2011年日本东北Mw 9.0级地震的岩石圈三维建模分析
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摘要
2011年3月11日日本东北地区太平洋海域发生Mw 9.0级地震。日本海沟板块俯冲速率高,地震活动性强,因此研究程度高,到目前为止已获得了覆盖日本海沟弧前区域的地震波剖面数据。本文利用8条岩石圈结构剖面建立了日本海沟的三维岩石圈结构模型。日本海沟岛弧地壳由上到下包含5层:古近系—新近系—第四系海相沉积岩、白垩系海相沉积岩、岛弧上地壳俯冲杂岩、岛弧下地壳和地幔楔;日本海沟北部还存在中地壳;洋壳是一个双层构造,上层为熔岩和席状岩墙群,下层为堆晶辉长岩;陆壳和洋壳之间存在一个低速的板间层。本文在三维模型基础上讨论了俯冲板块的弯曲点和弯曲轴等几何学特征,分析了日本海沟俯冲带的历史地震和日本东北Mw 9.0级地震主震和余震的震源分布,日本东北地区的地震活动与太平洋板块向日本岛弧下方的俯冲活动关系密切。
On 11 March, 2011, there was a Mw 9.0 great earthquake occurred off the coastline of Tohoku, northeastern Japan. Fast subduction rate beneath Japan Trench of the Pacific plate caused the high seismic activity. Large volume of seismic data covering the fore-arc region of Japan Trench has been obtained. In this article, a 3D lithosphere structural model of Japan Trench based on 8 lithosphere structural sections has been constructed. The lithospheric structure of Japan Trench consists of 5 layers: Paleogene-Neogene-Quaternary marine deposits, Cretaceous marine facies sedimentary rocks, the upper crust accretionary complex, the lower crust and the mantle wedge. The middle crust is only detected under the northern part of Japan Trench. The oceanic crust is a double-layer structure consisting of lava and sheeted dikes in the upper layer and the pile of gabbro in the lower layer. A low velocity layer developed between the arc and the oceanic crusts. We discussed the geometry, including the bending point and the bending axis, of the subdution zone beneath Japan Trench based on the 3D model. We also analyzed the distribution of hypocenters of paleo-earthquakes and the main and after shocks of the Mw 9.0 Tohoku-Oki Earthquake. The seismicity in northeastern Japan is closely related to the subduction of the Pacific Plate beneath Japan Trench.
On 11 March, 2011, there was a Mw 9.0 great earthquake occurred off the coastline of Tohoku, northeastern Japan. Fast subduction rate beneath Japan Trench of the Pacific plate caused the high seismic activity. Large volume of seismic data covering the fore-arc region of Japan Trench has been obtained. In this article, a 3D lithosphere structural model of Japan Trench based on 8 lithosphere structural sections has been constructed. The lithospheric structure of Japan Trench consists of 5 layers: Paleogene-Neogene-Quaternary marine deposits, Cretaceous marine facies sedimentary rocks, the upper crust accretionary complex, the lower crust and the mantle wedge. The middle crust is only detected under the northern part of Japan Trench. The oceanic crust is a double-layer structure consisting of lava and sheeted dikes in the upper layer and the pile of gabbro in the lower layer. A low velocity layer developed between the arc and the oceanic crusts. We discussed the geometry, including the bending point and the bending axis, of the subdution zone beneath Japan Trench based on the 3D model. We also analyzed the distribution of hypocenters of paleo-earthquakes and the main and after shocks of the Mw 9.0 Tohoku-Oki Earthquake. The seismicity in northeastern Japan is closely related to the subduction of the Pacific Plate beneath Japan Trench.
引文
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Dietz R S.1954.Marine geology of northwestern Pacific:description ofJapanese bathymetric chart6901[J].Geological Society of AmericaBulletin,65(12):1199-1224.
Fujie G A,Ito S K,Takahashi N,et al.2006.Confirming sharp bendingof the Pacific plate in the northern Japan trench subduction zone byapplying a traveltime mapping method[J].Physics of The Earth andPlanetary Interiors,157(1-2):72-85.
Hasegawa A,Nakajima J,Uchida N,et al.2009.Plate subduction,andgeneration of earthquakes and magmas in Japan as inferred fromseismic observations:An overview[J].Gondwana Research,16(3-4):370-400.
Hasegawa A,Unimo N and Takagi A.1985.Seismicity in the northeasternJapan Arc and seismicity patterns before large earthquakes[J]Earthquake Prediction Research,3(3-4):607-626.
Hashizume M K,Oike S,Asano H,et al.1968.Crustal structure in theprofile across the northeastern part of Honshu,Japan,as derivedfrom explosion seismic observations,part2[J].Bulletin of theEarthquake Research Institute,Tokyo University,46:607-630.
