活动断裂带附近地下水中的氢同位素变化与地震关系研究
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摘要
本文主要研究活动断裂带附近地下水中的氢同位素变化与地震的相关性。2009年1月初,我们在汶川地震的发震断裂带——龙门山断裂带南缘的雅安进行考察,并开始采集地热深井的地下水样品,到5月初结束。在采样期间,龙门山断裂带发生4～5级余震多次。对所采地下水样品氢同位素δD值的分析结果表明,发震断裂带附近地下水中的氢同位素异常与该断裂带上4.0级以上地震有一定相关性。从氢同位素δD值随时间变化曲线可看出,(1)震前氢同位素δD值由背景值逐渐降低,震后升高,然后再逐渐回归背景值;(2)地震的级别越大,氢同位素δD值变化越显著;(3)从氢同位素δD值开始系统地降低到地震发生,这个过程大约可持续一周左右时间,属于临震预报的时间范畴。从本研究结果可得出地下水中氢同位素δD值异常能够反映断裂带的地震活动性,可作为5.0级以上地震临震预测的一种方法。
In this paper,we studied the hydrogen isotope changes in underground water associated with the active faults.After the Wenchuan Earthquake on 12th May,2008,the geothermal samples were collected from the deep well in the Ya’an area which is at the southern edge of the Longmengshan Fault,from the beginning of Jan.,2009 to middle of May,2009.During this period,there were several aftershocks of Ms 4.0~5.0.We analyzed the hydrogen isotope of the samples. From the hydrogen isotope changes with time it can be seen,(1) hydrogen isotope value δD decreased gradually from the background before the earthquake,increased after the earthquake,and then gradually returned to background; (2) the greater the level of the earthquake,the more hydrogen isotope δD value changes; (3) the process of hydrogen isotope value reduction to the earthquake occurrence takes about one week or so,which falls into the impending earthquake prediction time.The results can be drawn from this study that hydrogen isotope in underground water reflects the abnormal seismic activity,therefore,can be used for imminent earthquake prediction over Ms 5.0.
In this paper,we studied the hydrogen isotope changes in underground water associated with the active faults.After the Wenchuan Earthquake on 12th May,2008,the geothermal samples were collected from the deep well in the Ya’an area which is at the southern edge of the Longmengshan Fault,from the beginning of Jan.,2009 to middle of May,2009.During this period,there were several aftershocks of Ms 4.0~5.0.We analyzed the hydrogen isotope of the samples. From the hydrogen isotope changes with time it can be seen,(1) hydrogen isotope value δD decreased gradually from the background before the earthquake,increased after the earthquake,and then gradually returned to background; (2) the greater the level of the earthquake,the more hydrogen isotope δD value changes; (3) the process of hydrogen isotope value reduction to the earthquake occurrence takes about one week or so,which falls into the impending earthquake prediction time.The results can be drawn from this study that hydrogen isotope in underground water reflects the abnormal seismic activity,therefore,can be used for imminent earthquake prediction over Ms 5.0.
引文
Bolognesi L.2000.Earthquake-induced variations in the composition ofthe water in the geothermal reservoir at Vulcano Island,Italy.Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research,99:139-150
Chen GG,Ji FJ,Zhou RJ et al.2007.Primary reserch of activitysegmentation of Longmenshan fault zone since Later-Quaternary.Seismology and Geology,29(3):657-673(in Chinese withEnglish abstract)
Chen H.1996.Hydrogen isotope fractionation in the evolution of theEarth.Scientia Geologica Sinica,31(1):238-247(in Chinesewith English abstract)
Chen JH,Liu QY,Li SC et al.2009.Seismotectonic study by relocationof the Wenchuan Ms8.0earthquake sequence.Chinese Journal ofGeophysics,52,390-397(in Chinese with English abstract)
Chen Z Liu Y,Tang W et al.2000.Global positioning systemmeasurements from eastern Tibet and their implications for India/Eurasia intercontinental deformation.J.Geophys.Res.105:16215-16227
