汶川地震对大熊猫主食竹——拐棍竹竹笋生长发育的影响
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摘要
为了了解汶川地震对大熊猫主食竹生长发育的影响,2009年10月—2011年4月,在地震重灾区四川龙溪-虹口国家级自然保护区内设置150个样方,就地震强度、中度、轻度干扰对大熊猫主食竹拐棍竹(Fargesia robusta)竹笋生长发育的影响进行了研究。研究结果显示:(1)发笋物候上,地震强度干扰的发笋时间(Julian时间)较中度和轻度干扰显著推迟,而发笋期不受影响。(2)发笋量和当年生幼竹数是拐棍竹更新生长的数量指标。地震强度和中度干扰样方的发笋量都显著高于轻度干扰,而发笋量在强度和中度干扰间差异不显著;地震强度干扰样方的当年生幼竹数显著高于中度和轻度干扰,中度和轻度干扰样方间差异不显著。这说明地震的强度和中度干扰都有利于拐棍竹竹笋和当年生幼竹数量的更新。(3)基径和株高是拐棍竹更新生长的质量指标。强度干扰下拐棍竹的基径和株高都显著小于中度和轻度干扰,中度干扰样方的基径与轻度干扰差异不显著,但株高显著矮于轻度干扰样方。表明强度干扰下拐棍竹的质量最差,中度干扰的基径已基本得到恢复,但株高仍受到抑制。(4)地震不同干扰等级拐棍竹退笋原因划分为:外力机械损伤、动物取食、生长停止、其他4种。对地震不同干扰等级拐棍竹退笋原因比率的分析发现,强度干扰样方因外力机械损伤和生长停止退笋的比率显著高于中度和轻度干扰样方,而因动物取食退笋的比率显著低于中度和轻度干扰样方。证明强度干扰样方的竹笋更容易受到外力机械损伤和生长停止退笋,而中度和轻度干扰的竹笋更倾向于动物取食致退,揭示了拐棍竹的生长是与震后不同程度的干扰相适应的。
The umbrella bamboo(Fargesia robusta) is one of the staple bamboos for giant panda(Ailuropoda melanoleuca).The shoot growth and development of umbrella bamboo were investigated in the Sichuan Longxi-Hongkou National Nature Reserve from October 2009 to April 2011,and the effects of the Wenchuan Earthquake on the bamboos were evaluated as well.According to the damage degrees caused by the earthquake and its secondary geological disaster to umbrella bamboo population,the disturbances from the earthquake were classified into intense,moderate and slight types.Fifty plots were set in the population corresponded to each type,and a total of 150 plots were set in the reserve.The shooting time(Julian day) was significantly delayed in the plots with intense disturbance compared with that in the plots with moderate and slight disturbances,while the shooting time displayed no significant difference between the plots with moderate and slight disturbances.The shooting durations showed no difference among plots with three different types of earthquake′s disturbance.The regeneration of umbrella bamboo was investigated based on quantity index of number of annual shoots and young bamboos.Numbers of annual shoots in the plots with intense and moderate disturbances were significantly higher than that in the plots with slight disturbance,while that between plots with intense and moderate disturbances showed no significant difference.Numbers of annual young bamboos in plots with intense disturbance was the highest,while that in the plots with moderate and slight disturbances were not significantly different.This showed that intense and moderate disturbances from the earthquake promoted the regeneration of umbrella bamboo through increasing the numbers of annual shoots and young bamboos.The regeneration of umbrella bamboo was investigated based on quality index of basal diameter and culm height as well.Basal diameter and culm height in the plots with intense disturbance were obviously smaller than that in the plots with moderate and slight disturbances.Basal diameter in the plots with moderate disturbance had no significant difference to that in the plots with slight disturbance,whereas culm height was significantly lower than that in the plots with slight disturbance.It indicated that quality of the umbrella bamboos in the plots with intense disturbance was the worst,and basal diameter in the plots with moderate disturbance had been basically restored,but culm height was still limited.The withered shoots in the plots with different levels of disturbances were attributed to external mechanical damage,animal feeding,growth stop and etc.In the present study,the rates of withered shoots due to external mechanical damage and growth stop in the plots with intense disturbance were significantly higher than that in the plots with moderate and slight disturbances.Moreover,the rates of withered shoots due to animal feeding in the plots with intense disturbance were significantly lower than that in other disturbance plots.It suggested that bamboo shoots in the plots with intense disturbance were much vulnerable to external mechanical damage and growth stop,however,that in the plots with moderate and slight disturbances were easy to die due to animal feeding.Shoot growth of umbrella bamboo after earthquake was adapted to the different degrees of disturbances in the natural reserve.
