南北地震带中段地貌发育差异性及其与西秦岭构造带关系初探
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摘要
南北地震带中段地区发育一系列与西秦岭构造带走向近似平行的断裂系统,历史上沿上述断裂系统曾发生过多次强震甚至大地震,预示着断裂系统的最新活动特征,同时也表征了南北地震带中段地区断裂活动的差异性。文章选取南北地震带中段西秦岭构造带交接区长江水系嘉陵江一级支流白龙江和西汉水,黄河水系一级支流洮河以及渭河等上游流域为研究对象,以宏观地貌发育、水系平面展布和河流纵剖面陡峭程度等特征为基础数据,初步分析了南北地震带中段地貌发育总体特征及其与西秦岭构造带的关系。研究发现,地貌特征指示南北地震带中段明显存在构造活动性差异特征:南侧白龙江流域表现为地形起伏大、坡度陡、河流陡峭指数高等特征,主要受控于迭部-白龙江断裂带的持续活动;北侧西秦岭北缘断裂带发育部位,武山以西断裂迹象明显,渭河流域上游与洮河岷县-临洮南段等地区的地貌参数也指示了该段断裂较强的活动性。渭河及嘉陵江上游西汉水地区水系分布不对称特征指示了晚新生代以来西秦岭造山带与渭河地堑系活动的共同控制。白龙江水系主要支流所表现出的平行展布的线性水系特征表明迭部-白龙江断裂带等一系列平行断裂带对水系发育的控制作用。结合以往研究成果、历史强震和大震以及微震分布资料,我们进一步分析发现,南北地震带中段存在一条地震密集带,该带沿岷山-龙门山构造带向北,至舟曲-迭部附近跨过白龙江,向北沿礼县、宕昌及岷县至天水-甘谷-武山一带再向北经通渭、西吉等地区与六盘山构造带相接。这一认识支持南北向构造特征晚于东西向构造体系,并且很大程度上是深部地幔动力学和岩石圈圈层关系调整变动的产物的认识,同时也揭示了南北地震带与西秦岭构造带复杂的叠加复合构造关系。
Around the central N-S Seismic Zone,there are a series of strike-parallel fault system along the West Qinling Tectonic Belt.Several strong earthquakes occurred in the history on those faults,indicating the latest and differential fault activities around this region.In this paper,we will target upstream areas of the Bailongjiang River, Xihanshui River(two first order tributaries of Jialingjiang River of Yangtze River Basin),and Taohe River,Weihe River(two first order tributaries of the Yellow River Basin),and further analyze macro-scale landscape features, planar distribution of drainage networks,and river channel steepness index.Based on all of these geomorphometric parameters,we will discuss the general landscape characters around the central N-S Seismic Zone.We finally find that the landscape development is indicative to the differential tectonic acitivities.The highest local relief,slope and channel steepness along the Bailongjiang River are resulted from continued movement along the Deibu-Bailongjiang Fault.We also observe active features,indicated by higher geomorphometric parameters,where the fault trace is obvious west of Wushan along the West Qinling Fault,and near upstream area of the Weihe River and between Minxian city and south of Lintao city along the Taohe River.Asymmetric drainage pattern of the Weihe River and Xihanshui River might have been resulted combined control from activities of West Qinling and Weihe Graben in Late Cenozoic.Meanwhile,the parallel distribution of the linear drainage feature of the Bailongjiang River is representative of the control of parallel distribution of the Deibu-Bailongjiang fault and other faults.By analyzing the previous result and earthquake distribution,we further notice that there is an earthquake concentration swath,which is along the Minshan-Longmenshan Tectonic Belt,northward across the Bailongjiang River between Zhouqu and Diebu cities,and further northward around Lixian,Tanchang,Minxian cities,and then near Tianshui-Gangu-Wushan, and Tongwei,Xiji,finally joining the Liupan Shan Tectonic Belt.Our finding support the previous knowledge that the N-S trending tectonic feature is younger than W-E system and developed by deep mantle dynamics and adjustment of different layers of the lithosphere.In addition,our present study presents the complex structural relationship of central N-S Seismic Zone and West Qinling Tectonic Belt.
