基于沉积压实模型的压力演化特征数值模拟——以1148井为例
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摘要
压力是天然气水合物资源量评价的重要参数.常规基于速度分析的压力预测方法过多依赖于经验公式,精度较低、地质意义不明确,难以满足资源量评价的需求.为了获取更可靠的含水合物沉积层压力分布及演化特征信息,本研究采用基于地质模型的流体压力模拟方法对区域压力场进行研究.基于沉积压实模型的流体压力模拟方法由于将地质信息与地震数据有机结合起来,因而不但能够获取现今压力场的状态,而且能够对压力场的演化特征进行分析.通过结合南海1148站位资料,模拟得到了研究区浅层的孔隙度、超压及流体压力数据,通过与实际数据对比,进行误差分析,获取的模拟数据与实际数据误差较小,验证了该方法的准确性和有效性.模拟结果表明,沉积速率和渗透系数对模拟结果影响较大,沉积速率增加,孔隙度增加,超压增加,有效应力减小,渗透系数增加,孔隙度降低,超压降低,有效应力增加,计算误差很可能是二者共同引起的.该方法可以为现有的水合物资源评价技术体系提供有力支撑.
Considering that gas hydrate formation is an extremely complex dynamic,the conventional resources evaluation model of volumetric method has been difficult to meet the needs of hydrate exploration.Pressure is one of the most important parameters for natural gas hydrate resource evaluation,which will help us getting the stress evolution characteristics in the hydrate accumulation area.Previous pressure prediction methods mostly rely on the empirical formula using the velocity information.The estimates had lower forecast precision and ambiguous geological meaning of parameters,which were unsuitable to reservoir predict.Forward modeling of compaction-driven pressure evolution can not only analyze the current tectonic stress field,but model the geologic evolution process with the organic combination of geological and geophysical study.Combining the seismic data and logging from ODP1148 site,a mathematical model based on compaction theory is established and the relationship between the velocity and porosity,density and effective stress is build.By compared with the real data,the errors are analyzed and compared.Simulating results show that the sedimentation rate and the permeability coefficient have great influence on pressure field.Adding sedimentation rate will get larger porosity,more overpressure and major fluid pressure,moreover,increasing permeability coefficient will get smaller porosity,lesser overpressure and minor fluid pressure.The errors between model data and real data are small.The errors may be caused by both parameters.Our study show that the forward modeling method of compaction-driven pressure evolution can be a component of hydrate resource evaluation technology system.
Considering that gas hydrate formation is an extremely complex dynamic,the conventional resources evaluation model of volumetric method has been difficult to meet the needs of hydrate exploration.Pressure is one of the most important parameters for natural gas hydrate resource evaluation,which will help us getting the stress evolution characteristics in the hydrate accumulation area.Previous pressure prediction methods mostly rely on the empirical formula using the velocity information.The estimates had lower forecast precision and ambiguous geological meaning of parameters,which were unsuitable to reservoir predict.Forward modeling of compaction-driven pressure evolution can not only analyze the current tectonic stress field,but model the geologic evolution process with the organic combination of geological and geophysical study.Combining the seismic data and logging from ODP1148 site,a mathematical model based on compaction theory is established and the relationship between the velocity and porosity,density and effective stress is build.By compared with the real data,the errors are analyzed and compared.Simulating results show that the sedimentation rate and the permeability coefficient have great influence on pressure field.Adding sedimentation rate will get larger porosity,more overpressure and major fluid pressure,moreover,increasing permeability coefficient will get smaller porosity,lesser overpressure and minor fluid pressure.The errors between model data and real data are small.The errors may be caused by both parameters.Our study show that the forward modeling method of compaction-driven pressure evolution can be a component of hydrate resource evaluation technology system.
引文
Audet D M,Fowler A C.1992.A mathematical model for compaction in sedimentary basins[J].Geophysical Journal International,110(3);577-590.
