汶川地震重灾区生态系统碳储存功能空间格局与地震破坏评估
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摘要
通过建立汶川地震灾区碳储存功能评估指标体系,利用ArcGIS平台计算了灾区四大碳库(地上部分碳、地下部分碳、死亡有机碳和土壤碳)碳储存密度,分析了碳储存空间格局和规律。结果表明:灾区碳储存总量3.97×108t,平均碳密度52.2t/hm2,其中亚高山常绿针叶林碳密度和碳储存最高。碳储存量随坡度增加而增加,大于35°地区碳储存量达1.3×108t,占灾区碳存总量的33.9%。碳储量随海拔增加呈现波动的曲线,0—750m区域碳储量随海拔增加而增加,在750—1750m区域段碳储量因地震对植被的破坏出现下降,然后又随海拔增加而增加,到3250m时出现碳储存量高峰,储碳量达7273t,之后又逐渐下降。此外,通过对比地震前后灾区生态系统碳储存功能得出研究区生态系统碳储存功能总体减少为9.98×106t,而地震对碳储存功能的影响主要是植被破坏导致的碳储存降低,其中退化最严重的地区在彭州和什邡的北部山区,并沿龙门山向西南方向延伸。研究结果直观反映了灾区碳储量空间格局,为决策者实施破坏区植被恢复策略以及地震灾区碳管理等提供依据。
The value of terrestrial ecosystem carbon sequestration services has been widely recognized.Forests,grasslands and other ecosystems can store large amounts of carbon,which is the key to mitigating global climate change.The eco-environment of the western region of Sichuan Province was greatly destroyed by the earthquake which had occurred in Wenchuan on May 12,2008.One of the direct impacts is that the landscape was seriously damaged and the disturbed eco-system released a significant amount of carbon dioxide because of sudden changes inland utilization and vegetation cover.Our goal was to use the maps of land use and land cover types and data of carbon reserves stocks in four carbon pools to estimate the amount of carbon stored in a landscape currently and the pre-seismic amount of carbon in the earthquake-hit areas,and then we have got a series of maps which can help us to conduct carbon management.Based on the geographical information system software of ArcGIS,this paper presented the evaluation index system to assess the carbon storage function of the earthquake-hit area,by calculating the density of carbon storage for four carbon pools(aboveground biomass,underground biomass,soil carbon and dead organic matter) in each grid.In addition,this paper also analyzed the spatial pattern of carbon storage function in this area.The results showed that the total carbon storage volume of the earthquake-hit area is 3.97×108 t based on the spatial analysis module of ArcGIS and the average carbon density is 52.2 t/hm2.The ecosystem with the highest carbon storage and carbon density is represented by subalpine evergreen coniferous forest.The carbon storage volume increased with the increasing slope gradient and altitude.The carbon storage volume in the area where the slope is greater than 35°is 1.3×108 t,accounts for 33.9% of the total carbon storage volume in the earthquake-hit area.Because of the forests was destroyed by the powerful earthquake,the function of carbon storage presents a suddenly drop sat altitude of 750—1750m.In addition,the impact of earthquakes on the carbon storage is that the carbon stocks lowered primarily owing to vegetation damage,with the overall reduction reaching 9.98×106t.The most severely degraded areas are located in the northern mountains of Pengzhou County and Shifang County,along the southwestward extension of the Longmen Mountain.The recommendations of post-disaster reconstruction,vegetation and carbon management are listed as follows.1) Expanding the area of forest coverage and improving forest quality is a key point to play an important role in forest carbon storage.2) The vegetation restoration in the earthquake-hit area is given priority to the natural restoration approach of forest reservation,complementary with artificial approaches,such as artificial reforestation and landslide engineering control measures.The risk of secondary disasters can be decreased while ecosystem carbon storage function of the destroyed area is reconstructed.3) To enhance the carbon contributions of farmland and grazing land area by pushing no-tillage agriculture,developing ecological agriculture,establishing a series of measures to improve comprehensive utilization(e.g.,taking the action of returning straw to the field instead of burning them),and strengthening the carrying capacity control of prairie areas.Our results will help guide the vegetation recovery,carbon management and carbon trading.But most importantly,they can support a series of decisions made by government sat various levels in the earthquake-hit areas.
