汶川M_s 8.0级地震地表破裂带近断层水平缩短量研究
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摘要
2008年5月12日四川汶川发生Ms8.0特大地震后,地表同震位移量已有了大量的详细调查和研究,然而对于近断层同震水平缩短量的研究却相对较少。笔者在中央断裂、前山断裂以及北西向分支断裂上选择合适地点进行大量探槽开挖,获得了近断层同震水平缩短量的分布情况为:中央断裂清平镇(2.8 m)、擂鼓镇(3.2 m)、平通镇(1.3 m),前山断裂白鹿镇(2.5 m)、九龙镇(1.4 m)、汉旺镇(0.6 m)。文中进一步在中央断裂和小鱼洞分支断裂地表破裂带上开挖数个探槽研究其近断层水平缩短量的问题,得到结果如下:龙门山中央断裂带映秀镇、擂鼓镇、平通镇探槽近断层水平缩短量分别约为(2.6±0.1)m、(2.6±0.2)m、(1.8±0.1)m;小鱼洞分支断层近断层水平缩短量约为(2±0.1)m。汶川5.12地震中央断裂地表破裂近断层较大水平缩短量出现在深溪沟和擂鼓一带,分别约为3.4 m、3.2 m;前山断裂地表破裂带近断层水平缩短量最大值出现在白鹿一带,约为2.5 m,白鹿以北,近断层水平缩短量逐渐减小。中央断裂和前山断裂联合破裂段水平缩短量值之和大于中央断裂带其两侧段落,最大水平缩短量总和可能约为5.3 m,地表破裂带近断层水平缩短量为整个地壳缩短量的主体部分。
On May 12,2008,a great earthquake of Ms 8.0 occurred in Wenchuan County,Sichuan Province.After this devastating earthquake,many scientists have done detailed field work on the surface rupture zone,especially aiming at the co-seismic displacement.However,the near-fault horizontal shortening amount of Wenchuan Ms 8.0 earthquake,a crucial parameter of co-seismic displacement of reverse fault,is relatively less studied.We concluded near-fault horizontal shortening from trenching at some locations along the Beichuan-Yingxiu Fault and Guanxian-Jiangyou Fault as: 2.8 m(Qingping),3.2 m(Leigu),1.3 m(Pingtong),2.5 m(Bailu),1.4 m(Jiulong) and 0.6 m(Hanwang).Based on these studies,we further excavated more trenches along the surface rupture to calculate horizontal shortening.Horizontal shortening from trenches on the Beichuan-Yingxiu Fault and Xiaoyudong Branch Fault are as: 2.6±0.1 m(Yingxiu),2.6±0.2 m(Leigu),1.8±0.1 m(Pingtong),2±0.1 m(Xiaoyudong).There are two horizontal shortening peaks in Shenxigou and Leigu along the Beichuan-Yingxiu Fault,3.4 m and 3.2 m,respectively.Horizontal shortening along the Guanxian-Jiangyou Fault ranges from 2.5 m to 0.6 m,with the highest value toward the southwest.Sums of horizontal shortening on the co-rupture segment along the Guanxian-Jiangyou Fault and Beichuan-Yingxiu Fault are larger than other parts.According to this study,maximum near-fault horizontal shortening across the surface rupture of the Wenchuan earthquake is about 5.3 m or slightly larger,which means the shortening near the surface rupture is the main part of the crustal shortening.
On May 12,2008,a great earthquake of Ms 8.0 occurred in Wenchuan County,Sichuan Province.After this devastating earthquake,many scientists have done detailed field work on the surface rupture zone,especially aiming at the co-seismic displacement.However,the near-fault horizontal shortening amount of Wenchuan Ms 8.0 earthquake,a crucial parameter of co-seismic displacement of reverse fault,is relatively less studied.We concluded near-fault horizontal shortening from trenching at some locations along the Beichuan-Yingxiu Fault and Guanxian-Jiangyou Fault as: 2.8 m(Qingping),3.2 m(Leigu),1.3 m(Pingtong),2.5 m(Bailu),1.4 m(Jiulong) and 0.6 m(Hanwang).Based on these studies,we further excavated more trenches along the surface rupture to calculate horizontal shortening.Horizontal shortening from trenches on the Beichuan-Yingxiu Fault and Xiaoyudong Branch Fault are as: 2.6±0.1 m(Yingxiu),2.6±0.2 m(Leigu),1.8±0.1 m(Pingtong),2±0.1 m(Xiaoyudong).There are two horizontal shortening peaks in Shenxigou and Leigu along the Beichuan-Yingxiu Fault,3.4 m and 3.2 m,respectively.Horizontal shortening along the Guanxian-Jiangyou Fault ranges from 2.5 m to 0.6 m,with the highest value toward the southwest.Sums of horizontal shortening on the co-rupture segment along the Guanxian-Jiangyou Fault and Beichuan-Yingxiu Fault are larger than other parts.According to this study,maximum near-fault horizontal shortening across the surface rupture of the Wenchuan earthquake is about 5.3 m or slightly larger,which means the shortening near the surface rupture is the main part of the crustal shortening.
