不同地震烈度对灾区景观生态破坏程度的评价
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摘要
利用地震前后的遥感资料和区域基础数据,结合地震对区域景观生态的破坏特征,分析地震前后景观生态系统过程变化以及不同地震烈度下的景观生态异质性。从景观稳定性和景观异质性出发,运用层次分析法,建立景观生态破坏评价的指标体系,对不同地震烈度下区域景观生态破坏程度进行评价,得出以下结论:(1)地震使大面积林地、耕地和草地破坏,山体滑坡、崩塌严重,裸地、裸岩面积大量增加。在大于Ⅸ级烈度区域,地震后,有林地和耕地面积减少了458.48km2和91.16km2,裸地(岩)面积增加了496.23km2。(2)通过对Ⅸ级以上地震区的景观格局指标分析得出:地震前,区域整体的景观生态的多样性、均匀性、景观破碎度和优势度值均反映出区域的生态系统较为脆弱,地震造成了明显的景观空间异质,加速了生态环境退化。(3)运用层次分析法,从景观稳定性和景观异质性两个方面对不同烈度下景观生态破坏进行评价。得出:Ⅸ、Ⅹ和Ⅺ级地震烈度区域景观生态破坏程度综合值为0.42、0.66和0.80,即中度破坏、重度破坏和极度破坏。根据以上综合分析得出,Ⅷ级地震区域应属于轻微破坏级,建议"5.12"汶川大地震灾害生态环境恢复从建工作应重点考虑Ⅸ级以及Ⅸ级以上区域。
This paper is based on two periods of landscape type maps derived from remote sensed data and basic data,according to the present and characteristics of the landscape ecosystems in regions before and after the 5.12 Wenchuan Earthquake.The paper analyzed the process of change in the landscape ecosystem and heterogeneity in landscape ecology with different earthquake intensity.In order to evaluate the extent of damaged landscape ecology,and by means of Analytical Hierarchy Process(AHP),a synthetically index system from two aspects of landscape-stability and heterogeneity was established.The main results are the following:(1)Large scale of woodland,farmland and grassland were damaged by the Wenchuan Earthquake;landslides and collapses took place,this caused a great number of bare land and bare rock that emerged after the disaster.The change area where earthquake of M≥9 of woodland and farmland reduced by 458.48km2 and 91.16 km2 respectively.The bare land area and bare rock region increased by 496.23km2,and the range ability related to 947.51%.In the Ⅸ level region,relatively lighter influence acts on landscape change,and the variation ranges are all below 2%,the ecosystem is slightly damaged.On the contrary,in the tenth seismic intensity region,damages on the ecosystem are more obvious,and the bare land and bare rock in this region increased by 126.17km2,it is about 7 times contrast to previous status.However,in the eleventh seismic intensity region,where the centre of that hazard earthquake stay,it heavily damaged the ecosystem,and it manifested as obviously change of all vegetation types.The bare land area increased by 334.47km2,for instance,and that is 29.34 times to the earliest situation.All of woodland,grassland and farmland are likewise decreased by 308.04km2,14.36km2.(2)On the analysis of landscape indexes which belong to beyond Ⅸ level region show that the ecosystem is originally fragile.The ecosystem's fragility is reflected by its diversity,homogeneity,fragmentation degree and dominance of local landscape ecosystem.But every target showed that the degeneration of environment and spatial heterogeneity,evidently,after quake.(3)Referring to Sturges' evaluation criterion,the landscape stability and the variability,integrated score of each landscape ecological damage region are 0.42,0.66 and 0.80,separately;and the corresponding destruction can be defined as moderate damage,severe damage and awful damage.In another words,the integrated score of the eighth seismic intensity region should be below 0.4,and should belong to the slightly damaged level.Owning to the overall merit,after-disaster of the'5.12' Wenchuan Earthquake,reconstruction and reconstruction projects should focus mainly on the ninth and above seismic intensity regions.
