能谱分析仪,对鄂尔多斯盆地里57井等钻孔共计49个三叠系延长组长7优质烃源岩(油页岩)样品进行了微体、超微化石的直接观察与研究。发现了6种形态的微体、超微化石,其中有3种超微化石仅在很少的样品中见到,化石数量呈现剧烈变化的特征,记录了在相似古地理环境下一个或多个物种短暂勃发与消亡的演变过程,揭示了湖泊生态系统的灾变现象。检测证实了4种微体、超微化石的体腔内均保存着炭化的原始有机质,厚壁的胶磷矿壳体及薄壁膜壳的快速黄铁矿化是造成生物体腔内有机质完好保存的主要原因。长7期湖泛期古湖泊生态系统的灾变和异常古环境的形成与强烈的区域构造活动相伴随的火山喷发、地震、湖底热液活动等地质事件密切相关。
Microfossils and nannofossils from 47 samples of Chang 7 Member high grade hydrocarbon oil shale source rocks of the Triassic Yanchang Formation,collected from Li 57 and other boreholes in the Ordos Basin,were studied using environmental SEM,SEM-EDX,and optical microscopy.In total six kinds of micro-and nannofossils were discovered,amongst which three are considered to be nannofossils(D,E,and F),they occur only in a very small number of samples and show drastic variations in fossil abundance amongst these samples.They may record the evolutionary process,including temporary prosperity and final disappearance in similar palaeogeographical environments,demonstrating catastrophic changes of a lacustrine ecological system.Our study validates the occurrence of carbonized primitive organic substances in the coeloms of four types of micro-and nannofossils(B,D,E,and F),and their preservation may ascribe to the existence of a thick collophane shell(B) and the rapid pyritization of thin walls of the organisms(D,E,and F).Catastrophic changes of the ecological system and the formation of an abnormal palaeoenvironment during the lake flooding stage corresponding to the formation of the Chang 7 Member may have been closely related to geological events,such as earthquakes,volcanic eruptions and hydrothermal activities at the bottom of the lake,which in turn would be associated with regional structural movements.
Microfossils and nannofossils from 47 samples of Chang 7 Member high grade hydrocarbon oil shale source rocks of the Triassic Yanchang Formation,collected from Li 57 and other boreholes in the Ordos Basin,were studied using environmental SEM,SEM-EDX,and optical microscopy.In total six kinds of micro-and nannofossils were discovered,amongst which three are considered to be nannofossils(D,E,and F),they occur only in a very small number of samples and show drastic variations in fossil abundance amongst these samples.They may record the evolutionary process,including temporary prosperity and final disappearance in similar palaeogeographical environments,demonstrating catastrophic changes of a lacustrine ecological system.Our study validates the occurrence of carbonized primitive organic substances in the coeloms of four types of micro-and nannofossils(B,D,E,and F),and their preservation may ascribe to the existence of a thick collophane shell(B) and the rapid pyritization of thin walls of the organisms(D,E,and F).Catastrophic changes of the ecological system and the formation of an abnormal palaeoenvironment during the lake flooding stage corresponding to the formation of the Chang 7 Member may have been closely related to geological events,such as earthquakes,volcanic eruptions and hydrothermal activities at the bottom of the lake,which in turn would be associated with regional structural movements.
引文
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Huey R B,Ward P D,2005.Hypoxia,global warming,and terres-trial late Permian extinctions.Science,308:398-400.
Isozaki I,1997.Permian-Triassic boundary superanoxia and strati-fied superocean:Record from lost deep sea.Science,276:235-238.
Li Yu-cheng(李玉成),Zhou Zhong-ze(周忠泽),2002.Massivedissociation of gas hydrate during oceanic anoxia as a cause ofmass extinction at the end of Permian.Geology-Geochemistry(地质地球化学),30(1):57-63(in Chinese with English ab-stract).
Liang Han-dong,2002.End-Permian catastrophic event of marine a-cidification by hydrated sulfuric:Mineralogical evidence fromMeishan Section of South China.Chinese Science Bulletin,47:393-397.
Liang Han-dong(梁汉东),Ding Ti-ping(丁悌平),2004.Evidenceof extremely light Gypsumfromthe Permian-Triassic(P/T)e-vent boundary at the Meishan Section of South China.ActaGeoscientia Sinica(地球学报),25(1):33-37(in Chinese withEnglish abstract).
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Liang Han-dong(梁汉东),Liang Yan-ci(梁言慈),2004b.Recog-nition of gypseous broken-fossils in the white clay near Permi-an/Triassic Boundary of the Meishan Section in South China.Science Technology and Engineering(科学技术与工程),4(3):183-186(in Chinese with English abstract).
Nielsen J K,Shen Yan-an,2004.Evidence for sulfideic deep waterduring the late Permian in the east Greenland basin.Geology,32:1037-1040.
Raup D M,1979.Size of the permo-triassic bottleneck andits evolu-tionary implications.Science,206:217-218.
Raup D M,Sepkoski J J,1982.Mass extinctionin the marine fossilrecord.Science,215:1501-1503.