The umbrella bamboo(Fargesia robusta) is one of the staple bamboos for giant panda(Ailuropoda melanoleuca).The shoot growth and development of umbrella bamboo were investigated in the Sichuan Longxi-Hongkou National Nature Reserve from October 2009 to April 2011,and the effects of the Wenchuan Earthquake on the bamboos were evaluated as well.According to the damage degrees caused by the earthquake and its secondary geological disaster to umbrella bamboo population,the disturbances from the earthquake were classified into intense,moderate and slight types.Fifty plots were set in the population corresponded to each type,and a total of 150 plots were set in the reserve.The shooting time(Julian day) was significantly delayed in the plots with intense disturbance compared with that in the plots with moderate and slight disturbances,while the shooting time displayed no significant difference between the plots with moderate and slight disturbances.The shooting durations showed no difference among plots with three different types of earthquake′s disturbance.The regeneration of umbrella bamboo was investigated based on quantity index of number of annual shoots and young bamboos.Numbers of annual shoots in the plots with intense and moderate disturbances were significantly higher than that in the plots with slight disturbance,while that between plots with intense and moderate disturbances showed no significant difference.Numbers of annual young bamboos in plots with intense disturbance was the highest,while that in the plots with moderate and slight disturbances were not significantly different.This showed that intense and moderate disturbances from the earthquake promoted the regeneration of umbrella bamboo through increasing the numbers of annual shoots and young bamboos.The regeneration of umbrella bamboo was investigated based on quality index of basal diameter and culm height as well.Basal diameter and culm height in the plots with intense disturbance were obviously smaller than that in the plots with moderate and slight disturbances.Basal diameter in the plots with moderate disturbance had no significant difference to that in the plots with slight disturbance,whereas culm height was significantly lower than that in the plots with slight disturbance.It indicated that quality of the umbrella bamboos in the plots with intense disturbance was the worst,and basal diameter in the plots with moderate disturbance had been basically restored,but culm height was still limited.The withered shoots in the plots with different levels of disturbances were attributed to external mechanical damage,animal feeding,growth stop and etc.In the present study,the rates of withered shoots due to external mechanical damage and growth stop in the plots with intense disturbance were significantly higher than that in the plots with moderate and slight disturbances.Moreover,the rates of withered shoots due to animal feeding in the plots with intense disturbance were significantly lower than that in other disturbance plots.It suggested that bamboo shoots in the plots with intense disturbance were much vulnerable to external mechanical damage and growth stop,however,that in the plots with moderate and slight disturbances were easy to die due to animal feeding.Shoot growth of umbrella bamboo after earthquake was adapted to the different degrees of disturbances in the natural reserve.
引文
[1]Ouyang Z Y,Xu W H,Wang X Z,Wang W J,Dong R C,Zheng H,Li D H,Li Z Q,Zhang H F,Zhuang C W.Impact assessment of Wenchuan Earthquake on ecosystems.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2008,28(12):5801-5809.
[2]Shen G Z,Xie Z Q,Feng C Y,Xu W T,Guo K.Influence of the Wenchuan earthquake on giant panda habitats and strategies for restoration.Journal of Plant Ecology,2008,32(6):1417-1425.
[3]Wu J H.Preliminary analysis on the relationship between earthquakes and ecologic environment.Earthquake Research in Shanxi,2000,(4):32-34.
[4]Restrepo C,Alvarez N.Landslides and their contribution to land-cover change in the mountains of Mexico and Central America.Biotropica,2006,38(4):446-457.