This paper is based on two periods of landscape type maps derived from remote sensed data and basic data,according to the present and characteristics of the landscape ecosystems in regions before and after the 5.12 Wenchuan Earthquake.The paper analyzed the process of change in the landscape ecosystem and heterogeneity in landscape ecology with different earthquake intensity.In order to evaluate the extent of damaged landscape ecology,and by means of Analytical Hierarchy Process(AHP),a synthetically index system from two aspects of landscape-stability and heterogeneity was established.The main results are the following:(1)Large scale of woodland,farmland and grassland were damaged by the Wenchuan Earthquake;landslides and collapses took place,this caused a great number of bare land and bare rock that emerged after the disaster.The change area where earthquake of M≥9 of woodland and farmland reduced by 458.48km2 and 91.16 km2 respectively.The bare land area and bare rock region increased by 496.23km2,and the range ability related to 947.51%.In the Ⅸ level region,relatively lighter influence acts on landscape change,and the variation ranges are all below 2%,the ecosystem is slightly damaged.On the contrary,in the tenth seismic intensity region,damages on the ecosystem are more obvious,and the bare land and bare rock in this region increased by 126.17km2,it is about 7 times contrast to previous status.However,in the eleventh seismic intensity region,where the centre of that hazard earthquake stay,it heavily damaged the ecosystem,and it manifested as obviously change of all vegetation types.The bare land area increased by 334.47km2,for instance,and that is 29.34 times to the earliest situation.All of woodland,grassland and farmland are likewise decreased by 308.04km2,14.36km2.(2)On the analysis of landscape indexes which belong to beyond Ⅸ level region show that the ecosystem is originally fragile.The ecosystem's fragility is reflected by its diversity,homogeneity,fragmentation degree and dominance of local landscape ecosystem.But every target showed that the degeneration of environment and spatial heterogeneity,evidently,after quake.(3)Referring to Sturges' evaluation criterion,the landscape stability and the variability,integrated score of each landscape ecological damage region are 0.42,0.66 and 0.80,separately;and the corresponding destruction can be defined as moderate damage,severe damage and awful damage.In another words,the integrated score of the eighth seismic intensity region should be below 0.4,and should belong to the slightly damaged level.Owning to the overall merit,after-disaster of the'5.12' Wenchuan Earthquake,reconstruction and reconstruction projects should focus mainly on the ninth and above seismic intensity regions.
引文
[1]四川省水利厅.四川省水土保持监测公报,2006.
[1]Shi P J,Yu L H,Zhang S J.Research reviews of natural disasters at home and abroad and recent measures in China.Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,1989,3(3):162-172.
[2]Cynil Obi,Oil.Environmental Conflict and National Security in Nigeria:Ramifications of the Ecology-Security Nexus for Sub-Regional Peace.ACDIS Occasional Paper,University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign,1997.
[3]Hang D Y,Wei Z Y.Earthquake Disaster of Ecosystem and its Mechanism.Recent Developments in World Seismology,2007,1:16-24.
[4]Luo F G,Wu J S.Systematic analysis of sudden natural disasters in Sichuan,Yunan and Guizhou region.Journal of Catastrophology,1991,6(3):1-7.
[5]Wu J B,Guo A H.Earthquake and Environment and Ecology.Journal of Catastrophology,2001,16(3):91-97.
[6]Cheng J D,Huang Y C,Wu HL,et al.Hydro meteorological and land use attributes of debris flows and debris floods during typhoon Toraji.Journal of Hydrology,2005,306:161-1731.
[7]Walsh S J,Butler D R.An overview of spatial scale,pattern and process relationship in geomorphology:a remote sensing and GIS perspective.Geomorphology,1998,21:183-205.
[8]Wang G X,Cheng G D,Qian J.Several problems in ecological security assessment research.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2003,14(9):1551-1556.
[9]Chang C P.Study on the Influence for Watershed Landscape Ecology by Earthquakes and Typhoons.Resources Science,2006,28(4):19-24.
[10]Yuan P F,Ye R N,Zeng C R.Discussion on the evaluation method of comprehensive benefits of Eco-Agriculture.Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2006,14(3):184-187.