Vogt P R,1972.Evidence for global synchronismin mantle plumeconvection and possible significance for geology.Nature,240:338-342.
Wignall P B,Richard J T,1996.Oceanic anoxia and the end Permi-an mass extinction.Science,272:1155-1158.
Xu Dao-yi,Yan Zheng,1993.Carbon isotope and iridium eventmarkers near the Permian/Triassic boundary in the MeishanSection,Zhejiang Province,China.Palaeogeography,Palacocli-matology,Palaeoecology,104:171-176.
Yang Hua(杨华),Zhang Wen-zheng(张文正),2005.Leadingeffect of the Seventh Member high-quality source rock of Yan-chang Formationin Ordos Basin during the enrichment of low-penetrating oil-gas accumulation:Geology and geochemistry.Geochimica(地球化学),34(2):147-154(in Chinese withEnglish abstract).
Yin Hong-fu(殷鸿福),Huang Si-ji(黄思骥),Zhang Ke-xing(张克信),Yang Feng-qing(杨逢清),Ding Mei-hua(丁梅华),BiXian-mei(毕先梅),Zhang Su-xin(张素新),1989.Volcanismat the Permian-Triassic boundary in South China and its effectson mass extinction.Acta Geologica Sinica(地质学报),62(2):169-181(in Chinese with English abstract).
Yu Kai-ping(于开平),Han Guang-min(韩广民),Yang Feng-li(杨风丽),Mansy J L,Xu Chang-hai(许长海),Zhou Zu-yi(周祖翼),Cheng Xin-rong(成鑫荣),Liu Zhi-fei(刘志飞),Fu Qiang(傅强),2005.Study on clay minerals of P/Tbound-ary in Meishan Section,Changxin,Zhejiang Province.ActaSedimentologica Sinica(沉积学报),23(1):108-112(in Chi-nese with English abstract).
Zhang Jun(张俊),Liang Han-dong(梁汉东),Mei Ya-qing(梅亚青),2006.Advances in geochemical studies of Permian/Trias-sic mass extinction.Earth and Environment,34(2):35-40(inChinese with English abstract).
Zhang Wen-zheng(张文正),Yang Hua(杨华),Fu Suo-tang(傅锁堂),Kong Qing-fen(孔庆芬),2006.Discovery and signifi-cance of seismites from high-quality lacustrine source rock inLate Triassic periodin Ordos Basin.Journal of Northwest Uni-versity:Natural Science Edition(西北大学学报:自然科学版),Sup.:31-37(in Chinese with English abstract).
Zhang Wen-zheng(张文正),Yang Hua(杨华),Peng Ping-an(彭平安),Zhang Hui(张辉),Shi Xiao hu(石小虎),2009.TheInfluence of Late Triassic volcanism on the development ofChang7high grade hydrocarbon source rock in Ordos Basin.Geochimica(地球化学),38(6):573-582(in Chinese withEnglish abstract).
Zhang Wen-zheng(张文正),Yang Hua(杨华),Xie Li-qin(解丽琴),Yang Yi-hua(杨奕华),2010.Lake-bottomhydrothermalactivities andtheirinfluences onthe high-quality source rock de-velopment:A case from Chang7source rocks in Ordos Basin.Petroleum Exploration and Development(石油勘探与开发),37(4):424-429(in Chinese with English abstract).
Zhang Wen-zheng(张文正),Yang Hua(杨华),Yang Yi-hua(杨奕华),Kong Qing-fen(孔庆芬),Wu Kai(吴凯),2008.Pe-trology and element geochemistry and development environmentof Yanchang Formation Chang-7high quality source rocks inOrdos Basin.Geochimica(地球化学),37(1):59-64(in Chi-nese with English abstract).
Zheng Xiao-mei(郑笑梅),2000.Species extinction.Scientific andTechnical Trends Abroad,5:6-8(in Chinese).
Erwin D H,1993.The Great Paleozoic Crisis:Life and DeathinthePermian.New York:Columbia University Press.1-327.
Grice K,Cao Chang-qun,Love G D,Boettcher M E,Twitchett RJ,Grosjean E,Summons R E,Turgeon S C,Dunning W,JinYu-gan,2005.Photic zone euxinia during the Permian-TriassicSuperanoxic Event.Science,307:706-709.
Huey R B,Ward P D,2005.Hypoxia,global warming,and terres-trial late Permian extinctions.Science,308:398-400.
Isozaki I,1997.Permian-Triassic boundary superanoxia and strati-fied superocean:Record from lost deep sea.Science,276:235-238.
Li Yu-cheng(李玉成),Zhou Zhong-ze(周忠泽),2002.Massivedissociation of gas hydrate during oceanic anoxia as a cause ofmass extinction at the end of Permian.Geology-Geochemistry(地质地球化学),30(1):57-63(in Chinese with English ab-stract).
Liang Han-dong,2002.End-Permian catastrophic event of marine a-cidification by hydrated sulfuric:Mineralogical evidence fromMeishan Section of South China.Chinese Science Bulletin,47:393-397.