[5]Veblen T T,Ashton D H.Catastrophic influences on the vegetation of the Valdivian Andes,Chile.Plant Ecology,1978,36(3):149-167.
[6]Stern M J.Vegetation recovery on earthquake-triggered landslide sites in the Ecuadorian Andes∥Churchill S P,Balslev H,Forero E,Luteyn J L,eds.Biodiversity and Conservation of Neotropical Montane Forests.Proceedings of A Symposium.New York:New York Botanical Garden,1995:207-220.
[7]Cagnon P R,Platt W J,Moser E B.Response of a native bamboo[Arundinaria gigantea(Walt.)Muhl.]in a wind-disturbed forest.Forest Ecology and Management,2007,241(1/3):288-294.
[8]Kessler M.Plant species richness and endemism during natural landslide succession in a perhumid montane forest in the Bolivian Andes.Ecotropica,1999,5:123-136.
[9]Wang Y J,Tao J P,Zhong Z C.Factors influencing the distribution and growth of dwarf bamboo,Fargesia nitida,in a subalpine forest in Wolong Nature Reserve,southwest China.Ecological Research,2009,24(5):1013-1021.
[10]Lalnunmawia F.Influence of excessive biotic pressure and fire on culm diameter,density flux and seed production in Melocanna baccifera stands.Journal of Forestry Research,2008,19(2):148-150.
[11]Chen L D,Fu B J.Ecological significance,characteristics and types of disturbance.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2000,20(4):581-586.
[12]Wu F Z,Wang K Y,Yang W Q,Lu Y J.Advances in ecological process of the giant panda staple food bamboo forests.World Sci-Tech R and D,2005,27(3):79-84.
[13]State forestry administration,P.R.China.The3rd national survey report on giant panda in China.Beijing:Science Press,2006.
[14]Qin Z S,Zhang Y,Ma H Y.Prediction model of biomass of Fargesia robusta extracts.Journal of China West Normal University:Natural Sciences,1990,11(2):98-102.
[15]Qin Z S,Zhang Y,Ma H Y,Cai,X S.Huang J Y.A study on the growth law of Fargesia robusta shoot.Journal of China West Normal University:Natural Sciences,1991,12(3):211-215.
[16]Qin Z S,Taylor A H,Cai X S,Huang J Y.Research into Fargesia robusta biological characteristies.Journal of Bamboo Research,1993,12(1):6-17.
[17]Mou K H,Shi L X.Study on biological characteristics and biomass of Fargesia Robusta.Bamboo Research,1995,(2):45-51.
[18]Wang X Z,Xu W H,Ouyang Z Y,Zhang J D.Impacts of Wenchuan earthquake on giant panda habitat in Dujiangyan region.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2008,28(12):5856-5861.
[19]Cai X S,Huang J Y.A preliminary study on population dynastics of Fargesia robusta.Journal of Bamboo Research,1992,11(3):55-64.
[20]Liu C P,Sheu B H.Effects of the921earthquake on the water quality in the upper stream at the Guandaushi experimental forest.Water,Air and Soil Pollution,2007,179(1/4):19-27.
[21]Liu Q,Zhong Z C,He H.Bionomic strategies of Pleioblastus maculata clone population of natural and man-made forests.Journal of Chongqing Teachers College:Natural Science Edition,1996,13(2):16-21.
[22]Zhou S Q,Huang J Y,Zhang Y H,Li R G,Li D S,Zhang H M.The effects of wildness training giant pandas grazing and artificial harvesting on the regeneration of umbrella bamboo(Fargesia robusta)clone population.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2009,29(9):4804-4814.
[23]Reid D C,Taylor A H,Hu J C,Qin Z S.Environmental influences on Bashania fangiana Bamboo growth and implications for giant panda conservation.Journal of Applied Ecology,1991,28(3):855-868.
[24]Cagnon P R,Platt W J.Multiple disturbances accelerate clonal growth in a potentially monodominant bamboo.Ecology,2008,89(3):612-618.
[25]Dong W Y,Huang B L,Xie Z X,Xie Z H,Liu H Y.The effects of density regulation and rotational harvesting shoot on the shoot and young bamboo growth of Qiongzhuea tumidinoda forest.Scientia Silvae Sinicae,2002,38(5):78-82.