Bellotti B,Giacca D.1978.Seismic data can detect overpressures in deep drilling[J].Oil&Gas Journal,76(34):47-52.
Bethke C M,Corbet T F.1988.Linear and nonlinear solutions for one-dimensional compaction flow in sedimentary basins[J].Water Resources Research,24(3):461-467.
Bredehoeft J D,Hanshaw B B.1968.On the maintenance of anomalous fluid pressures:I.Thick sedimentary sequences[J].Geological Society of America Bulletin,79(9):1097-1106.
Cao Y C,Chen D F.2014.Modeling calculation of top occurrence of marine gas hydrates[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics(in Chinese),57(2):618-627,doi:10.6038/cjg20140225.
Chen Z X,Ewing R E,Lu H,et al.2002.Integrated twodimensional modeling of fluid flow and compaction in a sedimentary basin[J].Computational Geosciences,6(3-4):545-564.
Dugan B,Flemings P B.2000.Overpressure and fluid flow in the New Jersey continental slope:implications for slope failure and cold seeps[J].Science,289(5477):288-291.
Fowler A C,Yang X S.1998.Fast and slow compaction in sedimentary basins[J].Journal on Applied Mathematics,59(1):365-385.
Gardner G H F,Gardner L W,Gregory A R.1974.Formation velocity and density;the diagnostic basics for stratigraphic traps[J].Geophysics,39(6):770-780.
Gordon D S,Flemings P B.1998.Generation of overpressure and compaction-driven fluid flow in a Plio-Pleistocene growth-faulted basin,Eugene Island 330,offshore Louisiana[J].Basin Research,10(2):177-196.
Harrison W J,Summa L L.1991.Paleohydrology of the Gulf of Mexico Basin[J].American Journal of Science,291(2):109-176.
He L J,Lei X L,Zhang Y.2011.Numerical modeling of gas hydrate accumulation in the marine sediments of Shenhu Area,Northern South China Sea[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics(in Chinese),54(5):1285-1292,doi:10.3969/j.issn.0001-5733.2011.05.017.
Hu G W,Li C F,Ye Y G,et al.2014.Observation of gas hydrate distribution in sediment pore space[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics(in Chinese),57(5):1675-1682,doi:10.6038/cjg20140530.
Liu F,Tun S G,Sun Y B.2010.A quantitative analysis for submarine slope instability of the northern South China Sea due to gas hydrate dissociation[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics(in Chinese),53(4):946-953,doi:10.3969/j.issn.0001-5733.2010.04.019.
Lu Z Q,He J X,Jin C S,et al.2013.A study of modeling the effects of gas sources on gas hydrate formation in the northern slope of South China Sea[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics(in Chinese),56(1):188-194,doi:10.6038/cjg20130119.
Luo X R,Vasseur G.1992.Contributions of compaction and aquathermal pressuring to geopressure and the influence of environmental conditions[J].AAPG Bulletin,76(10):1550-1559.
Mallick S,Dutta N C.2002.Shallow water flow prediction using prestack waveform inversion of conventional 3D seismic data and rock modeling[J].The Leading Edge,21(7):675-680.
Ning F L,Zhang K N,Wu N Y,et al.2013.Invasion of waterbased drilling mud into oceanic gas-hydrate-bearing sediment:One-dimensional numerical simulations[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics(in Chinese),56(1):204-218,doi:10.6038/cjg20130121.
Palciauskas V V,Domenico P A.1989.Fluid pressures in deforming porous rocks[J].Water Resources Research,25(2):203-213.
Paull C K,Matsumoto R,Wallace P J,et al.2000.Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program,Scientific Results of Volume 164:College Station,TX(Ocean Drilling Program),179-191.
Shao L,Li X H,Wang P X,et al.2004.Sedimentary record of the tectonic evolution of the South China Sea since the oligoceneevidence from deep sea sediments of ODP Site 1148[J].Advance in Earth Sciences(in Chinese),19(4):539-544.
