塔中地区中晚奥陶世内波、内潮汐沉积
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摘要
现代海底普遍发育由内波、内潮汐引起的深水牵引流 ,内波、内潮汐不仅可形成各种厘米级的深水牵引流沉积构造 ,还可建造千米级的大型沉积物波。这种大型沉积物波既可沿斜坡向下迁移 ,也可沿斜坡向上迁移。在古代地层记录中已发现各种厘米级的内波、内潮汐沉积单元 ,但尚未发现内波成因的大型沉积物波。塔中地区中上奥陶统碎屑岩段内发育内波及内潮汐形成的各种牵引流沉积构造单元。通过详细的岩心观察 ,识别出 4种内波、内潮汐沉积微相类型及 5种基本垂向沉积层序。此外 ,通过地震剖面分析 ,在研究区中上奥陶统陆坡相中识别出顺坡向上迁移的大型沉积物波 ,该沉积物波的特征与现代海底发育的沉积物波的特征类似 ,运用内波理论可对其成因进行合理的解释。
Deep-water traction currents of internal-wave and internal-tide origin are well developed on modern sea floor. They can not only produce sedimentary structures of cm-size but also build large-scale sediment waves of km-size. Moreover, most of these sediment waves migrate upslope. In ancient stratigraphic record, small-scale sedimentation units of internal-wave and internal-tide origin have been recognized but large-scale sediment waves of internal-wave origin have not. Based on detailed studies, different kinds of internal-wave and internal-tide deposits have been recognized in the clastic rocks of the middle-upper Ordovician in the Central Tarim Basin. Four basic sedimentary microfacies and five identical successions of internal-wave and internal-tide deposits have been recognized and summarized. These microfacies are ⑴bi-directional cross-laminated very fine-grained sandstone microfacies, ⑵unidirectional cross-bedded and bi-directional cross-laminated medium- to fine-grained sandstone microfacies, ⑶alternating sandstone and mudstone microfacies, and ⑷oolitic limestone and sandy oolitic limestone microfacies. The vertical successions include ⑴symmetrical graded succession consisting entirely of cross-laminated sandstone, ⑵normal graded succession consisting of cross-laminated sandstone, ⑶normal graded succession consisting of medium scale cross-bedding and bi-directional cross- laminations, ⑷symmetrical graded-couplet succession, ⑸mudstone-oolitic limestone-mudstone succession. More importantly, based on detailed studies of seismic profiles, the authors discovered large-scare sediment waves of upslope migration developed in the continental slope facies of the middle-upper Ordovician. The characteristics of these sediment waves are similar to those of the sediment waves well developed on modern seafloor. According to the theory of internal wave, the origin of these sediment waves can be explained satisfactorily.
Deep-water traction currents of internal-wave and internal-tide origin are well developed on modern sea floor. They can not only produce sedimentary structures of cm-size but also build large-scale sediment waves of km-size. Moreover, most of these sediment waves migrate upslope. In ancient stratigraphic record, small-scale sedimentation units of internal-wave and internal-tide origin have been recognized but large-scale sediment waves of internal-wave origin have not. Based on detailed studies, different kinds of internal-wave and internal-tide deposits have been recognized in the clastic rocks of the middle-upper Ordovician in the Central Tarim Basin. Four basic sedimentary microfacies and five identical successions of internal-wave and internal-tide deposits have been recognized and summarized. These microfacies are ⑴bi-directional cross-laminated very fine-grained sandstone microfacies, ⑵unidirectional cross-bedded and bi-directional cross-laminated medium- to fine-grained sandstone microfacies, ⑶alternating sandstone and mudstone microfacies, and ⑷oolitic limestone and sandy oolitic limestone microfacies. The vertical successions include ⑴symmetrical graded succession consisting entirely of cross-laminated sandstone, ⑵normal graded succession consisting of cross-laminated sandstone, ⑶normal graded succession consisting of medium scale cross-bedding and bi-directional cross- laminations, ⑷symmetrical graded-couplet succession, ⑸mudstone-oolitic limestone-mudstone succession. More importantly, based on detailed studies of seismic profiles, the authors discovered large-scare sediment waves of upslope migration developed in the continental slope facies of the middle-upper Ordovician. The characteristics of these sediment waves are similar to those of the sediment waves well developed on modern seafloor. According to the theory of internal wave, the origin of these sediment waves can be explained satisfactorily.