引文
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[11]石峰,何宏林,魏占玉.汶川地震破裂带白沙河段同震水平缩短量的估算[J].第四纪研究,2009,29(3):546-553.
[12]王虎,冉勇康,陈立春,等.地表破裂型逆断层地表缩短量计算方法探讨:以汶川Ms8.0地震地表变形为例[J].地震地质,2008,30(4):1033-1045.
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[2]Kere R A.Whole lotta shakin in Alaska,as predicted[J].Science,2002,298:1316.
[3]Zhang P Z.Coseismic displacements of the 2008 Wenchuan,Sichuan,China earthquake obtained from Global PositioningSystem[J].Sciencein China:Series D,2008,38(10):1195-1206(in Chinese).
[4]Xu X W,Wen X Z,Ye J Q,et al.TheMs8.0 Wenchuanearthquake surface ruptures andits seismogenic structure[J].Seismology and Geology,2008,30(3):597-629(in Chinese).
[5]Xu X W,Wen X Z,Yu G H,et al.Coseismic reverse-andoblique-slip surface faulting generated by the 2008Mw7.9Wenchuan earthquake,China[J].Geology,2009,37(6):515-518.
[6]Ran Y K,Chen L C,Chen G H,et al.Pri mary analyses ofin-situ recurrence of large earthquake along seismogenic faultof theMs8.0 Wenchuan earthquake[J].Seismology and Ge-ology,2008,30(3):630-643(in Chinese).
[7]Ran Y K,Shi X,Wang H,et al.The maxi mum coseismicvertical surface displacement and surface deformation patternaccompanying theMs8.0 Wenchuan earthquake[J].ChineseScience Bulletin,2010,55(2):154-162(in Chinese).
[8]Chen G H,Xu X W,Zheng R Z,et al.Quantitative analysisof the co-seismic surface rupture of the 2008 Wenchuan earth-quake,Sichuan,China:Along the Beichuan-Yingxiu Fault[J].Seismology and Geology,2008,30(3):723-738(in Chi-nese).
[9]Chen G H,Li F,Zheng R Z,et al.Several issues in thequantitative analysis of co-seismic surface rupture producedby reversal faults:A case study from the 2008 Wenchuanearthquake[J].Seismology and Geology,2008,30(3):674-682(in Chinese).
[10]Li T,Chen J,Huang MD,et al.Methods to calculating slipvectors of reverse-fault earthquake surface rupture:A casestudy in Wenchuan earthquake[J].Quaternary Sciences,2009,29(3):525-534(in Chinese).
[11]Shi F,He H L,Wei Z Y.Co-seismic horizontal shorteningon Baishahe segment of Wenchuan earthquake rupture zone[J].Quaternary Sciences,2009,29(3):546-553(in Chi-nese).
[12]Wang H,Ran Y K,Chen L C,et al.The discussion on thecalculation method of surface shortening amount due to re-verse-faulting surface rupture:With the example of surfacedeformation of theMs8.0 Wenchuan earthquake[J].Seis-mology and Geology,2008,30(4):1033-1045(in Chinese).
[13]Li HB,Fu X F,van der Woerd J,et al.Co-seismic surfacerupture and dextral-slip oblique thrusting of theMs8.0 Wen-chuan earthquake[J].Acta Geologica Sinica,2008,82(12):1623-1643(in Chinese).
[14]Liu J,Zhang Z H,Wen L,et al.TheMs8.0 Wenchuanearthquake co-seismic rupture and its tectonic i mplications:An out-of-sequence thrusting event with slip partitioned onmultiple faults[J].Acta Geologica Sinica,2008,82(12):1707-1722(in Chinese).
[15]He H L,Sun Z M,Wang S Y,et al.Rupture of theMs8.0Wenchuan earthquake[J].Seismology and Geology,2008,30(2):359-362(in Chinese).
[16]He H L,Sun Z M,Wei Z Y,et al.Rupture of theMs8.0Wenchuan earthquake along Baishahe River[J].Seismologyand Geology,2008,30(3):658-673(in Chinese).
[17]Li C Y,Ye J Q,Xie F R,et al.Characteristics of the surfacerupture zone of theMs8.0 Wenchuan earthquake,China a-long the segment north to Beichuan[J].Seismology and Ge-ology,2008,30(3):683-696(in Chinese).