Song H B,Geng J H,Wang H K,et al.2001.A preliminary study of gas hydrates in Dongsha region North of South China sea[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics(in Chinese),44(5);687-695.
Su Z,Cao Y C,Yang R,et al.2012.Analytical research on evolution of methane hydrate deposits at Shenhu Area,northern South China Sea[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics(in Chinese),55(5):1764-1774,doi:10.6038/j.issn.0001-5733.2012.05.034.
Su Z,Cao Y C,Yang R,et al.2014.Research on the formation model of gas hydrate deposits in the Shenhu Area,northern South China Sea[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics(in Chinese),57(5);1664-1674,doi:10.6038/cjg20140529.
Sun Q L,Wu S G,Chen D X,et al.2014.Focused fluid flow systems and their implications for hydrocarbon and gas hydrate accumulations in the deep-water basins of the northern South China Sea[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics(in Chinese),57(12):4052-4062,doi:10.6038/cjg20141217.
Wang X J,Hutchinson D R,Wu S G,et al.2011.Elevated gas hydrate saturation within silt and silty clay sediments in the Shenhu area,South China Sea[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth(1978-2012),116(B5):1-18.
Wang X J,Wu S G,Wang J L,et al.2013.Anomalous wireline logging data caused by gas hydrate dissociation in the Shenhu area,northern slope of South China Sea[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics(in Chinese),56(8):2799-2807,doi:10.6038/cjg20130828.
Wu S G,Qin Z L,Wang D W,et al.2011.Seismic characteristics and triggering mechanism analysis of mass transport deposits in the northern continental slope of the South China Sea[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics(in Chinese),54(12):3184-3195,doi:10.3969/j.issn.0001-5733.2011.12.018.
Xu H N,Zhang GX,Zheng XD,et al.2014.Integrated analysis of well logs and seismic data to deduce the possible distribution in depth of gas hydrate in Shenhu Area,South China Sea[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics(in Chinese),57(10):3363-3372,doi:10.6038/cjg20141023.
Xu X,Li Y M,LuO X H,et al.2012.Comparison of different-type heat flows at typical sites in natural gas hydrate exploration area on the northern slope of the South China Sea[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics(in Chinese),55(3):998-1006,doi:10.6038/j.issn.0001-5733.2012.03.030.
Xue G,Guang L P,Wang L S,et al.2004.The technology for detection of overpressured zones in formations:an example from the tongnanba fold-belt,Sichuan basin,China[J].Progress in Geophysics(in Chinese),19(3):645-651.
Zhang C,Mao Z Q,Kuang L C et al.2011.SP log response mechanism in undercompaction and overpressure formation[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics(in Chinese),54(8):2177-2183,doi:10.3969/j.issn.0001-5733.2011.08.026.
Zhang G X,Xu H N,Liu X W,et al.2014.The acoustic velocity characteristics of sediment with gas hydrate revealed by integrated exploration of 3D seismic and OBS data in Shenhu area[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics(in Chinese),57(4):1169-1176,doi:10.6038/cjg20140414.
曹运诚,陈多福.2014.海洋天然气水合物发育顶界的模拟计算[J].地球物理学报,57(2):618-627,doi:10.6038/qg20140225.
何丽娟,雷兴林,张毅.2011.南海北部神狐海域天然气水合物形成聚集的数值模拟研究[J].地球物理学报,54(5):1285-1292,doi:10.3969/j.issn.0001-5733.2011.05.017.
胡高伟,李承峰,业渝光,等.2014.沉积物孔隙空间天然气水合物微观分布观测[J].地球物理学报,57(5):1675-1682,doi:10.6038/cjg20140530.
刘锋,吴时国,孙运宝.2010.南海北部陆坡水合物分解引起海底不稳定性的定量分析[J].地球物理学报,53(4):946-953,doi:10.3969/j.issn.0001-5733.2010.04.019.