引文
① 鲍志东 ,朱井泉 ,齐永安等 .塔中地区奥陶系地球化学与沉积环境研究 .1 988
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2 ShepardFP ,MarshallNF ,McLoughlinPA ,SullivanGG .Currentsinsubmarinecanyonsandotherseavalleys[M ] :AmericanAssociationofPetroleumGeologistsStudiesinGeology 8,1 979.1 73
3 MunkW .Internalwavesandsmall-scaleprocesses[A] .In :WarrenBA ,WunschC ,eds .Evolutionofphysicaloceanography[C] .Cam bridge,MassachusettsInstituteofTechnology,1 981 .2 64～ 1 91
4 GaoZhenzhong ,ErikssonKA .Internal -tidedepositsinanOrdovi ciansubmarinechannel:Previouslyunrecognizedfacies ?[J] .Geology ,1 991 ,1 9(7) :734～ 737
5 高振中 ,ErikssonKA .美国阿巴拉契亚山脉芬卡苏地区奥陶纪海底水道中的内潮汐沉积 [J] .沉积学报 ,1 993 ,1 1 (1 ) :1 2～ 2 2
6 高振中 ,何幼斌 ,罗顺社 ,郭建华 .深水牵引流沉积 -内潮汐、内波和等深流沉积研究 [M] .北京 :科学出版社 ,1 996
7 高振中 ,何幼斌 ,李建明 ,李维峰 ,罗顺社 ,王泽中 .我国发现内潮汐沉积 [J] .科学通报 ,1 997,42 (1 3) :1 4 1 8～ 1 4 2 1
8 高振中 ,彭德堂 ,刘学锋 ,何幼斌 ,符翔 ,李东升 ,钟广法 .塔里木盆地TZ30井中奥陶统内潮汐沉积 [J] .江汉石油学院学报 ,1 996 ,1 8(4) :9～ 1 4
9 HoweJA .TurbiditeandcontouritesedimentwavesinthenorthernRockallTrough ,NorthAtlanticOcean[J] .Sedimentology ,1 996 ,43 :2 1 9～ 2 34
1 0 RichardPC ,RitchieJD ,ThomsonAR .Evolutionofdeep -waterclimbingdunesintheRokallTrough - -implicationsforoverflowcur rentsacrosstheWyville -ThomsonRidgeintheLateMiocene[J] .MarineGeology,1 987,76 :1 77～ 1 83
1 1 DamuthJE .MigratingsedimentwavescreatedbyturbiditycurrentsinthenorthernsouthChinasea[J] .Geology ,1 979,7:52 0～ 52 3
1 2 NormarkWR ,HessGR ,StowDAV ,BowenAJ.Sedimentwavesonthemontereyfanlevee:apreliminaryphysicalinterpretation[J] .MarineGeology ,1 980 ,37:1～ 1 8
1 3 FloodRD ,ShorAN .MudwavesintheArgentinebasinandtheirre lationshiptoregionalbottomcirculationpatterns[J] .Deep-seaRes.,1 988,35 :943～ 971
1 4 GaoZhenzhong ,ErikssonKA ,HeYoubin ,etal.Deep -WaterTractionCurrentDeposits—AStudyofInternalTides,InternalWaves,ContourCurrentsandTheirDeposits[M ] .BeijingandNewYork :SciencePress,UtrechtandTokyo:VSP ,1 998
1 5 KarlHA .Internal -wavecurrentsasamechanismtoaccountforlargesandwavesinNavarinskyCanyonHead ,BeringSea[J] .J.Sed ment.Petrol.,1 986 ,56(5) :70 6～ 71 4
1 6 张兴阳 ,高振中 ,姚雪根 .北大西洋洛克尔海槽东北部内波沉积[J] .沉积学报 ,1 999,1 7(3) :464～ 472
1 7 何幼斌 ,罗顺社 ,高振中 .深水牵引流沉积研究进展与展望 [J] .地球科学进展 ,1 997,1 2 (3) :2 4 7～ 2 52
1 8 何幼斌 ,高振中 .内潮汐、内波沉积的特征与鉴别 [J] .科学通报 ,1998 ,43(9) :90 3～ 90 8
1 9 ShanmugamG ,SpaldingTD ,RofheartDH .Processsedimentologyandreservoirqualityofdeep-marinebottom -currentreworkedsands(sandycontourites) :anexamplefromtheGulfofMexico[J] .AAPGBulletin ,1 993 ,77:1 2 4 1～ 1 2 59
2 0 杨殿荣 .海洋学 [M ] .北京 :高等教育出版社 ,1 985
2 1 LaFondEC .Internalwaves[A] .In :HillMN ,ed .Thesea[C] .Volume 1 .London :WileyInterscience,1 962 .731～ 751