Liang Han-dong(梁汉东),Ding Ti-ping(丁悌平),2004.Evidenceof extremely light Gypsumfromthe Permian-Triassic(P/T)e-vent boundary at the Meishan Section of South China.ActaGeoscientia Sinica(地球学报),25(1):33-37(in Chinese withEnglish abstract).
Liang Han-dong(梁汉东),Liang Yan-ci(梁言慈),2004a.Obser-vation and determination of residue acid trapped in the whiteclay near Permian-Triassic boundary of the Meishan Section inSouth China.Science Technology and Engineering(科学技术与工程),4(1):7-11(in Chinese with English abstract).
Liang Han-dong(梁汉东),Liang Yan-ci(梁言慈),2004b.Recog-nition of gypseous broken-fossils in the white clay near Permi-an/Triassic Boundary of the Meishan Section in South China.Science Technology and Engineering(科学技术与工程),4(3):183-186(in Chinese with English abstract).
Nielsen J K,Shen Yan-an,2004.Evidence for sulfideic deep waterduring the late Permian in the east Greenland basin.Geology,32:1037-1040.
Raup D M,1979.Size of the permo-triassic bottleneck andits evolu-tionary implications.Science,206:217-218.
Raup D M,Sepkoski J J,1982.Mass extinctionin the marine fossilrecord.Science,215:1501-1503.
Vogt P R,1972.Evidence for global synchronismin mantle plumeconvection and possible significance for geology.Nature,240:338-342.
Wignall P B,Richard J T,1996.Oceanic anoxia and the end Permi-an mass extinction.Science,272:1155-1158.
Xu Dao-yi,Yan Zheng,1993.Carbon isotope and iridium eventmarkers near the Permian/Triassic boundary in the MeishanSection,Zhejiang Province,China.Palaeogeography,Palacocli-matology,Palaeoecology,104:171-176.
Yang Hua(杨华),Zhang Wen-zheng(张文正),2005.Leadingeffect of the Seventh Member high-quality source rock of Yan-chang Formationin Ordos Basin during the enrichment of low-penetrating oil-gas accumulation:Geology and geochemistry.Geochimica(地球化学),34(2):147-154(in Chinese withEnglish abstract).
Yin Hong-fu(殷鸿福),Huang Si-ji(黄思骥),Zhang Ke-xing(张克信),Yang Feng-qing(杨逢清),Ding Mei-hua(丁梅华),BiXian-mei(毕先梅),Zhang Su-xin(张素新),1989.Volcanismat the Permian-Triassic boundary in South China and its effectson mass extinction.Acta Geologica Sinica(地质学报),62(2):169-181(in Chinese with English abstract).
Yu Kai-ping(于开平),Han Guang-min(韩广民),Yang Feng-li(杨风丽),Mansy J L,Xu Chang-hai(许长海),Zhou Zu-yi(周祖翼),Cheng Xin-rong(成鑫荣),Liu Zhi-fei(刘志飞),Fu Qiang(傅强),2005.Study on clay minerals of P/Tbound-ary in Meishan Section,Changxin,Zhejiang Province.ActaSedimentologica Sinica(沉积学报),23(1):108-112(in Chi-nese with English abstract).
Zhang Jun(张俊),Liang Han-dong(梁汉东),Mei Ya-qing(梅亚青),2006.Advances in geochemical studies of Permian/Trias-sic mass extinction.Earth and Environment,34(2):35-40(inChinese with English abstract).
Zhang Wen-zheng(张文正),Yang Hua(杨华),Fu Suo-tang(傅锁堂),Kong Qing-fen(孔庆芬),2006.Discovery and signifi-cance of seismites from high-quality lacustrine source rock inLate Triassic periodin Ordos Basin.Journal of Northwest Uni-versity:Natural Science Edition(西北大学学报:自然科学版),Sup.:31-37(in Chinese with English abstract).
Zhang Wen-zheng(张文正),Yang Hua(杨华),Peng Ping-an(彭平安),Zhang Hui(张辉),Shi Xiao hu(石小虎),2009.TheInfluence of Late Triassic volcanism on the development ofChang7high grade hydrocarbon source rock in Ordos Basin.Geochimica(地球化学),38(6):573-582(in Chinese withEnglish abstract).
Zhang Wen-zheng(张文正),Yang Hua(杨华),Xie Li-qin(解丽琴),Yang Yi-hua(杨奕华),2010.Lake-bottomhydrothermalactivities andtheirinfluences onthe high-quality source rock de-velopment:A case from Chang7source rocks in Ordos Basin.Petroleum Exploration and Development(石油勘探与开发),37(4):424-429(in Chinese with English abstract).
Zhang Wen-zheng(张文正),Yang Hua(杨华),Yang Yi-hua(杨奕华),Kong Qing-fen(孔庆芬),Wu Kai(吴凯),2008.Pe-trology and element geochemistry and development environmentof Yanchang Formation Chang-7high quality source rocks inOrdos Basin.Geochimica(地球化学),37(1):59-64(in Chi-nese with English abstract).
Zheng Xiao-mei(郑笑梅),2000.Species extinction.Scientific andTechnical Trends Abroad,5:6-8(in Chinese).
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