卢振权,何家雄,金春爽,等.2013.南海北部陆坡气源条件对水合物成藏影响的模拟研究[J].地球物理学报,56(1):188-194,doi:10.6038/qg20130119.
宁伏龙,张可霓,吴能友,等.2013.钻井液侵入海洋含水合物地层的一维数值模拟研究[J].地球物理学报,56(1):204-218,doi:10.6038/cjg20130121.
邵磊,李鲜华,汪品先,等.2004.南海渐新世以来构造演化的沉积记录-ODP1148站深海沉积物中的证据[J].地球科学进展,19(4):539-544.
宋海斌,耿建华,Wang H K,等.2001.南海北部东沙海域天然气水合物的初步研究[J].地球物理学报,44(5):687-695.
苏正,曹运诚,杨睿,等.2012.南海北部神狐海域天然气水合物成藏演化分析研究[J].地球物理学报,55(5):1764-1774,doi:10.6038/j.issn.0001-5733.2012.05.034.
苏正,曹运诚,杨睿。等.2014.南海北部神狐海域天然气水合物成藏模式研究[J].地球物理学报,57(5):1664-1674,doi:10.6038/cjg20140529.
孙启良,吴时国,陈端新,等.2014.南海北部深水盆地流体活动系统及其成藏意义[J].地球物理学报,57(12):4052-4062,doi:10.6038/cjg20141217.
王秀娟,吴时国,王吉亮,等.2013.南海北部神狐海域天然气水合物分解的测井异常[J].地球物理学报,56(8):2799-2807,doi:10.6038/cjg20130828.
吴时国,秦志亮,王大伟,等.2011.南海北部陆坡块体搬运沉积体系的地震响应与成因机制[J].地球物理学报,54(12):3184-3195,doi:10.3969/j.issn.0001-5733.2011.12.018.
徐华宁,张光学,郑晓东,等.2014.井震联合分析预测神狐海域天然气水合物可能的垂向分布[J].地球物理学报,57(i0):3363-3372,doi:10.6038/4g20141023.
徐行,李亚敏,罗贤虎,等.2012.南海北部陆坡水合物勘探区典型站位不同类型热流对比[J].地球物理学报,55(3):998-1006,doi:10.6038/j.issn.0001-5733.2012.03.030.
薛冈,管路平,王良书,等.2004.盆地超压地层识别方法-以四川盆地通南巴构造带为例[J].地球物理学进展,19(3):645-651.
张冲,毛志强,匡立春,等.2011.欠压实超压层自然电位测井响应机理研究[J].地球物理学报,54(8):2177-2183,doi:10.3969/j.issn.0001-5733.2011.08.026.
张光学,徐华宁,刘学伟,等.2014.三维地震与OBS联合勘探揭示的神狐海域含水合物地层声波速度特征[J].地球物理学报,57(4):1169-1176,doi:10.6038/cjg20140414.
Bellotti B,Giacca D.1978.Seismic data can detect overpressures in deep drilling[J].Oil&Gas Journal,76(34):47-52.
Bethke C M,Corbet T F.1988.Linear and nonlinear solutions for one-dimensional compaction flow in sedimentary basins[J].Water Resources Research,24(3):461-467.
Bredehoeft J D,Hanshaw B B.1968.On the maintenance of anomalous fluid pressures:I.Thick sedimentary sequences[J].Geological Society of America Bulletin,79(9):1097-1106.
Cao Y C,Chen D F.2014.Modeling calculation of top occurrence of marine gas hydrates[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics(in Chinese),57(2):618-627,doi:10.6038/cjg20140225.
Chen Z X,Ewing R E,Lu H,et al.2002.Integrated twodimensional modeling of fluid flow and compaction in a sedimentary basin[J].Computational Geosciences,6(3-4):545-564.
Dugan B,Flemings P B.2000.Overpressure and fluid flow in the New Jersey continental slope:implications for slope failure and cold seeps[J].Science,289(5477):288-291.