1 LaFondEC .InternalWaves[A] .In :FeirbridgeGW ,ed .Theency clopediaofoceanography[C] .NewYork :Reinhold ,1 966 .40 2～ 40 8
2 ShepardFP ,MarshallNF ,McLoughlinPA ,SullivanGG .Currentsinsubmarinecanyonsandotherseavalleys[M ] :AmericanAssociationofPetroleumGeologistsStudiesinGeology 8,1 979.1 73
3 MunkW .Internalwavesandsmall-scaleprocesses[A] .In :WarrenBA ,WunschC ,eds .Evolutionofphysicaloceanography[C] .Cam bridge,MassachusettsInstituteofTechnology,1 981 .2 64～ 1 91
4 GaoZhenzhong ,ErikssonKA .Internal -tidedepositsinanOrdovi ciansubmarinechannel:Previouslyunrecognizedfacies ?[J] .Geology ,1 991 ,1 9(7) :734～ 737
5 高振中 ,ErikssonKA .美国阿巴拉契亚山脉芬卡苏地区奥陶纪海底水道中的内潮汐沉积 [J] .沉积学报 ,1 993 ,1 1 (1 ) :1 2～ 2 2
6 高振中 ,何幼斌 ,罗顺社 ,郭建华 .深水牵引流沉积 -内潮汐、内波和等深流沉积研究 [M] .北京 :科学出版社 ,1 996
7 高振中 ,何幼斌 ,李建明 ,李维峰 ,罗顺社 ,王泽中 .我国发现内潮汐沉积 [J] .科学通报 ,1 997,42 (1 3) :1 4 1 8～ 1 4 2 1
8 高振中 ,彭德堂 ,刘学锋 ,何幼斌 ,符翔 ,李东升 ,钟广法 .塔里木盆地TZ30井中奥陶统内潮汐沉积 [J] .江汉石油学院学报 ,1 996 ,1 8(4) :9～ 1 4
9 HoweJA .TurbiditeandcontouritesedimentwavesinthenorthernRockallTrough ,NorthAtlanticOcean[J] .Sedimentology ,1 996 ,43 :2 1 9～ 2 34
1 0 RichardPC ,RitchieJD ,ThomsonAR .Evolutionofdeep -waterclimbingdunesintheRokallTrough - -implicationsforoverflowcur rentsacrosstheWyville -ThomsonRidgeintheLateMiocene[J] .MarineGeology,1 987,76 :1 77～ 1 83
1 1 DamuthJE .MigratingsedimentwavescreatedbyturbiditycurrentsinthenorthernsouthChinasea[J] .Geology ,1 979,7:52 0～ 52 3
1 2 NormarkWR ,HessGR ,StowDAV ,BowenAJ.Sedimentwavesonthemontereyfanlevee:apreliminaryphysicalinterpretation[J] .MarineGeology ,1 980 ,37:1～ 1 8
1 3 FloodRD ,ShorAN .MudwavesintheArgentinebasinandtheirre lationshiptoregionalbottomcirculationpatterns[J] .Deep-seaRes.,1 988,35 :943～ 971
1 4 GaoZhenzhong ,ErikssonKA ,HeYoubin ,etal.Deep -WaterTractionCurrentDeposits—AStudyofInternalTides,InternalWaves,ContourCurrentsandTheirDeposits[M ] .BeijingandNewYork :SciencePress,UtrechtandTokyo:VSP ,1 998
1 5 KarlHA .Internal -wavecurrentsasamechanismtoaccountforlargesandwavesinNavarinskyCanyonHead ,BeringSea[J] .J.Sed ment.Petrol.,1 986 ,56(5) :70 6～ 71 4
1 6 张兴阳 ,高振中 ,姚雪根 .北大西洋洛克尔海槽东北部内波沉积[J] .沉积学报 ,1 999,1 7(3) :464～ 472
1 7 何幼斌 ,罗顺社 ,高振中 .深水牵引流沉积研究进展与展望 [J] .地球科学进展 ,1 997,1 2 (3) :2 4 7～ 2 52
1 8 何幼斌 ,高振中 .内潮汐、内波沉积的特征与鉴别 [J] .科学通报 ,1998 ,43(9) :90 3～ 90 8
1 9 ShanmugamG ,SpaldingTD ,RofheartDH .Processsedimentologyandreservoirqualityofdeep-marinebottom -currentreworkedsands(sandycontourites) :anexamplefromtheGulfofMexico[J] .AAPGBulletin ,1 993 ,77:1 2 4 1～ 1 2 59
2 0 杨殿荣 .海洋学 [M ] .北京 :高等教育出版社 ,1 985
2 1 LaFondEC .Internalwaves[A] .In :HillMN ,ed .Thesea[C] .Volume 1 .London :WileyInterscience,1 962 .731～ 751
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