The value of terrestrial ecosystem carbon sequestration services has been widely recognized.Forests,grasslands and other ecosystems can store large amounts of carbon,which is the key to mitigating global climate change.The eco-environment of the western region of Sichuan Province was greatly destroyed by the earthquake which had occurred in Wenchuan on May 12,2008.One of the direct impacts is that the landscape was seriously damaged and the disturbed eco-system released a significant amount of carbon dioxide because of sudden changes inland utilization and vegetation cover.Our goal was to use the maps of land use and land cover types and data of carbon reserves stocks in four carbon pools to estimate the amount of carbon stored in a landscape currently and the pre-seismic amount of carbon in the earthquake-hit areas,and then we have got a series of maps which can help us to conduct carbon management.Based on the geographical information system software of ArcGIS,this paper presented the evaluation index system to assess the carbon storage function of the earthquake-hit area,by calculating the density of carbon storage for four carbon pools(aboveground biomass,underground biomass,soil carbon and dead organic matter) in each grid.In addition,this paper also analyzed the spatial pattern of carbon storage function in this area.The results showed that the total carbon storage volume of the earthquake-hit area is 3.97×108 t based on the spatial analysis module of ArcGIS and the average carbon density is 52.2 t/hm2.The ecosystem with the highest carbon storage and carbon density is represented by subalpine evergreen coniferous forest.The carbon storage volume increased with the increasing slope gradient and altitude.The carbon storage volume in the area where the slope is greater than 35°is 1.3×108 t,accounts for 33.9% of the total carbon storage volume in the earthquake-hit area.Because of the forests was destroyed by the powerful earthquake,the function of carbon storage presents a suddenly drop sat altitude of 750—1750m.In addition,the impact of earthquakes on the carbon storage is that the carbon stocks lowered primarily owing to vegetation damage,with the overall reduction reaching 9.98×106t.The most severely degraded areas are located in the northern mountains of Pengzhou County and Shifang County,along the southwestward extension of the Longmen Mountain.The recommendations of post-disaster reconstruction,vegetation and carbon management are listed as follows.1) Expanding the area of forest coverage and improving forest quality is a key point to play an important role in forest carbon storage.2) The vegetation restoration in the earthquake-hit area is given priority to the natural restoration approach of forest reservation,complementary with artificial approaches,such as artificial reforestation and landslide engineering control measures.The risk of secondary disasters can be decreased while ecosystem carbon storage function of the destroyed area is reconstructed.3) To enhance the carbon contributions of farmland and grazing land area by pushing no-tillage agriculture,developing ecological agriculture,establishing a series of measures to improve comprehensive utilization(e.g.,taking the action of returning straw to the field instead of burning them),and strengthening the carrying capacity control of prairie areas.Our results will help guide the vegetation recovery,carbon management and carbon trading.But most importantly,they can support a series of decisions made by government sat various levels in the earthquake-hit areas.
引文
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[7]Lal R.Soil Carbon sequestration impacts on global climate change and food security.Science,2004,304:1623-1627.
[8]Wu D,Shao Q Q,Li J,Liu J Y.Carbon fixation estimation for the main plantation forest species in the red soil hilly region of southern-centralJiangxi Province,China.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2012,32(1):0142-0150.
[9]Peng S Z,Zhao C Y,Zheng X L,Xu Z L,He L.Spatial distribution characteristics of the biomass and carbon storage of Qinghai spruce(Piceacrassifolia)forests in Qilian Mountains.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2011,22(7):1689-1694.
[10]Jenny H.The soil resource:Origin and behavior.Ecological Studies,37,Springer Verlag,New York,1980.
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[14]Fang J Y,Guo Z D,Pu S L,Cheng A P.Terrestrial vegetation carbon sinks in China,1981—2000.Science in China(Series D):Earth Sciences,2007,50(9):1341-1350.
[15]LüC Q,Sun S C.A review on the distribution patterns of carbon density.Acta Phytoecologica Sinica,2004,28(5):692-703.
[16]Zhou Y R,Yu Z L,Zhao S D.Carbon storage and budget of major Chinese forest types.Acta Phytoecologica Sinica,2000,24(5):518-522.
[17]Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC)2006.2006IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories.Prepared by the National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programm//Eggleston H S,Buendia L,Miwa K,Ngara T and Tanabe K,eds.Institute for Global Environmental Strategies(IGES),Hayama,Japan.
[18]JacksonR B,Canadel l J,Ehleringer J R,Mooney H A,Sala O E,Schulze E D.A global analysis of root distributions for terrestrial biomes.Oecologia,1996,108:389-411.
[19]Chen G S,YangY S,LiuL Z,Li X B,Zhao Y C,Yuan Y D.Research Review on Total Belowground Carbon Allocation in Forest Ecosystems.Journal of Subtropical Resources and Environment,2007,2(1):34-42.
[20]Chen X L.Researches on Carbon Sequestration Functions of MainForest Types in Northern China[D].Beijing:BeijingForestryUniversity,2003.
[21]Huang M,Ji J J,Cao M K,Li K R.Modeling study of vegetation shoot and root biomass in China.ActaEcologicaSinica,2006,26(12):4156-4163.