Craig H.1961a.Isotopic variations in meteoric waters.Science,133:1702-1703
Craig H.1961b.Standard for reporting concentrations of deuterium andoxygen-18in natural waters.Science,133:1833-1834
Gao YF.1991.Geomagnetic daily variations around the Huanghaiearthquake.Acta Seismologica Sinica,13(1):76-79(in Chinesewith English abstract)
Hao KX,Si H,Fujiwara H and Ozawa T.2009.Coseismic surface-rupture and crustal deformations of the2008Wenchuan earthquakeMw7.9,China.Geophys.Res.Lett.,36:L11303
Heinicke J and Koch U.2000.Slug flow:A possible explanation forhydrogeochemical earthquake precursors at Bad Brambach,Germany.Pure and Applied Geophysics,157(10):1621-1641
Hoefs J.2009.Stable Isotope Geochemistry.6th Edition.Springer,1-285
Hu XM.2007.Recording earthquake ability of water level of deep welland earthquake prediction.Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics,27(Spec.):74-78(in Chinese with English abstract)
Hubbard J and Shaw JH.2009.Uplist of the Longmen Shan and Tibetanplateau,and the2008Wenchuan(MD7.9)earthquake.Nature,458:194-197
Kinga CY and Igarashib G.2002.Earthquake-related hydrologic andgeochemical changes.International Geophysics,81(1):637-645
Li SQ,Sun Q,Luo LQ et al.2006.Relationship between earthquakesand the gas geochemical anomalies in the0～2000m mud of ChineseContinental Scientific Drilling hole.Acta Petrologica Sinica,22(7):2095-2102(in Chinese with English abstract)
Li Y,Zhou RJ,Densmoreal AL et al.2006.The Eastern Edge ofQinghai-Tibet Plateau and the Geological Continental DynamicsResponse.Beijing:Geological Publishing House,1-148(inChinese)
Liu YW,Ren HW and Wang B.2009.Application prospect ofenvironmental isotopes and tracing techniques for earthquakeprediction.Earth Science Frontiers,16(2):369-377(in Chinesewith English abstract)
Qiu YP.2006.Relation of water temperature anomalies from ZK03Wellin Ningbo Seismostation with over8magnitude earthquakes.NorthChina Earthquake Science,24(4):17-22(in Chinese with Englishabstract)
Shen ZK,Sun J,Zhang P et al.2009.Slip maxima at fault junctions andrupturing of barriers during the2008Wenchuan earthquake.NatureGeoscience,2:718-724
Tronin A,Biagib PF,Molchanovc OA,Khatkevichd YM and GordeevdEI.2004.Temperature variations related to earthquakes fromsimultaneous observation at the ground stations and by satellites inKamchatka area.Physics and Chemistry of the Earth,29(4-9):501-506
Wang GC,Zhang ZC,Wang M,Charles A,Cravotta III and Liu CL.2005.Implications of ground water chemistry and flow patterns forearthquake studies.Ground Water,43(4):478-484
Wang WM,Zhao LF,Li J and Yao ZX.2008.Rupture process of the Ms8.0Wenchuan earthquake of Sichuan,China.Chin.J.Geophys.51:1403-1410(in Chinese with English abstract)
Xu X,Wen X,Yu G,Chen G,Klinger Y,Hubbard J and Shaw J.2009.Coseismic reverse-and oblique-slip surface faulting generatedby the2008Mw7.9Wenchuan earthquake,China.Geology,37:515-518
Yang F,Jin MP,Zhao JB et al.2009.Relationship between synchronousanomalies of Hg and medium-strong earthquakes in western Yunnanearthquake prediction study area.Recent Developments in WorldSeismology,(5):14-20(in Chinese with English abstract)
Zhang PZ,Wen XZ,Xu XW et al.2009.Tectonic model of the greatWenchuan earthquake of May12,2008,Sichuan,China.Chin.Sci.Bull.,54:944-953(in Chinese)
Zhao YH,Huang JF and Wang R.1993.SEM study of fracturedevelopment in compressed marble specimen and implications forearthquake precursors.Acta Geophysica Sinica,36(4):453-462(in Chinese with English abstract)