Around the central N-S Seismic Zone,there are a series of strike-parallel fault system along the West Qinling Tectonic Belt.Several strong earthquakes occurred in the history on those faults,indicating the latest and differential fault activities around this region.In this paper,we will target upstream areas of the Bailongjiang River, Xihanshui River(two first order tributaries of Jialingjiang River of Yangtze River Basin),and Taohe River,Weihe River(two first order tributaries of the Yellow River Basin),and further analyze macro-scale landscape features, planar distribution of drainage networks,and river channel steepness index.Based on all of these geomorphometric parameters,we will discuss the general landscape characters around the central N-S Seismic Zone.We finally find that the landscape development is indicative to the differential tectonic acitivities.The highest local relief,slope and channel steepness along the Bailongjiang River are resulted from continued movement along the Deibu-Bailongjiang Fault.We also observe active features,indicated by higher geomorphometric parameters,where the fault trace is obvious west of Wushan along the West Qinling Fault,and near upstream area of the Weihe River and between Minxian city and south of Lintao city along the Taohe River.Asymmetric drainage pattern of the Weihe River and Xihanshui River might have been resulted combined control from activities of West Qinling and Weihe Graben in Late Cenozoic.Meanwhile,the parallel distribution of the linear drainage feature of the Bailongjiang River is representative of the control of parallel distribution of the Deibu-Bailongjiang fault and other faults.By analyzing the previous result and earthquake distribution,we further notice that there is an earthquake concentration swath,which is along the Minshan-Longmenshan Tectonic Belt,northward across the Bailongjiang River between Zhouqu and Diebu cities,and further northward around Lixian,Tanchang,Minxian cities,and then near Tianshui-Gangu-Wushan, and Tongwei,Xiji,finally joining the Liupan Shan Tectonic Belt.Our finding support the previous knowledge that the N-S trending tectonic feature is younger than W-E system and developed by deep mantle dynamics and adjustment of different layers of the lithosphere.In addition,our present study presents the complex structural relationship of central N-S Seismic Zone and West Qinling Tectonic Belt.
引文
1) 李传友.青藏高原东北部几条主要断裂带的定量研究.北京:中国地震局地质研究博士论文,2005
1) 高明星.青藏高原东北端地表过程分析及其与构造意义分析.北京:中国地质大学(北京)博士论文,2009
1) 刘建辉.贺兰山、秦岭山脉新生代伸展隆升及断层摩擦生热磷灰石裂变径迹分析.北京:中国地震局地质研究所博士论文,2009
2) 高明显.青藏高原东北端地表过程分析及其与构造意义分析.北京:中国地质大学(北京)博士论文,2009
1 国家地震局震害防御司.中国历史强震目录(公元前23世纪-公元1911年).北京:地震出版社,1995． 1-514 Department of Earthquake Disaster Prevention,China Seismological Bureau.The Catalogue of Historical Strong Earthquakes in China(2300 BC-1911AD).Beijing:Seismological Press,1995． 1-514
2 Whipple K X.Bedrock rivers and the geomorphology of active orogens.Annual Review of Earth Planetary Sciences,2004,32:151-185
3 Farr T G,Rosen P A,Caro E et al.The shuttle radar topographic mission.Review of Geophysics,2007,45:1-33
4 Kirby E,Whipple K X,Tang Wenqing et al.Distribution of active rock uplift along the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau:Inferences from bedrock channel longitudinal profiles.Journal of Geophysical Research,2003,108 (B4) :2217,doi:10． 1029/2001JB000861
5 Kirby E,Whipple K.Quantifying differential rock-uplift rates via stream profile analysis.Geology,2001,29(5) :415-418
6 Zhang Peizhen,Molnar P,Xu Xiwei.Late Quaternary and presentday rates of slip along the Altyn Tagh Fault,northern margin of the Tibetan Plateau.Tectonics,2007,26:TC5010,doi:10． 1029/2006 TC002014