[18]Li C Y,Wei Z Y,Ye J Q,et al.Amounts and styles of co-seismic deformation along the northern segment of surfacerupture,of the 2008 WenchuanMw7.9 earthquake,China[J].Tectonophysics,2010,doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2009.09.023.
[19]Chen L C,Chen J,Liu J F,et al.Investigation of Late Qua-ternary activity along the northern range-front fault,Long-menshan[J].Seismology and Geology,2008,30(3):710-722(in Chinese).
[20]Yang X P,Feng XJ,Ge T Y,et al.Geological and geomor-phic evidence for the Quaternary activity on the northeastsegment of Longmenshan fault zone[J].Seismology and Ge-ology,2008,30(3):644-657(in Chinese).
[21]Wang H,Ran Y K,Chen L C,et al.Determination of hori-zontal shortening and amount of reverse-faulting fromtrenc-hing across the surface rupture of the 2008Mw7.9 Wenchuanearthquake,China[J].Tectonophysics,2010,doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2010.03.019.
[22]Lin A M,Ren Z K,Jia D,et al.Co-seismic thrusting rup-ture and slip distribution produced by the 2008Mw7.9 Wen-chuan earthquake,China[J].Tectonophysics,2009,471(3/4):203-215.
[23]Ran Y K,Chen L C,Chen J,et al.Paleoseismic evidenceand repeat ti me of large earthquakes at three sites along theLongmenshan fault zone[J].Tectonophysics,2010,doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2010.01.009.
[24]Chen L C,Ran Y K,Wang H,et al.Paleoearthquakes andslip rate of the Xiaoyudongfault in Longmenshan,China[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,(submitted)(in Chinese).
[25]Chen G H,Xu X W,Yu G H,et al.Co-seismic slip and slippartitioning of multi-faults duringtheMs8.0 2008 Wenchuanearthquake[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2009,52(5):1384-1394(in Chinese).
[26]Liu Z J,Zhang Z H,Wen L,et al.Co-seismic ruptures ofthe 12 May 2008,Ms8.0 Wenchuan earthquake,Sichuan:East-west crustal shortening on oblique,parallel thrusts a-long the eastern edge of Tibet[J].Earth and Planetary Sci-ence Letters,2009,286(3/4):355-370.
[27]Chen Y G,Lai K Y,Lee Y S,et al.Coseismic fold scarpsand their kinematic behavior in the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquakeTai wan[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,2007,112:B03S02,doi:10.1029/2006JB004388.
[28]Lee Y H,Hsieh ML,Lu D S,et al.Slip vectors of the sur-face rupture of the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake,western Tai wan[J].Journal of Structural Geology,2003,25:1917-1931.
[29]Yu B S,Kuo C L,Hsu J Y,et al.Preseismic deformationand coseismic displacement associated withthe Chi-Chi earth-quake,Tai wan[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society ofAmerica,2001,91(5):995-1012.
[3]张培震.GPS测定的2008年汶川Ms8.0级地震的同震位移场[J].中国科学:D辑,2008,38(10):1195-1206.
[4]俆锡伟,闻学泽,叶建青,等.汶川Ms8.0地震地表破裂带及其发震构造[J].地震地质,2008,30(3):597-629.
[6]冉勇康,陈立春,陈桂华,等.汶川Ms8.0地震发震断裂大地震原地重复现象初析[J].地震地质,2008,30(3):630-643.
[7]冉勇康,史翔,王虎,等.汶川M8.0地震最大地表同震垂直位移量及其地表变形样式[J].科学通报,2010,55(2):154-162.
[8]陈桂华,俆锡伟,郑荣章,等.2008年汶川Ms8.0地震地表破裂变形定量分析:北川—映秀断裂地表破裂带[J].地震地质,2008,30(3):723-738.
[9]陈桂华,李峰,郑荣章,等.逆冲型断裂同震地表变形定量分析的几个问题:以汶川Ms8.0地震为例[J].地震地质,2008,30(3):674-682.
[10]李涛,陈杰,黄明达,等.逆断层型地震地表破裂带滑动矢量计算方法探讨:以汶川地震为例[J].第四纪研究,2009,29(3):525-534.
[11]石峰,何宏林,魏占玉.汶川地震破裂带白沙河段同震水平缩短量的估算[J].第四纪研究,2009,29(3):546-553.
[12]王虎,冉勇康,陈立春,等.地表破裂型逆断层地表缩短量计算方法探讨:以汶川Ms8.0地震地表变形为例[J].地震地质,2008,30(4):1033-1045.
[13]李海兵,付小方,van der Woerd J,等.汶川地震(Ms8.0)地表破裂及其同震右旋斜向逆冲作用[J].地质学报,2008,82(12):1623-1643.
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