[26]Wang N,Yu F H,Li P X,He W M,Liu F H,Liu J M,Dong M.Clonal integration affects growth,photosynthetic efficiency and biomass allocation,but not the competitive ability,of the alien invasive Alternanthera philoxeroides under severe stress.Annals of Botany,2008,101(5):671-678.
[27]Wu Y,He X B,Liu X H.Analysis on quality situation after intermediate felling of Bashania fargesii,pandas'staple bamboo in Fuping Nature Reserve in Shangxi.Forest Inventory and Planning,2008,33(5):63-70.
[28]Hughes R H.Response of cane to burning in the North Carolina coastal plain.Bulletin No402.Raleigh:North Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station,1957.
[29]Wu N,Lu T,Luo P,Zhu D.A review of the impacts of earthquake on mountain ecosystems:taking5.12Wenchuan Earthquake as an example.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2008,28(12):5810-5819.
[30]Kleinhenz V,Milne J,Walsh K B,Midmore D J.A case study on the effects of irrigation and fertilization on soil water and soil nutrient status,and on growth and yield of bamboo(Phyllostachys pubescens)shoots.Journal of Bamboo and Rattan,2003,2(3):281-293.
[1]欧阳志云,徐卫华,王学志,王文杰,董仁才,郑华,李迪华,李智琦,张宏锋,庄长伟.汶川大地震对生态系统的影响.生态学报,2008,28(12):5801-5809.
[2]申国珍,谢宗强,冯朝阳,徐文婷,郭柯.汶川地震对大熊猫栖息地的影响与恢复对策.植物生态学报.2008,32(6):1417-1425.
[3]吴建华.地震与生态环境关系初探.山西地震,2000,(4):32-34.
[11]陈利顶,傅伯杰.干扰的类型、特征及其生态学意义.生态学报,2000,20(4):581-586.
[12]吴福忠,王开运,杨万勤,鲁叶江.大熊猫主食竹群落系统生态学过程研究进展.世界科技研究与发展,2005,27(3):79-84.
[13]国家林业局.全国第三次大熊猫调查报告.北京:科学出版社,2006.
[14]秦自生,张焱,马恒银.拐棍竹生物生产量的预测模型.四川师范学院学报:自然科学版,1990,11(2):98-102.
[15]秦自生,张焱,马恒银,蔡绪慎,黄金燕.拐棍竹笋子生长发育规律研究.四川师范学院学报:自然科学版,1991:12(3):211-215.
[16]秦自生,艾伦.泰勒,蔡绪慎,黄金燕.拐棍竹生物学特性的研究.竹子研究汇刊,1993,12(1):6-17.
[17]牟克华,史立新.拐棍竹生物学特性及其生物量的研究.竹类研究,1995,(2):45-51.
[18]王学志,徐卫华,欧阳志云,张晋东.汶川地震对都江堰地区大熊猫生境的影响.生态学报,2008,28(12):5856-5861.
[19]蔡绪慎,黄金燕.拐棍竹种群动态的初步研究.竹子研究汇刊,1992,11(3):55-64.
[21]刘庆,钟章成,何海.斑苦竹无性系种群在自然林和人工林中的生态对策.重庆师范学院学报:自然科学版,1996,13(2):16-21.
[22]周世强,黄金燕,张亚辉,李仁贵,李德生,张和民.野化培训大熊猫采食和人为砍伐对拐棍竹无性系种群更新的影响.生态学报,2009,29(9):4804-4814.
[25]董文渊,黄宝龙,谢泽轩,谢周华,刘厚源.密度调节与轮闲制采笋对筇竹林竹笋——幼竹生长的影响.林业科学,2002,38(5):78-82.
[27]吴燕,何祥博,刘雪华.陕西佛坪自然保护区大熊猫主食竹巴山木竹林间伐后的质量状况分析.林业调查规划,2008,33(5):63-70.
[29]吴宁,卢涛,罗鹏,朱单.地震对山地生态系统的影响——以5.12汶川大地震为例.生态学报,2008,28(12):5810-5819.