Fowler A C,Yang X S.1998.Fast and slow compaction in sedimentary basins[J].Journal on Applied Mathematics,59(1):365-385.
Gardner G H F,Gardner L W,Gregory A R.1974.Formation velocity and density;the diagnostic basics for stratigraphic traps[J].Geophysics,39(6):770-780.
Gordon D S,Flemings P B.1998.Generation of overpressure and compaction-driven fluid flow in a Plio-Pleistocene growth-faulted basin,Eugene Island 330,offshore Louisiana[J].Basin Research,10(2):177-196.
Harrison W J,Summa L L.1991.Paleohydrology of the Gulf of Mexico Basin[J].American Journal of Science,291(2):109-176.
He L J,Lei X L,Zhang Y.2011.Numerical modeling of gas hydrate accumulation in the marine sediments of Shenhu Area,Northern South China Sea[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics(in Chinese),54(5):1285-1292,doi:10.3969/j.issn.0001-5733.2011.05.017.
Hu G W,Li C F,Ye Y G,et al.2014.Observation of gas hydrate distribution in sediment pore space[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics(in Chinese),57(5):1675-1682,doi:10.6038/cjg20140530.
Liu F,Tun S G,Sun Y B.2010.A quantitative analysis for submarine slope instability of the northern South China Sea due to gas hydrate dissociation[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics(in Chinese),53(4):946-953,doi:10.3969/j.issn.0001-5733.2010.04.019.
Lu Z Q,He J X,Jin C S,et al.2013.A study of modeling the effects of gas sources on gas hydrate formation in the northern slope of South China Sea[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics(in Chinese),56(1):188-194,doi:10.6038/cjg20130119.
Luo X R,Vasseur G.1992.Contributions of compaction and aquathermal pressuring to geopressure and the influence of environmental conditions[J].AAPG Bulletin,76(10):1550-1559.
Mallick S,Dutta N C.2002.Shallow water flow prediction using prestack waveform inversion of conventional 3D seismic data and rock modeling[J].The Leading Edge,21(7):675-680.
Ning F L,Zhang K N,Wu N Y,et al.2013.Invasion of waterbased drilling mud into oceanic gas-hydrate-bearing sediment:One-dimensional numerical simulations[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics(in Chinese),56(1):204-218,doi:10.6038/cjg20130121.
Palciauskas V V,Domenico P A.1989.Fluid pressures in deforming porous rocks[J].Water Resources Research,25(2):203-213.
Paull C K,Matsumoto R,Wallace P J,et al.2000.Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program,Scientific Results of Volume 164:College Station,TX(Ocean Drilling Program),179-191.
Shao L,Li X H,Wang P X,et al.2004.Sedimentary record of the tectonic evolution of the South China Sea since the oligoceneevidence from deep sea sediments of ODP Site 1148[J].Advance in Earth Sciences(in Chinese),19(4):539-544.
Song H B,Geng J H,Wang H K,et al.2001.A preliminary study of gas hydrates in Dongsha region North of South China sea[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics(in Chinese),44(5);687-695.
Su Z,Cao Y C,Yang R,et al.2012.Analytical research on evolution of methane hydrate deposits at Shenhu Area,northern South China Sea[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics(in Chinese),55(5):1764-1774,doi:10.6038/j.issn.0001-5733.2012.05.034.
Su Z,Cao Y C,Yang R,et al.2014.Research on the formation model of gas hydrate deposits in the Shenhu Area,northern South China Sea[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics(in Chinese),57(5);1664-1674,doi:10.6038/cjg20140529.
Sun Q L,Wu S G,Chen D X,et al.2014.Focused fluid flow systems and their implications for hydrocarbon and gas hydrate accumulations in the deep-water basins of the northern South China Sea[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics(in Chinese),57(12):4052-4062,doi:10.6038/cjg20141217.