[22]Yu W T,Yu Y Q.Advances in the research of underground biomass.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology.2001,12(6):927-932.
[23]Jackson R B,Schenk H J,Jobbágy E G,Canadell J,Colello G D,Dickinson R E,Field C B,Friedlingstein P,Heimann M,Hibbard K,Kicklighter D W,Kleidon A,Neilson R P,Parton W J,Sala O E,Sykes M T.Belowground consequences of vegetation change and their treatment in models.Ecological Applications,2000,10:470-483.
[24]Xu S J,Zeng B,Su X L,Lei S T,Liu J H.Spatial distribution of vegetation and carbon density in Jinyun Mountain Nature Reserve based on RS/GIS.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2012,32(7):2174-2184.
[25]Fahey T J,Woodbury P B,Battles J J,Goodale C L,Hamburg S,Aligner S,Woodall C W.Forest carbon storage:ecology,management,and policy.Front Ecol Environ,2010,8:245-252.
[26]Houghton R A.Balancing the global carbon budget.Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences,2007,35(1):313-347.
[8]吴丹,邵全琴,李佳,刘纪远.江西中南部红壤丘陵区主要造林树种碳固定估算.生态学报,2012,32(1):0142-0150.
[9]彭守璋,赵传燕,郑祥霖,许仲林,何磊.祁连山青海云杉林生物量和碳储量空间分布特征.2011,22(7):1689-1694.
[13]黄从德,张健,杨万勤,唐宵,张国庆.四川省森林植被碳储量的空间分异特征.生态学报,2009,29(9):5115-5121.
[14]方精云,郭兆迪,朴世龙,陈安平.1981—2000年中国陆地植被碳汇的估算.中国科学D辑:(地球科学),2007,37(6):1-9.
[15]吕超群,孙书存.陆地生态系统碳密度格局研究概述.植物生态学报,2004,28(5):692-703.
[16]周玉荣,于振良,赵士洞.我国主要森林生态系统碳贮量和碳平衡.植物生态学报,2000,24(5):518-522.
[19]陈光水,杨玉盛,刘乐中,李熙波,赵月彩,袁一丁.森林地下碳分配(TBCA)研究进展.亚热带资源与环境学报,2007,2(1):34-42.
[20]陈遐林.华北主要森林类型的碳汇功能研究[D].北京:北京林业大学,2003.
[21]黄玫,季劲钧,曹明奎,李克让.中国区域植被地上与地下生物量模拟.生态学报,2006,26(12):4156-4163.
[22]宇万太,于永强.植物地下生物量研究进展.应用生态学报,2001,12(6):927-932.
[24]徐少君,曾波,苏晓磊,类淑桐,刘建辉.基于RS/GIS的重庆缙云山自然保护区植被及碳储量密度空间分布研究.生态学报,2012,32(7):2174-2184.
[2]Canadell J G,Raupach M R.Managing forests for climate change mitigation.Science,2008,320(5882):1456-1457.
[3]Capoor K,AmbrosiP.State and trends of the carbon market 2008.Washington DC:World Bank Institute,2008.
[4]Hamilton K,Sjardin M,Marcello T,Xu G.Forging a frontier:State of the voluntary carbon markets 2008.Washington DC:Ecosystem Marketplaceand New Carbon Finance,2008.
[5]Pagiola S.Payments for environmental services in Costa Rica.Ecological Economics 2008,65(4):712-724.
[6]Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC)2006.2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories,Volume 4:Agriculture,Forestry and Other Land Use.Prepared by the National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programm//Eggleston HS,Buendia L,MiwaK,NgaraTand Tanabe K,eds.Institute for Global Environmental Strategies(IGES),Hayama,Japan.
[7]Lal R.Soil Carbon sequestration impacts on global climate change and food security.Science,2004,304:1623-1627.
[8]Wu D,Shao Q Q,Li J,Liu J Y.Carbon fixation estimation for the main plantation forest species in the red soil hilly region of southern-centralJiangxi Province,China.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2012,32(1):0142-0150.
[9]Peng S Z,Zhao C Y,Zheng X L,Xu Z L,He L.Spatial distribution characteristics of the biomass and carbon storage of Qinghai spruce(Piceacrassifolia)forests in Qilian Mountains.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2011,22(7):1689-1694.
[10]Jenny H.The soil resource:Origin and behavior.Ecological Studies,37,Springer Verlag,New York,1980.
[11]Coomes DA,Allen RB,Scott NA,GouldingC,BeetsP.Designing systems to monitor carbon stocks in forests and shrublands.Forest Ecology andManagement,2002,164:89-108.