[2]Shen G Z,Xie Z Q,Feng C Y,Xu W T,Guo K.Influence of the Wenchuan earthquake on giant panda habitats and strategies for restoration.Journal of Plant Ecology,2008,32(6):1417-1425.
[3]Wu J H.Preliminary analysis on the relationship between earthquakes and ecologic environment.Earthquake Research in Shanxi,2000,(4):32-34.
[4]Restrepo C,Alvarez N.Landslides and their contribution to land-cover change in the mountains of Mexico and Central America.Biotropica,2006,38(4):446-457.
[5]Veblen T T,Ashton D H.Catastrophic influences on the vegetation of the Valdivian Andes,Chile.Plant Ecology,1978,36(3):149-167.
[6]Stern M J.Vegetation recovery on earthquake-triggered landslide sites in the Ecuadorian Andes∥Churchill S P,Balslev H,Forero E,Luteyn J L,eds.Biodiversity and Conservation of Neotropical Montane Forests.Proceedings of A Symposium.New York:New York Botanical Garden,1995:207-220.
[7]Cagnon P R,Platt W J,Moser E B.Response of a native bamboo[Arundinaria gigantea(Walt.)Muhl.]in a wind-disturbed forest.Forest Ecology and Management,2007,241(1/3):288-294.
[8]Kessler M.Plant species richness and endemism during natural landslide succession in a perhumid montane forest in the Bolivian Andes.Ecotropica,1999,5:123-136.
[9]Wang Y J,Tao J P,Zhong Z C.Factors influencing the distribution and growth of dwarf bamboo,Fargesia nitida,in a subalpine forest in Wolong Nature Reserve,southwest China.Ecological Research,2009,24(5):1013-1021.
[10]Lalnunmawia F.Influence of excessive biotic pressure and fire on culm diameter,density flux and seed production in Melocanna baccifera stands.Journal of Forestry Research,2008,19(2):148-150.
[11]Chen L D,Fu B J.Ecological significance,characteristics and types of disturbance.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2000,20(4):581-586.
[12]Wu F Z,Wang K Y,Yang W Q,Lu Y J.Advances in ecological process of the giant panda staple food bamboo forests.World Sci-Tech R and D,2005,27(3):79-84.
[13]State forestry administration,P.R.China.The3rd national survey report on giant panda in China.Beijing:Science Press,2006.
[14]Qin Z S,Zhang Y,Ma H Y.Prediction model of biomass of Fargesia robusta extracts.Journal of China West Normal University:Natural Sciences,1990,11(2):98-102.
[15]Qin Z S,Zhang Y,Ma H Y,Cai,X S.Huang J Y.A study on the growth law of Fargesia robusta shoot.Journal of China West Normal University:Natural Sciences,1991,12(3):211-215.
[16]Qin Z S,Taylor A H,Cai X S,Huang J Y.Research into Fargesia robusta biological characteristies.Journal of Bamboo Research,1993,12(1):6-17.
[17]Mou K H,Shi L X.Study on biological characteristics and biomass of Fargesia Robusta.Bamboo Research,1995,(2):45-51.
[18]Wang X Z,Xu W H,Ouyang Z Y,Zhang J D.Impacts of Wenchuan earthquake on giant panda habitat in Dujiangyan region.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2008,28(12):5856-5861.
[19]Cai X S,Huang J Y.A preliminary study on population dynastics of Fargesia robusta.Journal of Bamboo Research,1992,11(3):55-64.
[20]Liu C P,Sheu B H.Effects of the921earthquake on the water quality in the upper stream at the Guandaushi experimental forest.Water,Air and Soil Pollution,2007,179(1/4):19-27.
[21]Liu Q,Zhong Z C,He H.Bionomic strategies of Pleioblastus maculata clone population of natural and man-made forests.Journal of Chongqing Teachers College:Natural Science Edition,1996,13(2):16-21.
[22]Zhou S Q,Huang J Y,Zhang Y H,Li R G,Li D S,Zhang H M.The effects of wildness training giant pandas grazing and artificial harvesting on the regeneration of umbrella bamboo(Fargesia robusta)clone population.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2009,29(9):4804-4814.