[11]FAO Proceedings.Land quality indicators and their use in sustainable agriculture and rural development.Proceedings of the Workshop organized by the Land and Water Development Division FAO Agriculture Department,1997,(2):5.
[12]Rainer Walz.Development of environmental indicator systems:experiences from Germany.Environmental Management,2000,(6):613-623.
[13]Zhen B H,Tian Z Q,Wang WJ.Analysis of recent land usage and survey in Western China.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2004,24(5):1078-1085.
[14]Lu J T,Wang Z H,Zhou C H.A tentative discussion on the monitoring of the Yigong Landslide-blocked Lake with satellites remote sensing technique.Acta Geoscintia Sinica,2002,23(4):363-368.
[15]Zhang G K,Deng W,Song K S.On the land/use pattern shifting in Xinkai River Basin and its ecological significance.Acta Geographica Sinica,2006,26(9):3026-3034.
[16]Office of population census Sichuan.2000population census Sichuan,China Statistics Press,2006.
[17]Long K Y,Xie B G,Xie G H.Establishment and application of index system of evaluating landscape ecology damage.Journal of Mountain Science,2001,19(1):64-68.
[18]Yuan P F,Ye R N,Zeng C R.Discussion on the evaluation method of comprehensive benefits of Eco-Agriculture.Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2006,14(3):184-187.
[19]http://www.cea.gov.cn/manage/html/8a8587881632fa5c0116674a018300cf/_content/08_08/29/1219979564089.html
[20]http://earthquake.usgs.gov/eqcenter/shakemap/global/shake/2008ryan/
[21]Yan C H.Classifying and evaluation of landscapes ecology in southern part of Shandong Province.Rural Eco-Envirnnment,1998,12(2):15-19.
[22]Chen W B,Xiao D N,Li XiuZhe.The Characteristics and Contents of Landscape Spatial Analysis.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2002,22(7):1135-1142.
[23]Zhou HR.Study on ecological environmental quality as assessment index of Xinjiang.China Envirnmental Science,2000,20(2):150-153.
[24]Xiao D N.Landscape Ecology.Beijing:Science Press,2003.
[25]Chen W B,Xiao D N,Li X Z.The Characteristics and Contents of Landscape Spatial Analysis.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2002,22(7):1135-1142.
[26]Chen W B,Xiao D N,Li X Z.Classification application and creation of landscape indices.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2002,13(1):121-125.
[27]Sun X Z,Zhu X D,Li Y F.Landscape ecological security assessment in rapidly urbanizing bay-area:a case study of Xiamen City,China.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2008,28(8):3563-3573.
[1]史陪军,虞立红,张素娟.国内外自然灾害研究综述及我国近期对策.干旱区资源与环境,1989,3(3)163～172.
[3]韩东银,魏英祖.生态系统地震灾害及其深层机制.国际地震动态,2007,1:16～24.
[4]罗德富,吴积善.川滇黔地区突发性自然灾害系统分析.灾害学,1991,6(3):1～7.
[5]吴瑾冰,郭安红.地震与环境生态.灾害学,2001,16(3):91～97.
[8]王根绪,程国栋,钱鞠.生态安全评价研究中的若干问题.应用生态学报,2003,14(9):1551～1556.
[10]袁平夫,叶仁南,曾长荣.生态农业综合效益评价方法探析.中国生态农业学报,2006,14(3):184～187.
[12]李强,慈龙骏.神府东胜区景观生态异质性分析与景观生态建设.干旱区资源与环境,1996,10(2):62～68.
[13]郑丙辉,田自强,王文杰,等.中国西部地区土地利用/土地覆盖近期动态分析.生态学报,2002,24(5):1078～1085.
[14]吕杰堂,王治华,周成虎.西藏易贡滑坡堰塞湖的卫星遥感检测方法初探.地理学报,2002,23(4):363～368.
[15]张国伸,邓伟,宋开山.新开河流域土地利用格局变化及其生态学意义.生态学报,2006,26(9):3026～3034.
[16]四川省人口普查办公室.四川省2000年人口普查.中国统计出版社,2006.
