试论当今地球科学的某些新进展及其现实意义
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摘要
近年来地球科学在许多方面取得了进展。板块学说虽未解决板块为什么会运动的问题 ,但其把大陆与海洋联系起来 ,把地壳与地幔联系起来 ,开阔了思维 ,对整个地学研究起到了划时代的推动作用。在生物的演化和发展过程中 ,环境变化始终扮演着重要的角色 ,其一方面促进了生物的发展和演化 ,另一方面也导致了生物的衰退与绝灭。形成地层序列的沉积过程是不连续的 ,更不是传统地层学所说的渐变过程。解决当前的环境、资源等问题的主要途径之一就是开发、保护海洋。以水圈、气圈、生物圈和岸石圈相互作用、变化规律及它们对地外因素、人类因素的反馈机制为基本研究内容的全球变化问题 ,是现代地球科学最重要且最活跃的领域之一 ,与人类生存和发展的关系密不可分。地震剖面中的地震波波形变化 ,包括振幅、频率、极性、相位的变化 ,以及它们随着偏移距的不同变化和相对应地层的岩性、物性、含油性、厚度有密切的关系 ,使地质学家能够在钻井之前预测地下的岩性、物性和含油性。层析成像结果虽不能确切证明地幔有对流 ,但确可证实陆根的存在 ,逐渐形成了幔柱学说。
Although it can not reply why a plate is able to move,the plate tectonic theory has widened thinking of mankind and made an epochal promotion to geosciences because it integrates continents with oceans and the crust with the mantle.During the evolvement and progressing of living things,the environment changes play an important role all the time as it not only gears up the development of organisms but also results in degradation and extinction of living things.As a matter of fact,the sediment processing of stratigraphic sequence is not uninterrupted a progressive formation what is said by the conventional stratigraphy.As a subject connected closely with the mankind society,global change is the most important and active field of geosciences that studies reciprocities and variety rules of hydrosphere,atmosphere,ecosphere and lithosphere.Those reciprocities and varieties are feedback to the results of mankind activities as well as others.The diversification of earthquake waveforms in seismic cross sections including the changes of frequency,polarity and phase have a consanguineous relation with lithology,physical properties,oil possibility and thickness of the corresponding strata.Now geologists can prognosticate the underground lithological characters and oil possibility.Although planigraphy could not firmly testify the mantle convection,it makes sure that a continental root really exists.Nowadays more and more people embrace the mantle plume theory.
Although it can not reply why a plate is able to move,the plate tectonic theory has widened thinking of mankind and made an epochal promotion to geosciences because it integrates continents with oceans and the crust with the mantle.During the evolvement and progressing of living things,the environment changes play an important role all the time as it not only gears up the development of organisms but also results in degradation and extinction of living things.As a matter of fact,the sediment processing of stratigraphic sequence is not uninterrupted a progressive formation what is said by the conventional stratigraphy.As a subject connected closely with the mankind society,global change is the most important and active field of geosciences that studies reciprocities and variety rules of hydrosphere,atmosphere,ecosphere and lithosphere.Those reciprocities and varieties are feedback to the results of mankind activities as well as others.The diversification of earthquake waveforms in seismic cross sections including the changes of frequency,polarity and phase have a consanguineous relation with lithology,physical properties,oil possibility and thickness of the corresponding strata.Now geologists can prognosticate the underground lithological characters and oil possibility.Although planigraphy could not firmly testify the mantle convection,it makes sure that a continental root really exists.Nowadays more and more people embrace the mantle plume theory.