Zheng YF and Chen JF.2000.Stable Isotope Geochemistry.Beijing:Science Press(in Chinese)
Zhu H.2000.The procedure of using earth electric resistivity dada topredict Mianzhu M5.0earthquake on Nov.30,1999.EarthquakeResearch in Sichuan,(3):57-60(in Chinese with Englishabstract)
Zhu H.2003.The characteristics of short-term and impending precursoryanomaly of stress,strain and gravity in Sichuan Region.Journal ofSeismological Research,26(Suppl.):140-148(in Chinese withEnglish abstract)
陈国光,计凤桔,周荣军等.2007.龙门山断裂带晚第四纪活动性分段的初步研究.地震地质,29(3):657-673
陈辉.1996.氢在地球演化过程中的同位素分馏.地质科学,31(3):238-247
陈九辉,刘启元,李顺成等.2009.汶川MS8.0地震余震序列重新定位及其地震构造研究.地球物理学报,52(2):390-397
高玉芬.1991.黄海地震前后的地磁日变化.地震学报,13(1):76-79
胡先明.2007.深井水位能力与地震预报.大地测量与地球动力学,27(Spec):74-78
李圣强,孙青,罗立强,詹秀春.2006.中国大陆科学钻探主孔0～2000米流体地球化学异常与地震的关系.岩石学报,22(7):2095-2102
李勇,周荣军,Densmoreal AL等.2006.青藏高原东缘大陆动力学过程与地质响应.北京:地质出版社,1-148
刘耀炜,任宏微,王博.2009.环境同位素及其示踪技术在地震预测研究中的应用前景.地学前缘,16(2):369-377
邱永平.2006.宁波地震台zk03井水温异常与8级及以上地震的关系.华北地震科学,24(4):17-22
王卫民,赵连锋,李娟,姚振兴.2008.四川汶川8.0级地震震源过程.地球物理学报,51(5):1403-1410
杨芬,金明培,赵家本,李宗兴.2009.滇西实验场水汞同步性异常与中强地震的关系.国际地震动态,(5):14-20
张培震,闻学泽,徐锡伟等.2009.2008年汶川8.0级特大地震孕育和发生的多单元组合模式.科学通报,54:944-953
赵永红,黄杰藩,王仁.1993.破裂带发展的扫描电镜实验研究及其对地震前兆的启示.地球物理学报,36(4):453-462
郑永飞,陈江峰.2000.稳定同位素地球化学.北京:科学出版社
朱航.2000.使用视电阻率预测安县-绵竹间5.0级地震的实践.四川地震,(3):57-60
朱航.2003.四川地区应力应变和重力的地震短临前兆异常特征.地震研究,26(增刊):140-148
Chen GG,Ji FJ,Zhou RJ et al.2007.Primary reserch of activitysegmentation of Longmenshan fault zone since Later-Quaternary.Seismology and Geology,29(3):657-673(in Chinese withEnglish abstract)
Chen H.1996.Hydrogen isotope fractionation in the evolution of theEarth.Scientia Geologica Sinica,31(1):238-247(in Chinesewith English abstract)
Chen JH,Liu QY,Li SC et al.2009.Seismotectonic study by relocationof the Wenchuan Ms8.0earthquake sequence.Chinese Journal ofGeophysics,52,390-397(in Chinese with English abstract)
Chen Z Liu Y,Tang W et al.2000.Global positioning systemmeasurements from eastern Tibet and their implications for India/Eurasia intercontinental deformation.J.Geophys.Res.105:16215-16227
Craig H.1961a.Isotopic variations in meteoric waters.Science,133:1702-1703
Craig H.1961b.Standard for reporting concentrations of deuterium andoxygen-18in natural waters.Science,133:1833-1834
Gao YF.1991.Geomagnetic daily variations around the Huanghaiearthquake.Acta Seismologica Sinica,13(1):76-79(in Chinesewith English abstract)
Hao KX,Si H,Fujiwara H and Ozawa T.2009.Coseismic surface-rupture and crustal deformations of the2008Wenchuan earthquakeMw7.9,China.Geophys.Res.Lett.,36:L11303
Heinicke J and Koch U.2000.Slug flow:A possible explanation forhydrogeochemical earthquake precursors at Bad Brambach,Germany.Pure and Applied Geophysics,157(10):1621-1641
Hoefs J.2009.Stable Isotope Geochemistry.6th Edition.Springer,1-285
Hu XM.2007.Recording earthquake ability of water level of deep welland earthquake prediction.Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics,27(Spec.):74-78(in Chinese with English abstract)
Hubbard J and Shaw JH.2009.Uplist of the Longmen Shan and Tibetanplateau,and the2008Wenchuan(MD7.9)earthquake.Nature,458:194-197
Kinga CY and Igarashib G.2002.Earthquake-related hydrologic andgeochemical changes.International Geophysics,81(1):637-645
Li SQ,Sun Q,Luo LQ et al.2006.Relationship between earthquakesand the gas geochemical anomalies in the0～2000m mud of ChineseContinental Scientific Drilling hole.Acta Petrologica Sinica,22(7):2095-2102(in Chinese with English abstract)