[17]龙开元,谢炳庚,谢光辉.景观生态破坏评价指标体系的建立方法和应用.山地学报,2001,19(1):64～68.
[18]袁平夫,叶仁南,曾长荣.生态农业综合效益评价方法探析.中国生态农业学报,2006,14(3):184～187.
[21]阎传海.山东省南部地区景观生态的分类与评价.农村生态环境,1998,14(2):15～19.
[22]陈文波,肖笃宁,李秀珍.景观空间分析的特征和主要内容.生态学报,2002,22(7):1135～1142.
[23]周华荣.新疆生态环境质量评价指标体系研究.中国环境科学,2000,20(2):150～153.
[24]肖笃宁.景观生态学.北京:科学出版社,2003.
[25]陈文波,肖笃宁,李秀珍.景观空间分析的特征和主要内容.生态学报,2002,22(7):1135～1142.
[26]陈文波,肖笃宁,李秀珍.景观指数分类、应用及构建研究.应用生态学报,2002,13(1):121～125.
[27]孙翔,朱晓东,李杨帆.港湾快速城市化地区景观生态安全评价.生态学报,2008,28(8):3563～3573.
[1]Shi P J,Yu L H,Zhang S J.Research reviews of natural disasters at home and abroad and recent measures in China.Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,1989,3(3):162-172.
[2]Cynil Obi,Oil.Environmental Conflict and National Security in Nigeria:Ramifications of the Ecology-Security Nexus for Sub-Regional Peace.ACDIS Occasional Paper,University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign,1997.
[3]Hang D Y,Wei Z Y.Earthquake Disaster of Ecosystem and its Mechanism.Recent Developments in World Seismology,2007,1:16-24.
[4]Luo F G,Wu J S.Systematic analysis of sudden natural disasters in Sichuan,Yunan and Guizhou region.Journal of Catastrophology,1991,6(3):1-7.
[5]Wu J B,Guo A H.Earthquake and Environment and Ecology.Journal of Catastrophology,2001,16(3):91-97.
[6]Cheng J D,Huang Y C,Wu HL,et al.Hydro meteorological and land use attributes of debris flows and debris floods during typhoon Toraji.Journal of Hydrology,2005,306:161-1731.
[7]Walsh S J,Butler D R.An overview of spatial scale,pattern and process relationship in geomorphology:a remote sensing and GIS perspective.Geomorphology,1998,21:183-205.
[8]Wang G X,Cheng G D,Qian J.Several problems in ecological security assessment research.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2003,14(9):1551-1556.
[9]Chang C P.Study on the Influence for Watershed Landscape Ecology by Earthquakes and Typhoons.Resources Science,2006,28(4):19-24.
[10]Yuan P F,Ye R N,Zeng C R.Discussion on the evaluation method of comprehensive benefits of Eco-Agriculture.Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2006,14(3):184-187.
[11]FAO Proceedings.Land quality indicators and their use in sustainable agriculture and rural development.Proceedings of the Workshop organized by the Land and Water Development Division FAO Agriculture Department,1997,(2):5.
[12]Rainer Walz.Development of environmental indicator systems:experiences from Germany.Environmental Management,2000,(6):613-623.
[13]Zhen B H,Tian Z Q,Wang WJ.Analysis of recent land usage and survey in Western China.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2004,24(5):1078-1085.
[14]Lu J T,Wang Z H,Zhou C H.A tentative discussion on the monitoring of the Yigong Landslide-blocked Lake with satellites remote sensing technique.Acta Geoscintia Sinica,2002,23(4):363-368.
[15]Zhang G K,Deng W,Song K S.On the land/use pattern shifting in Xinkai River Basin and its ecological significance.Acta Geographica Sinica,2006,26(9):3026-3034.
[16]Office of population census Sichuan.2000population census Sichuan,China Statistics Press,2006.
[17]Long K Y,Xie B G,Xie G H.Establishment and application of index system of evaluating landscape ecology damage.Journal of Mountain Science,2001,19(1):64-68.