[12]Raich J W,RussellA E,Kitayama K,PartonW J,VitousekP M.Temperature influences carbon accumulation in moist tropical forests.Ecology,2006,87:76-87.
[13]Huang C D,Zhang J,Yang W Q,Tang X,Zhang G Q.Spatial differentiation characteristics of forest vegetation carbon stock in Sichuan Province.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2009,29(9):5115-5121.
[14]Fang J Y,Guo Z D,Pu S L,Cheng A P.Terrestrial vegetation carbon sinks in China,1981—2000.Science in China(Series D):Earth Sciences,2007,50(9):1341-1350.
[15]LüC Q,Sun S C.A review on the distribution patterns of carbon density.Acta Phytoecologica Sinica,2004,28(5):692-703.
[16]Zhou Y R,Yu Z L,Zhao S D.Carbon storage and budget of major Chinese forest types.Acta Phytoecologica Sinica,2000,24(5):518-522.
[17]Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC)2006.2006IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories.Prepared by the National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programm//Eggleston H S,Buendia L,Miwa K,Ngara T and Tanabe K,eds.Institute for Global Environmental Strategies(IGES),Hayama,Japan.
[18]JacksonR B,Canadel l J,Ehleringer J R,Mooney H A,Sala O E,Schulze E D.A global analysis of root distributions for terrestrial biomes.Oecologia,1996,108:389-411.
[19]Chen G S,YangY S,LiuL Z,Li X B,Zhao Y C,Yuan Y D.Research Review on Total Belowground Carbon Allocation in Forest Ecosystems.Journal of Subtropical Resources and Environment,2007,2(1):34-42.
[20]Chen X L.Researches on Carbon Sequestration Functions of MainForest Types in Northern China[D].Beijing:BeijingForestryUniversity,2003.
[21]Huang M,Ji J J,Cao M K,Li K R.Modeling study of vegetation shoot and root biomass in China.ActaEcologicaSinica,2006,26(12):4156-4163.
[22]Yu W T,Yu Y Q.Advances in the research of underground biomass.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology.2001,12(6):927-932.
[23]Jackson R B,Schenk H J,Jobbágy E G,Canadell J,Colello G D,Dickinson R E,Field C B,Friedlingstein P,Heimann M,Hibbard K,Kicklighter D W,Kleidon A,Neilson R P,Parton W J,Sala O E,Sykes M T.Belowground consequences of vegetation change and their treatment in models.Ecological Applications,2000,10:470-483.
[24]Xu S J,Zeng B,Su X L,Lei S T,Liu J H.Spatial distribution of vegetation and carbon density in Jinyun Mountain Nature Reserve based on RS/GIS.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2012,32(7):2174-2184.
[25]Fahey T J,Woodbury P B,Battles J J,Goodale C L,Hamburg S,Aligner S,Woodall C W.Forest carbon storage:ecology,management,and policy.Front Ecol Environ,2010,8:245-252.
[26]Houghton R A.Balancing the global carbon budget.Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences,2007,35(1):313-347.
[8]吴丹,邵全琴,李佳,刘纪远.江西中南部红壤丘陵区主要造林树种碳固定估算.生态学报,2012,32(1):0142-0150.
[9]彭守璋,赵传燕,郑祥霖,许仲林,何磊.祁连山青海云杉林生物量和碳储量空间分布特征.2011,22(7):1689-1694.
[13]黄从德,张健,杨万勤,唐宵,张国庆.四川省森林植被碳储量的空间分异特征.生态学报,2009,29(9):5115-5121.
[14]方精云,郭兆迪,朴世龙,陈安平.1981—2000年中国陆地植被碳汇的估算.中国科学D辑:(地球科学),2007,37(6):1-9.
[15]吕超群,孙书存.陆地生态系统碳密度格局研究概述.植物生态学报,2004,28(5):692-703.
[16]周玉荣,于振良,赵士洞.我国主要森林生态系统碳贮量和碳平衡.植物生态学报,2000,24(5):518-522.
[19]陈光水,杨玉盛,刘乐中,李熙波,赵月彩,袁一丁.森林地下碳分配(TBCA)研究进展.亚热带资源与环境学报,2007,2(1):34-42.
[20]陈遐林.华北主要森林类型的碳汇功能研究[D].北京:北京林业大学,2003.
[21]黄玫,季劲钧,曹明奎,李克让.中国区域植被地上与地下生物量模拟.生态学报,2006,26(12):4156-4163.
[22]宇万太,于永强.植物地下生物量研究进展.应用生态学报,2001,12(6):927-932.
[24]徐少君,曾波,苏晓磊,类淑桐,刘建辉.基于RS/GIS的重庆缙云山自然保护区植被及碳储量密度空间分布研究.生态学报,2012,32(7):2174-2184.
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