Ito A,Fujie G,Miura S,et al.2005.Bending of the subducting oceanicplate and its implication for rupture propagation of large interplateearthquakes off Miyagi,Japan,in the Japan Trench subduction zone[J].Geophysical Research Letters,32(5):LO5310,1-4.
Ito A,Fujie G,Tsuru T,et al.2004.Fault plane geometry in the sourceregion of the1994Sanriku-oki earthquake[J].Earth and PlanetaryScience Letters,223(1-2):163-175.
Ito T,Yoshioka S and Miyazaki S I.2000.Interplate coupling in northeastJapan deduced from inversion analysis of GPS data[J].Earth andPlanetary Science Letters,176(1):117-130.
Iwasaki T,Yoshii T,Moriya T,et al.1994.Precise P and S wave velocitystructures in the Kitakami Massif,northern Honshu,Japan,from aseismic refraction experiment[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,99(B11):22,187-122,204.
Jolivet L,Tamaki K and Fournier M.1994.Japan Sea,opening historyand mechanism;a synthesis[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,99(B11):22,237-222;259.
Kawakatsu H and Seno T.1983.Triple seismic zone and the regionalvariation of seismicity along the northern Honshu Arc[J].Journal ofGeophysical Research,88(B5):4215-4230.
Klein E M.2003.Geochemistry of the Igneous Oceanic Crust[M]//Treatise on Geochemistry,Heinrich D H and Karl K T.Oxford:Pergamon:433-463.
Kobayashi K,Nakanishi M,Tamaki K,et al.1998.Outer slopefaulting associated with the western Kuril and Japan trenches[J].Geophysical Journal International,134(2):356-372.
Li Y,Jia D,Shaw J H,et al.2010.Structural interpretation of thecoseismic faults of the Wenchuan earthquake:Three-dimensionalmodeling of the Longmen Shan fold-and-thrust belt[J].J.Geophys.Res.,115(B4):B04317.
Ludwig W J,Ewing J,Ewing M,et al.1966,Sediments and structureof the Japan trench[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,71(8):2121-2137.
Matuzawa T.1959.On the crustal structure in northeast Japan byexplosion seismic observations[J].Bulletin of the EarthquakeResearch Institute,Tokyo University,37:123-154.
Mallet J-L.1992.Discrete smooth interpolation in geometric modelling[J].Computer-Aided Design,4(4):178-191.
Minoura K and Hasegawa A.1992.Crustal structure and origin of the Northeast Japan arc[J].Island Arc,1(1):2-15.
Miura S,Kodaira S,Nakanishi A,et al.2003b.Structural characteristicscontrolling the seismicity of southern Japan Trench fore-arc region,revealed by ocean bottom seismographic data[J].Tectonophysics,363(1-2):79-102.
Miura S,Takahashi N,Nakanishi A,et al.2005.Structural characteristicsoff Miyagi forearc region,the Japan Trench seismogenic zone,deduced from a wide-angle reflection and refraction study[J].Tectonophysics,407(3-4):165-188.
Miura S N,Takahashi A,Nakanishi A,et al.2003a.Seismic velocitystructure off Miyagi fore-arc region,Japan Trench,using oceanbottom seismographic data[J].Frontier Research on Earth Evolution,1:337-340.
Nishimura T,Miura S,Tachibana K,et al.2000.Distribution of seismiccoupling on the subducting plate boundary in northeastern Japaninferred from GPS observations[J].Tectonophysics,323(3-4):217-238.
Nishimura T,Hirasawa T,Miyazaki S i,et al.2004.Temporal changeof interplate coupling in northeastern Japan during1995-2002estimated from continuous GPS observations[J].Geophysical JournalInternational,157(2):901-916.
Sato H.1994.The relationship between late Cenozoic tectonic events andstress field and basin development in Northeast Japan[J].Journal ofGeophysical Research,99(B11):22,261-222,274.
Seno T,Shimazaki K,Somerville P,et al.1980.Rupture process of theMiyagi-Oki,Japan,earthquake of June12,1978[J].Physics of TheEarth and Planetary Interiors,23(1):39-61.
Sue C,Calcagno P,Courrioux G,et al.2010.Relationships betweeninherited crustal structures and seismicity in the western Alpsinferred from3D structural modeling[J].Bulletin de la SocieteGeologique de France,181(6):583-590.
Suyehiro K and Nishizawa A.1994.Crustal structure and seismicitybeneath the forearc off northeastern Japan[J].Journal ofGeophysical Research,99(B11):22,331-322,347.
Suyehiro K T,Kanazawa A,Nishizawa,et al.1985.Crustal structurebeneath the inner trench slope of the Japan Trench[J].Tectonophysics,12:155-191.