7 Van der Woerd J,Tapponnier P,Ryerson F J et al.Uniform postglacial slip-rate along the central 600km of the Kunlun Fault(Tibet),from ~(26) Al,~(10) Be,~(14) C dating of riser offsets,and climatic origin of the regional morphology.Geophysical Joarnal International,2002,148 (3) :356-388
8 Kirby E,Harkins N,Wang Erqi et al.Slip rate gradients along the Eastern Kunlun fault.Tectonics,2007,26:TC2010,doi:10． 1029/2006TC002033
9 Crosby B T,Whipple K X.Knickpoint initiation and distribution within fluvial networks:236 waterfalls in the Waipaoa river,North Island,New Zealand.Geomorphology,2006,82(1-2) :16-38
10 Berlin M M,Anderson R S.Modeling of knickpoint retreat on the Roan Plateau,Western Colorado.Journal of Geophysical Research,2007,112:F03S06,doi:10． 1029/2006JF000553
11 张国伟,孟庆任,于在平等.秦岭造山带的造山过程及其动力学特征.中国科学(D辑),1996,26(3) :193-200 Zhang Guowei,Meng Qingren,Yu Zaiping et al.Orogenesis and dynamics of the Qinling Orogen.Science in China (Series D),1996,39(3) :225-234
12 张国伟,郭安林,刘福田等.秦岭造山带三维结构及其动力学分析.中国科学(D辑),1996,26(增刊1) :1-6 Zhang Guowei,Guo Anlin,Liu Futian et al.Three-dimentional architecture and dynamic analysis of the Qinling Orogenic Belt.Science in China (Series D),1996,39(Suppl.1) :1-9
13 王志才,张培震,张广良等.西秦岭北缘构造带的新生代构造活动--兼论对青藏高原东北缘形成过程的指示意义.地学前缘,2006,13(4) :119-135 Wang Zhicai,Zhang Peizhen,Zhang Guangliang et al.Tertiary tectonic activities of the north frontal fault zone of the West Qinling mountains:Implications for the growth of the northeastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.Earth Science Frontiers,2006,13 (4) :119-135
14 张会平,张培震,吴庆龙等.循化-贵德地区黄河水系河流纵剖面形态特征及其构造意义.第四纪研究,2008,28(2) :229-309 Zhang Huiping,Zhang Peizhen,Wu Qinglong et al.Characteristics of the Huanghe River longitudinal profiles around Xunhua-Guide area(NE Tibet) and their tectonic significance.Quaternary Sciences,2008,28(2) :229-309
15 Deffontaines B,Lee J C,Angelier J et al.New geomorphic data on the active Taiwan orogen:A multisouree approach.Journal of Geophysical Research,1994,99(B10) :20243-20266
16 Kuhni A,Pfiffner O A.The relief of the Swiss Alps and adjacent areas and its relation to lithology and structure:Topographic analysis from a 250-m DEM.Geomorphology,2001,41:285-307
17 Fielding E J.Morphotectonic evolution of the Himalayas and Tibetan Plateau.In:Summerfield M A ed.Geomorphology and Global Tectonics.New York:John Wiley & Sons Press,Ltd,2000． 201-222
18 刘静,丁林,曾令森等.青藏高原典型地区的地貌量化分析--兼对高原“夷平面”的讨论.地学前缘,2006,13(5) :285-299 Liu Jing,Ding Lin,Zeng Lingsen et al.Large-scale terrain analysis of selected regions of the Tibetan Plateau:Discussion on the origin of plateau planation surface.Earth Science Frontiers,2006,13(5) :285-299
19 陈彦杰,宋国程,陈昭男.非均衡山脉的河流水力侵蚀模型.科学通报,2006,51(7) :7865-869 Chen Yanjie,Song Guocheng,Chen Zhaonan.Stream power incision model of the non-steady state orogen.Chinese Science Bulletin,2006,51(7) :7865-869
20 郭进京,韩文峰,梁收运等.西秦岭岷县-宕昌地区洮河和岷江阶地特征对比研究--兼论中国南北构造带在西秦岭的地貌响应.地质调查与研究,2006,29(4) :271-278 Guo Jinjing,Han Wenfeng,Liang Shouyun et al.Study and comparison on the terrace of Taohe River and Minjiang River in Minxian-Dangchang area of the West Qinling--Discussion on geomorphological responses of the SN Tectonice Zone in China.Geological Survey and Research,2006,29(4) :271-278
21 赵小麟,邓起东,陈社发.岷山隆起的构造地貌学研究.地震地质,1994,16(4) :429-439 Zhao Xiaolin,Deng Qidong,Chen Shefa.Tectonic geomorphology of the Minshan uplift in the Western Sichuan,Southwestern China.Seismology and Geology,1994,16(4) :429-439