Li Y,Zhou RJ,Densmoreal AL et al.2006.The Eastern Edge ofQinghai-Tibet Plateau and the Geological Continental DynamicsResponse.Beijing:Geological Publishing House,1-148(inChinese)
Liu YW,Ren HW and Wang B.2009.Application prospect ofenvironmental isotopes and tracing techniques for earthquakeprediction.Earth Science Frontiers,16(2):369-377(in Chinesewith English abstract)
Qiu YP.2006.Relation of water temperature anomalies from ZK03Wellin Ningbo Seismostation with over8magnitude earthquakes.NorthChina Earthquake Science,24(4):17-22(in Chinese with Englishabstract)
Shen ZK,Sun J,Zhang P et al.2009.Slip maxima at fault junctions andrupturing of barriers during the2008Wenchuan earthquake.NatureGeoscience,2:718-724
Tronin A,Biagib PF,Molchanovc OA,Khatkevichd YM and GordeevdEI.2004.Temperature variations related to earthquakes fromsimultaneous observation at the ground stations and by satellites inKamchatka area.Physics and Chemistry of the Earth,29(4-9):501-506
Wang GC,Zhang ZC,Wang M,Charles A,Cravotta III and Liu CL.2005.Implications of ground water chemistry and flow patterns forearthquake studies.Ground Water,43(4):478-484
Wang WM,Zhao LF,Li J and Yao ZX.2008.Rupture process of the Ms8.0Wenchuan earthquake of Sichuan,China.Chin.J.Geophys.51:1403-1410(in Chinese with English abstract)
Xu X,Wen X,Yu G,Chen G,Klinger Y,Hubbard J and Shaw J.2009.Coseismic reverse-and oblique-slip surface faulting generatedby the2008Mw7.9Wenchuan earthquake,China.Geology,37:515-518
Yang F,Jin MP,Zhao JB et al.2009.Relationship between synchronousanomalies of Hg and medium-strong earthquakes in western Yunnanearthquake prediction study area.Recent Developments in WorldSeismology,(5):14-20(in Chinese with English abstract)
Zhang PZ,Wen XZ,Xu XW et al.2009.Tectonic model of the greatWenchuan earthquake of May12,2008,Sichuan,China.Chin.Sci.Bull.,54:944-953(in Chinese)
Zhao YH,Huang JF and Wang R.1993.SEM study of fracturedevelopment in compressed marble specimen and implications forearthquake precursors.Acta Geophysica Sinica,36(4):453-462(in Chinese with English abstract)
Zheng YF and Chen JF.2000.Stable Isotope Geochemistry.Beijing:Science Press(in Chinese)
Zhu H.2000.The procedure of using earth electric resistivity dada topredict Mianzhu M5.0earthquake on Nov.30,1999.EarthquakeResearch in Sichuan,(3):57-60(in Chinese with Englishabstract)
Zhu H.2003.The characteristics of short-term and impending precursoryanomaly of stress,strain and gravity in Sichuan Region.Journal ofSeismological Research,26(Suppl.):140-148(in Chinese withEnglish abstract)
陈国光,计凤桔,周荣军等.2007.龙门山断裂带晚第四纪活动性分段的初步研究.地震地质,29(3):657-673
陈辉.1996.氢在地球演化过程中的同位素分馏.地质科学,31(3):238-247
陈九辉,刘启元,李顺成等.2009.汶川MS8.0地震余震序列重新定位及其地震构造研究.地球物理学报,52(2):390-397
高玉芬.1991.黄海地震前后的地磁日变化.地震学报,13(1):76-79
胡先明.2007.深井水位能力与地震预报.大地测量与地球动力学,27(Spec):74-78
李圣强,孙青,罗立强,詹秀春.2006.中国大陆科学钻探主孔0～2000米流体地球化学异常与地震的关系.岩石学报,22(7):2095-2102
李勇,周荣军,Densmoreal AL等.2006.青藏高原东缘大陆动力学过程与地质响应.北京:地质出版社,1-148
刘耀炜,任宏微,王博.2009.环境同位素及其示踪技术在地震预测研究中的应用前景.地学前缘,16(2):369-377
邱永平.2006.宁波地震台zk03井水温异常与8级及以上地震的关系.华北地震科学,24(4):17-22
王卫民,赵连锋,李娟,姚振兴.2008.四川汶川8.0级地震震源过程.地球物理学报,51(5):1403-1410
杨芬,金明培,赵家本,李宗兴.2009.滇西实验场水汞同步性异常与中强地震的关系.国际地震动态,(5):14-20
张培震,闻学泽,徐锡伟等.2009.2008年汶川8.0级特大地震孕育和发生的多单元组合模式.科学通报,54:944-953
赵永红,黄杰藩,王仁.1993.破裂带发展的扫描电镜实验研究及其对地震前兆的启示.地球物理学报,36(4):453-462
郑永飞,陈江峰.2000.稳定同位素地球化学.北京:科学出版社
朱航.2000.使用视电阻率预测安县-绵竹间5.0级地震的实践.四川地震,(3):57-60
朱航.2003.四川地区应力应变和重力的地震短临前兆异常特征.地震研究,26(增刊):140-148
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