Takahashi N,Kodaira S,Tsuru T,et al.2004.Seismic structureand seismogenesis off Sanriku region,northeastern Japan[J].Geophysical Journal International,159(1):129-145.
Takahashi N,Kodaira S,Tsuru T,et al.2000.Detailed plate boundarystructure off Northeast Japan coast[J].Geophysical ResearchLetters,27(13):1977-1980.
Tsuru T,Park J-O,Miura S,et al.2002.Along-arc structural variationof the plate boundary at the Japan Trench margin;implication ofinterplate coupling[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,107(B12):2357,11-1-1-15.
Tsuru T,Park J-O,Takahashi N,et al.2000.Tectonic features of theJapan Trench convergent margin off Sanriku,northeastern Japan,revealed by multichannel seismic reflection data[J].Journal ofGeophysical Research,105(B7):16,403-416,413.
Umino N,Hasegawa A and Matsuzawa T.1995.sP depth phase at smallepicentral distances and estimated subducting plate boundary[J].Geophysical Journal International,120(2):356-366.
Von Huene R,Klaeschen D,Cropp B,et al.1994.Tectonic structureacross the accretionary and erosional parts of the Japan Trenchmargin[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,99(B11):22,349-322,361.
Von Huene R,Langseth M,Nasu N,et al.1982.A summary of Cenozoictectonic history along the IPOD Japan Trench transect[J].Geological Society of America Bulletin,93(9):829-846.
Yamanaka Y and Kikuchi M.2004.Asperity map along the subductionzone in northeastern Japan inferred from regional seismic data[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,109(B7):323-327.
Yoshii T.1979.A detailed cross-section of the deep seismic zone beneathnortheastern Honshu,Japan[J].Tectonophysics,55(3-4):349-360.
Yoshii T and S Asano.1972.Time-term analysis of explosion seismic data[J].Journal of physics of the earth,Tokyo,20:47-57.
Dietz R S.1954.Marine geology of northwestern Pacific:description ofJapanese bathymetric chart6901[J].Geological Society of AmericaBulletin,65(12):1199-1224.
Fujie G A,Ito S K,Takahashi N,et al.2006.Confirming sharp bendingof the Pacific plate in the northern Japan trench subduction zone byapplying a traveltime mapping method[J].Physics of The Earth andPlanetary Interiors,157(1-2):72-85.
Hasegawa A,Nakajima J,Uchida N,et al.2009.Plate subduction,andgeneration of earthquakes and magmas in Japan as inferred fromseismic observations:An overview[J].Gondwana Research,16(3-4):370-400.
Hasegawa A,Unimo N and Takagi A.1985.Seismicity in the northeasternJapan Arc and seismicity patterns before large earthquakes[J]Earthquake Prediction Research,3(3-4):607-626.
Hashizume M K,Oike S,Asano H,et al.1968.Crustal structure in theprofile across the northeastern part of Honshu,Japan,as derivedfrom explosion seismic observations,part2[J].Bulletin of theEarthquake Research Institute,Tokyo University,46:607-630.
Ito A,Fujie G,Miura S,et al.2005.Bending of the subducting oceanicplate and its implication for rupture propagation of large interplateearthquakes off Miyagi,Japan,in the Japan Trench subduction zone[J].Geophysical Research Letters,32(5):LO5310,1-4.
Ito A,Fujie G,Tsuru T,et al.2004.Fault plane geometry in the sourceregion of the1994Sanriku-oki earthquake[J].Earth and PlanetaryScience Letters,223(1-2):163-175.
Ito T,Yoshioka S and Miyazaki S I.2000.Interplate coupling in northeastJapan deduced from inversion analysis of GPS data[J].Earth andPlanetary Science Letters,176(1):117-130.
Iwasaki T,Yoshii T,Moriya T,et al.1994.Precise P and S wave velocitystructures in the Kitakami Massif,northern Honshu,Japan,from aseismic refraction experiment[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,99(B11):22,187-122,204.
Jolivet L,Tamaki K and Fournier M.1994.Japan Sea,opening historyand mechanism;a synthesis[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,99(B11):22,237-222;259.
Kawakatsu H and Seno T.1983.Triple seismic zone and the regionalvariation of seismicity along the northern Honshu Arc[J].Journal ofGeophysical Research,88(B5):4215-4230.
Klein E M.2003.Geochemistry of the Igneous Oceanic Crust[M]//Treatise on Geochemistry,Heinrich D H and Karl K T.Oxford:Pergamon:433-463.
Kobayashi K,Nakanishi M,Tamaki K,et al.1998.Outer slopefaulting associated with the western Kuril and Japan trenches[J].Geophysical Journal International,134(2):356-372.
Li Y,Jia D,Shaw J H,et al.2010.Structural interpretation of thecoseismic faults of the Wenchuan earthquake:Three-dimensionalmodeling of the Longmen Shan fold-and-thrust belt[J].J.Geophys.Res.,115(B4):B04317.