22 赵小麟,邓起东,陈社发.龙门山逆断裂带中段的构造地貌学研究.地震地质,1994,16(4) :422-428 Zhao Xianlin,Deng Qidong,Chen Shefa.Tectonic geomorphology of the central segment of the Longmenshan thrust belt,Western Sichuan,Southwestern China.Seismology and Geology,1994,16(4) :422-428
23 张会平,杨农,张岳桥等.岷江水系流域地貌特征及其构造指示意义.第四纪研究,2006,26(1) :126-135 Zhang Huiping,Yang Nong,Zhang Yueqiao et al.Geomorphology of the Minjiang drainage system (Sichuan,China)and its structural implications.Quaternary Sciences,2006,26(1) :126-135
24 李传友,张培震,张剑玺等.西秦岭北缘断裂带黄香沟段晚第四纪活动表现与滑动速率.第四纪研究,2007,27(1) :54-63 Li Chuanyou,Zhang Peizhen,Zhang Jianxi et al.Late-Quaternary activity and slip rate of the Western Qinling fault zone at Huangxianggou.Quaternary Sciences,2007,27(1) :54-63
25 Zheng Dewen,Zhang Peizhen,Wan Jinlin et al.Rapid exhumation at-8Ma on the Liupan Shan thrust fault from apatite fission-track thermochronology:Implications for growth of the north Eastern Tibetan Plateau margin.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2006,248(1-2) :198-208
26 Kirby E,Reiners P W,Krol M A et al.Late Cenozoic evolution of the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau:Inferences from ~(40) Ar/~(39) Ar and (U-Th)/He thermo chronology.Tectonics,2002,21(1) :1001,doi:10． 1029/2000TC001246
1) 高明星.青藏高原东北端地表过程分析及其与构造意义分析.北京:中国地质大学(北京)博士论文,2009
1) 刘建辉.贺兰山、秦岭山脉新生代伸展隆升及断层摩擦生热磷灰石裂变径迹分析.北京:中国地震局地质研究所博士论文,2009
2) 高明显.青藏高原东北端地表过程分析及其与构造意义分析.北京:中国地质大学(北京)博士论文,2009
1 国家地震局震害防御司.中国历史强震目录(公元前23世纪-公元1911年).北京:地震出版社,1995． 1-514 Department of Earthquake Disaster Prevention,China Seismological Bureau.The Catalogue of Historical Strong Earthquakes in China(2300 BC-1911AD).Beijing:Seismological Press,1995． 1-514
2 Whipple K X.Bedrock rivers and the geomorphology of active orogens.Annual Review of Earth Planetary Sciences,2004,32:151-185
3 Farr T G,Rosen P A,Caro E et al.The shuttle radar topographic mission.Review of Geophysics,2007,45:1-33
4 Kirby E,Whipple K X,Tang Wenqing et al.Distribution of active rock uplift along the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau:Inferences from bedrock channel longitudinal profiles.Journal of Geophysical Research,2003,108 (B4) :2217,doi:10． 1029/2001JB000861
5 Kirby E,Whipple K.Quantifying differential rock-uplift rates via stream profile analysis.Geology,2001,29(5) :415-418
6 Zhang Peizhen,Molnar P,Xu Xiwei.Late Quaternary and presentday rates of slip along the Altyn Tagh Fault,northern margin of the Tibetan Plateau.Tectonics,2007,26:TC5010,doi:10． 1029/2006 TC002014
7 Van der Woerd J,Tapponnier P,Ryerson F J et al.Uniform postglacial slip-rate along the central 600km of the Kunlun Fault(Tibet),from ~(26) Al,~(10) Be,~(14) C dating of riser offsets,and climatic origin of the regional morphology.Geophysical Joarnal International,2002,148 (3) :356-388
8 Kirby E,Harkins N,Wang Erqi et al.Slip rate gradients along the Eastern Kunlun fault.Tectonics,2007,26:TC2010,doi:10． 1029/2006TC002033
9 Crosby B T,Whipple K X.Knickpoint initiation and distribution within fluvial networks:236 waterfalls in the Waipaoa river,North Island,New Zealand.Geomorphology,2006,82(1-2) :16-38
10 Berlin M M,Anderson R S.Modeling of knickpoint retreat on the Roan Plateau,Western Colorado.Journal of Geophysical Research,2007,112:F03S06,doi:10． 1029/2006JF000553
11 张国伟,孟庆任,于在平等.秦岭造山带的造山过程及其动力学特征.中国科学(D辑),1996,26(3) :193-200 Zhang Guowei,Meng Qingren,Yu Zaiping et al.Orogenesis and dynamics of the Qinling Orogen.Science in China (Series D),1996,39(3) :225-234
12 张国伟,郭安林,刘福田等.秦岭造山带三维结构及其动力学分析.中国科学(D辑),1996,26(增刊1) :1-6 Zhang Guowei,Guo Anlin,Liu Futian et al.Three-dimentional architecture and dynamic analysis of the Qinling Orogenic Belt.Science in China (Series D),1996,39(Suppl.1) :1-9