Wang X J,Hutchinson D R,Wu S G,et al.2011.Elevated gas hydrate saturation within silt and silty clay sediments in the Shenhu area,South China Sea[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth(1978-2012),116(B5):1-18.
Wang X J,Wu S G,Wang J L,et al.2013.Anomalous wireline logging data caused by gas hydrate dissociation in the Shenhu area,northern slope of South China Sea[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics(in Chinese),56(8):2799-2807,doi:10.6038/cjg20130828.
Wu S G,Qin Z L,Wang D W,et al.2011.Seismic characteristics and triggering mechanism analysis of mass transport deposits in the northern continental slope of the South China Sea[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics(in Chinese),54(12):3184-3195,doi:10.3969/j.issn.0001-5733.2011.12.018.
Xu H N,Zhang GX,Zheng XD,et al.2014.Integrated analysis of well logs and seismic data to deduce the possible distribution in depth of gas hydrate in Shenhu Area,South China Sea[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics(in Chinese),57(10):3363-3372,doi:10.6038/cjg20141023.
Xu X,Li Y M,LuO X H,et al.2012.Comparison of different-type heat flows at typical sites in natural gas hydrate exploration area on the northern slope of the South China Sea[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics(in Chinese),55(3):998-1006,doi:10.6038/j.issn.0001-5733.2012.03.030.
Xue G,Guang L P,Wang L S,et al.2004.The technology for detection of overpressured zones in formations:an example from the tongnanba fold-belt,Sichuan basin,China[J].Progress in Geophysics(in Chinese),19(3):645-651.
Zhang C,Mao Z Q,Kuang L C et al.2011.SP log response mechanism in undercompaction and overpressure formation[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics(in Chinese),54(8):2177-2183,doi:10.3969/j.issn.0001-5733.2011.08.026.
Zhang G X,Xu H N,Liu X W,et al.2014.The acoustic velocity characteristics of sediment with gas hydrate revealed by integrated exploration of 3D seismic and OBS data in Shenhu area[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics(in Chinese),57(4):1169-1176,doi:10.6038/cjg20140414.
曹运诚,陈多福.2014.海洋天然气水合物发育顶界的模拟计算[J].地球物理学报,57(2):618-627,doi:10.6038/qg20140225.
何丽娟,雷兴林,张毅.2011.南海北部神狐海域天然气水合物形成聚集的数值模拟研究[J].地球物理学报,54(5):1285-1292,doi:10.3969/j.issn.0001-5733.2011.05.017.
胡高伟,李承峰,业渝光,等.2014.沉积物孔隙空间天然气水合物微观分布观测[J].地球物理学报,57(5):1675-1682,doi:10.6038/cjg20140530.
刘锋,吴时国,孙运宝.2010.南海北部陆坡水合物分解引起海底不稳定性的定量分析[J].地球物理学报,53(4):946-953,doi:10.3969/j.issn.0001-5733.2010.04.019.
卢振权,何家雄,金春爽,等.2013.南海北部陆坡气源条件对水合物成藏影响的模拟研究[J].地球物理学报,56(1):188-194,doi:10.6038/qg20130119.
宁伏龙,张可霓,吴能友,等.2013.钻井液侵入海洋含水合物地层的一维数值模拟研究[J].地球物理学报,56(1):204-218,doi:10.6038/cjg20130121.
邵磊,李鲜华,汪品先,等.2004.南海渐新世以来构造演化的沉积记录-ODP1148站深海沉积物中的证据[J].地球科学进展,19(4):539-544.
宋海斌,耿建华,Wang H K,等.2001.南海北部东沙海域天然气水合物的初步研究[J].地球物理学报,44(5):687-695.
苏正,曹运诚,杨睿,等.2012.南海北部神狐海域天然气水合物成藏演化分析研究[J].地球物理学报,55(5):1764-1774,doi:10.6038/j.issn.0001-5733.2012.05.034.
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