[23]Reid D C,Taylor A H,Hu J C,Qin Z S.Environmental influences on Bashania fangiana Bamboo growth and implications for giant panda conservation.Journal of Applied Ecology,1991,28(3):855-868.
[24]Cagnon P R,Platt W J.Multiple disturbances accelerate clonal growth in a potentially monodominant bamboo.Ecology,2008,89(3):612-618.
[25]Dong W Y,Huang B L,Xie Z X,Xie Z H,Liu H Y.The effects of density regulation and rotational harvesting shoot on the shoot and young bamboo growth of Qiongzhuea tumidinoda forest.Scientia Silvae Sinicae,2002,38(5):78-82.
[26]Wang N,Yu F H,Li P X,He W M,Liu F H,Liu J M,Dong M.Clonal integration affects growth,photosynthetic efficiency and biomass allocation,but not the competitive ability,of the alien invasive Alternanthera philoxeroides under severe stress.Annals of Botany,2008,101(5):671-678.
[27]Wu Y,He X B,Liu X H.Analysis on quality situation after intermediate felling of Bashania fargesii,pandas'staple bamboo in Fuping Nature Reserve in Shangxi.Forest Inventory and Planning,2008,33(5):63-70.
[28]Hughes R H.Response of cane to burning in the North Carolina coastal plain.Bulletin No402.Raleigh:North Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station,1957.
[29]Wu N,Lu T,Luo P,Zhu D.A review of the impacts of earthquake on mountain ecosystems:taking5.12Wenchuan Earthquake as an example.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2008,28(12):5810-5819.
[30]Kleinhenz V,Milne J,Walsh K B,Midmore D J.A case study on the effects of irrigation and fertilization on soil water and soil nutrient status,and on growth and yield of bamboo(Phyllostachys pubescens)shoots.Journal of Bamboo and Rattan,2003,2(3):281-293.
[1]欧阳志云,徐卫华,王学志,王文杰,董仁才,郑华,李迪华,李智琦,张宏锋,庄长伟.汶川大地震对生态系统的影响.生态学报,2008,28(12):5801-5809.
[2]申国珍,谢宗强,冯朝阳,徐文婷,郭柯.汶川地震对大熊猫栖息地的影响与恢复对策.植物生态学报.2008,32(6):1417-1425.
[3]吴建华.地震与生态环境关系初探.山西地震,2000,(4):32-34.
[11]陈利顶,傅伯杰.干扰的类型、特征及其生态学意义.生态学报,2000,20(4):581-586.
[12]吴福忠,王开运,杨万勤,鲁叶江.大熊猫主食竹群落系统生态学过程研究进展.世界科技研究与发展,2005,27(3):79-84.
[13]国家林业局.全国第三次大熊猫调查报告.北京:科学出版社,2006.
[14]秦自生,张焱,马恒银.拐棍竹生物生产量的预测模型.四川师范学院学报:自然科学版,1990,11(2):98-102.
[15]秦自生,张焱,马恒银,蔡绪慎,黄金燕.拐棍竹笋子生长发育规律研究.四川师范学院学报:自然科学版,1991:12(3):211-215.
[16]秦自生,艾伦.泰勒,蔡绪慎,黄金燕.拐棍竹生物学特性的研究.竹子研究汇刊,1993,12(1):6-17.
[17]牟克华,史立新.拐棍竹生物学特性及其生物量的研究.竹类研究,1995,(2):45-51.
[18]王学志,徐卫华,欧阳志云,张晋东.汶川地震对都江堰地区大熊猫生境的影响.生态学报,2008,28(12):5856-5861.
[19]蔡绪慎,黄金燕.拐棍竹种群动态的初步研究.竹子研究汇刊,1992,11(3):55-64.
[21]刘庆,钟章成,何海.斑苦竹无性系种群在自然林和人工林中的生态对策.重庆师范学院学报:自然科学版,1996,13(2):16-21.
[22]周世强,黄金燕,张亚辉,李仁贵,李德生,张和民.野化培训大熊猫采食和人为砍伐对拐棍竹无性系种群更新的影响.生态学报,2009,29(9):4804-4814.
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