13 王志才,张培震,张广良等.西秦岭北缘构造带的新生代构造活动--兼论对青藏高原东北缘形成过程的指示意义.地学前缘,2006,13(4) :119-135 Wang Zhicai,Zhang Peizhen,Zhang Guangliang et al.Tertiary tectonic activities of the north frontal fault zone of the West Qinling mountains:Implications for the growth of the northeastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.Earth Science Frontiers,2006,13 (4) :119-135
14 张会平,张培震,吴庆龙等.循化-贵德地区黄河水系河流纵剖面形态特征及其构造意义.第四纪研究,2008,28(2) :229-309 Zhang Huiping,Zhang Peizhen,Wu Qinglong et al.Characteristics of the Huanghe River longitudinal profiles around Xunhua-Guide area(NE Tibet) and their tectonic significance.Quaternary Sciences,2008,28(2) :229-309
15 Deffontaines B,Lee J C,Angelier J et al.New geomorphic data on the active Taiwan orogen:A multisouree approach.Journal of Geophysical Research,1994,99(B10) :20243-20266
16 Kuhni A,Pfiffner O A.The relief of the Swiss Alps and adjacent areas and its relation to lithology and structure:Topographic analysis from a 250-m DEM.Geomorphology,2001,41:285-307
17 Fielding E J.Morphotectonic evolution of the Himalayas and Tibetan Plateau.In:Summerfield M A ed.Geomorphology and Global Tectonics.New York:John Wiley & Sons Press,Ltd,2000． 201-222
18 刘静,丁林,曾令森等.青藏高原典型地区的地貌量化分析--兼对高原“夷平面”的讨论.地学前缘,2006,13(5) :285-299 Liu Jing,Ding Lin,Zeng Lingsen et al.Large-scale terrain analysis of selected regions of the Tibetan Plateau:Discussion on the origin of plateau planation surface.Earth Science Frontiers,2006,13(5) :285-299
19 陈彦杰,宋国程,陈昭男.非均衡山脉的河流水力侵蚀模型.科学通报,2006,51(7) :7865-869 Chen Yanjie,Song Guocheng,Chen Zhaonan.Stream power incision model of the non-steady state orogen.Chinese Science Bulletin,2006,51(7) :7865-869
20 郭进京,韩文峰,梁收运等.西秦岭岷县-宕昌地区洮河和岷江阶地特征对比研究--兼论中国南北构造带在西秦岭的地貌响应.地质调查与研究,2006,29(4) :271-278 Guo Jinjing,Han Wenfeng,Liang Shouyun et al.Study and comparison on the terrace of Taohe River and Minjiang River in Minxian-Dangchang area of the West Qinling--Discussion on geomorphological responses of the SN Tectonice Zone in China.Geological Survey and Research,2006,29(4) :271-278
21 赵小麟,邓起东,陈社发.岷山隆起的构造地貌学研究.地震地质,1994,16(4) :429-439 Zhao Xiaolin,Deng Qidong,Chen Shefa.Tectonic geomorphology of the Minshan uplift in the Western Sichuan,Southwestern China.Seismology and Geology,1994,16(4) :429-439
22 赵小麟,邓起东,陈社发.龙门山逆断裂带中段的构造地貌学研究.地震地质,1994,16(4) :422-428 Zhao Xianlin,Deng Qidong,Chen Shefa.Tectonic geomorphology of the central segment of the Longmenshan thrust belt,Western Sichuan,Southwestern China.Seismology and Geology,1994,16(4) :422-428
23 张会平,杨农,张岳桥等.岷江水系流域地貌特征及其构造指示意义.第四纪研究,2006,26(1) :126-135 Zhang Huiping,Yang Nong,Zhang Yueqiao et al.Geomorphology of the Minjiang drainage system (Sichuan,China)and its structural implications.Quaternary Sciences,2006,26(1) :126-135
24 李传友,张培震,张剑玺等.西秦岭北缘断裂带黄香沟段晚第四纪活动表现与滑动速率.第四纪研究,2007,27(1) :54-63 Li Chuanyou,Zhang Peizhen,Zhang Jianxi et al.Late-Quaternary activity and slip rate of the Western Qinling fault zone at Huangxianggou.Quaternary Sciences,2007,27(1) :54-63
25 Zheng Dewen,Zhang Peizhen,Wan Jinlin et al.Rapid exhumation at-8Ma on the Liupan Shan thrust fault from apatite fission-track thermochronology:Implications for growth of the north Eastern Tibetan Plateau margin.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2006,248(1-2) :198-208
26 Kirby E,Reiners P W,Krol M A et al.Late Cenozoic evolution of the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau:Inferences from ~(40) Ar/~(39) Ar and (U-Th)/He thermo chronology.Tectonics,2002,21(1) :1001,doi:10． 1029/2000TC001246
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