[18]Yuan P F,Ye R N,Zeng C R.Discussion on the evaluation method of comprehensive benefits of Eco-Agriculture.Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2006,14(3):184-187.
[19]http://www.cea.gov.cn/manage/html/8a8587881632fa5c0116674a018300cf/_content/08_08/29/1219979564089.html
[20]http://earthquake.usgs.gov/eqcenter/shakemap/global/shake/2008ryan/
[21]Yan C H.Classifying and evaluation of landscapes ecology in southern part of Shandong Province.Rural Eco-Envirnnment,1998,12(2):15-19.
[22]Chen W B,Xiao D N,Li XiuZhe.The Characteristics and Contents of Landscape Spatial Analysis.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2002,22(7):1135-1142.
[23]Zhou HR.Study on ecological environmental quality as assessment index of Xinjiang.China Envirnmental Science,2000,20(2):150-153.
[24]Xiao D N.Landscape Ecology.Beijing:Science Press,2003.
[25]Chen W B,Xiao D N,Li X Z.The Characteristics and Contents of Landscape Spatial Analysis.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2002,22(7):1135-1142.
[26]Chen W B,Xiao D N,Li X Z.Classification application and creation of landscape indices.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2002,13(1):121-125.
[27]Sun X Z,Zhu X D,Li Y F.Landscape ecological security assessment in rapidly urbanizing bay-area:a case study of Xiamen City,China.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2008,28(8):3563-3573.
[1]史陪军,虞立红,张素娟.国内外自然灾害研究综述及我国近期对策.干旱区资源与环境,1989,3(3)163～172.
[3]韩东银,魏英祖.生态系统地震灾害及其深层机制.国际地震动态,2007,1:16～24.
[4]罗德富,吴积善.川滇黔地区突发性自然灾害系统分析.灾害学,1991,6(3):1～7.
[5]吴瑾冰,郭安红.地震与环境生态.灾害学,2001,16(3):91～97.
[8]王根绪,程国栋,钱鞠.生态安全评价研究中的若干问题.应用生态学报,2003,14(9):1551～1556.
[10]袁平夫,叶仁南,曾长荣.生态农业综合效益评价方法探析.中国生态农业学报,2006,14(3):184～187.
[12]李强,慈龙骏.神府东胜区景观生态异质性分析与景观生态建设.干旱区资源与环境,1996,10(2):62～68.
[13]郑丙辉,田自强,王文杰,等.中国西部地区土地利用/土地覆盖近期动态分析.生态学报,2002,24(5):1078～1085.
[14]吕杰堂,王治华,周成虎.西藏易贡滑坡堰塞湖的卫星遥感检测方法初探.地理学报,2002,23(4):363～368.
[15]张国伸,邓伟,宋开山.新开河流域土地利用格局变化及其生态学意义.生态学报,2006,26(9):3026～3034.
[16]四川省人口普查办公室.四川省2000年人口普查.中国统计出版社,2006.
[17]龙开元,谢炳庚,谢光辉.景观生态破坏评价指标体系的建立方法和应用.山地学报,2001,19(1):64～68.
[18]袁平夫,叶仁南,曾长荣.生态农业综合效益评价方法探析.中国生态农业学报,2006,14(3):184～187.
[21]阎传海.山东省南部地区景观生态的分类与评价.农村生态环境,1998,14(2):15～19.
[22]陈文波,肖笃宁,李秀珍.景观空间分析的特征和主要内容.生态学报,2002,22(7):1135～1142.
[23]周华荣.新疆生态环境质量评价指标体系研究.中国环境科学,2000,20(2):150～153.
[24]肖笃宁.景观生态学.北京:科学出版社,2003.
[25]陈文波,肖笃宁,李秀珍.景观空间分析的特征和主要内容.生态学报,2002,22(7):1135～1142.
[26]陈文波,肖笃宁,李秀珍.景观指数分类、应用及构建研究.应用生态学报,2002,13(1):121～125.
[27]孙翔,朱晓东,李杨帆.港湾快速城市化地区景观生态安全评价.生态学报,2008,28(8):3563～3573.
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