Ludwig W J,Ewing J,Ewing M,et al.1966,Sediments and structureof the Japan trench[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,71(8):2121-2137.
Matuzawa T.1959.On the crustal structure in northeast Japan byexplosion seismic observations[J].Bulletin of the EarthquakeResearch Institute,Tokyo University,37:123-154.
Mallet J-L.1992.Discrete smooth interpolation in geometric modelling[J].Computer-Aided Design,4(4):178-191.
Minoura K and Hasegawa A.1992.Crustal structure and origin of the Northeast Japan arc[J].Island Arc,1(1):2-15.
Miura S,Kodaira S,Nakanishi A,et al.2003b.Structural characteristicscontrolling the seismicity of southern Japan Trench fore-arc region,revealed by ocean bottom seismographic data[J].Tectonophysics,363(1-2):79-102.
Miura S,Takahashi N,Nakanishi A,et al.2005.Structural characteristicsoff Miyagi forearc region,the Japan Trench seismogenic zone,deduced from a wide-angle reflection and refraction study[J].Tectonophysics,407(3-4):165-188.
Miura S N,Takahashi A,Nakanishi A,et al.2003a.Seismic velocitystructure off Miyagi fore-arc region,Japan Trench,using oceanbottom seismographic data[J].Frontier Research on Earth Evolution,1:337-340.
Nishimura T,Miura S,Tachibana K,et al.2000.Distribution of seismiccoupling on the subducting plate boundary in northeastern Japaninferred from GPS observations[J].Tectonophysics,323(3-4):217-238.
Nishimura T,Hirasawa T,Miyazaki S i,et al.2004.Temporal changeof interplate coupling in northeastern Japan during1995-2002estimated from continuous GPS observations[J].Geophysical JournalInternational,157(2):901-916.
Sato H.1994.The relationship between late Cenozoic tectonic events andstress field and basin development in Northeast Japan[J].Journal ofGeophysical Research,99(B11):22,261-222,274.
Seno T,Shimazaki K,Somerville P,et al.1980.Rupture process of theMiyagi-Oki,Japan,earthquake of June12,1978[J].Physics of TheEarth and Planetary Interiors,23(1):39-61.
Sue C,Calcagno P,Courrioux G,et al.2010.Relationships betweeninherited crustal structures and seismicity in the western Alpsinferred from3D structural modeling[J].Bulletin de la SocieteGeologique de France,181(6):583-590.
Suyehiro K and Nishizawa A.1994.Crustal structure and seismicitybeneath the forearc off northeastern Japan[J].Journal ofGeophysical Research,99(B11):22,331-322,347.
Suyehiro K T,Kanazawa A,Nishizawa,et al.1985.Crustal structurebeneath the inner trench slope of the Japan Trench[J].Tectonophysics,12:155-191.
Takahashi N,Kodaira S,Tsuru T,et al.2004.Seismic structureand seismogenesis off Sanriku region,northeastern Japan[J].Geophysical Journal International,159(1):129-145.
Takahashi N,Kodaira S,Tsuru T,et al.2000.Detailed plate boundarystructure off Northeast Japan coast[J].Geophysical ResearchLetters,27(13):1977-1980.
Tsuru T,Park J-O,Miura S,et al.2002.Along-arc structural variationof the plate boundary at the Japan Trench margin;implication ofinterplate coupling[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,107(B12):2357,11-1-1-15.
Tsuru T,Park J-O,Takahashi N,et al.2000.Tectonic features of theJapan Trench convergent margin off Sanriku,northeastern Japan,revealed by multichannel seismic reflection data[J].Journal ofGeophysical Research,105(B7):16,403-416,413.
Umino N,Hasegawa A and Matsuzawa T.1995.sP depth phase at smallepicentral distances and estimated subducting plate boundary[J].Geophysical Journal International,120(2):356-366.
Von Huene R,Klaeschen D,Cropp B,et al.1994.Tectonic structureacross the accretionary and erosional parts of the Japan Trenchmargin[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,99(B11):22,349-322,361.
Von Huene R,Langseth M,Nasu N,et al.1982.A summary of Cenozoictectonic history along the IPOD Japan Trench transect[J].Geological Society of America Bulletin,93(9):829-846.
Yamanaka Y and Kikuchi M.2004.Asperity map along the subductionzone in northeastern Japan inferred from regional seismic data[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,109(B7):323-327.
Yoshii T.1979.A detailed cross-section of the deep seismic zone beneathnortheastern Honshu,Japan[J].Tectonophysics,55(3-4):349-360.
Yoshii T and S Asano.1972.Time-term analysis of explosion seismic data[J].Journal of physics of the earth,Tokyo,20:47-57.
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