引文
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2 Rampino M R,Stothers R B. Geological rhythms and cometary impacts. Science,1 984 ( 2 2 6)
3 Milankovitch M.Theorie mathematique des phenoments thermiques produits parla radiation solaire.Gauthier-Villars,Paris,1 92 0
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5 Hays J,Imrie J,Shackleton N J. Variations in the earth s orbit:pacemaker of the ice ages. Science,1 976( 1 94 )
6 史晓颖 . 3 5Ma——地质历史上一个重要的自然周期 .地球科学 ,1 996,2 1 ( 3 )
7 蒋志 .地球在银道面上的运动与理论地质年代表 .中国科学 ,1 981
8 Owen H G. Has the earth increased in size?In:Chattergee S,Hotton N,eds.,New Conceptd in Global Tecnoics.Lubbock,USA:Tex Tech Univ Press,1 992
9 Pannella G.Palaeontological clocks and the history of the earth s rotation.In:Growth Rhythms and the history of theearth s rotation. London:J. Wiley,1 975
1 0 Loper D E.A simple model of whole-mantle convection.JGeophs Res,1 985( 90 )
1 1 Olson P,Silver P G,Carrlson R W. The large scale structure of the earth s mantle. Nature,1 990 ( 3 4 4)
1 2 Machetel P,Weber P.Intermittentlayered convection in a modelmantle with an endothermicphase change at670 km.Nature,1 991 ( 3 50 )
1 3 Griffith R W,Campbell IH.Stirring and structure in mantle starting plumes. Earth Planet Sci. Lett.,1 990 ( 99)
1 4 Richards M A,Jones D L,Duncan. A mantle plume initation modle for the wrangellia flood basaltand otheroceanicplateau.Science,1 991 ( 2 54)
1 5 Hill R I,Campbell IH,Davis G F etal. Mantle plumes and continentle tectonics. Science,1 992 ( 2 56)
1 6 Maruyama S. Plume tectonics.J.Geol.Soc.Japan,1 994 ( 1 0 0 )
1 7 Kumazawa M,Maruyama S. Whole earth tectonics. J. Geol. Soc. Japan,1 994 ( 1 0 0 )
1 8 李思田 .沉积盆地的动力学分析 .地学前缘 ,1 995,2 ( 2 )
1 9 Dickinson W R. Basin geodynamics. Basin research,1 994 ( 5)
2 0 Ingersoll R V,Busby C J. Tectonics of sedimentary basins. Cambridge:Blackwell Science,1 995
2 1 穆西南 .古生物学研究的新理论、新假说 .北京 :科学出版社 ,1 993
2 2 Kauffman E G and Walliser O H. Extinction events in the earth history. Berlin:Springer-Verlag,1 990
2 3 Raup D M. Impacts as a general cause of extinctions:A feasibility test.Geol. Amer.Spec.Pap,1 990 ( 2 4 7)
2 4 Rampino M R,Stother R B. Majorepisodesof geologic change:correlations,time structure and possible cause. EarthPlanet Sci.Lett.,1 993 ( 1 1 4 )
2 5 Stother R B,Rampino M R. Periodicity in flood basalts,mass extinctionsand impacts:a statistical view and a modelGeol Amer. Spec.Lett.,1 990 ( 2 4 7)
2 6 Hallam A.Facies interpretation and stratigraphic recrod.Freeman,Cooperand Co.,1 981
2 7 Dott R H.SEPM presidentialaddress:episodicsedimentation-How normalisaverage.How rare is rare.Does itmatter.Jour.Soc.Petrol.,1 983 ( 53 )
2 8 Alvarez L W,Alvarez W,Asaro F,Michel H V.Extraterrestrial cause forthe Cretaceous-Tertiaru extinction.Science,1 980 ( 2 0 8)
2 9 Pope K O,Baine K H,Ocampo A C etal.Impactwinterand the Cretaceous/ Tertiary extinctions:Resultsof a Chixulubmeteoroid impactmodel.Earth Planet.Sci.Lett.,1 994 ( 1 2 8)
3 0 同济大学海洋地质系 .古海洋学概论 .上海 :同济大学出版社 ,1 989
3 1 Nelson K D,A unified view of craton evolution motivated by recent deep seismic reflection and refractible data.Geophys,J.Int.1 992 ( 1 0 5)
3 2 邓晋福 ,赵海玲 ,莫宣学等 .中国大陆根 -柱构造——大陆动力学的钥匙 .北京 :地质出版社 ,1 996
3 3 曾庆丰 .灾变成矿论 .地质科学 ,1 987( 4)
3 4 徐道一 ,杨正宗 ,张勤文等 .天文地质学概论 .北京 :地质出版社 ,1 983
2 Rampino M R,Stothers R B. Geological rhythms and cometary impacts. Science,1 984 ( 2 2 6)
3 Milankovitch M.Theorie mathematique des phenoments thermiques produits parla radiation solaire.Gauthier-Villars,Paris,1 92 0
4 Milankovitch M.Mathematische Klimalehre und astronimische,Theorieder Klimaschwankungen.Verlag von GebruderBorntraeger,Berlin,1 93 0
5 Hays J,Imrie J,Shackleton N J. Variations in the earth s orbit:pacemaker of the ice ages. Science,1 976( 1 94 )
6 史晓颖 . 3 5Ma——地质历史上一个重要的自然周期 .地球科学 ,1 996,2 1 ( 3 )
7 蒋志 .地球在银道面上的运动与理论地质年代表 .中国科学 ,1 981
8 Owen H G. Has the earth increased in size?In:Chattergee S,Hotton N,eds.,New Conceptd in Global Tecnoics.Lubbock,USA:Tex Tech Univ Press,1 992
9 Pannella G.Palaeontological clocks and the history of the earth s rotation.In:Growth Rhythms and the history of theearth s rotation. London:J. Wiley,1 975
1 0 Loper D E.A simple model of whole-mantle convection.JGeophs Res,1 985( 90 )
1 1 Olson P,Silver P G,Carrlson R W. The large scale structure of the earth s mantle. Nature,1 990 ( 3 4 4)
1 2 Machetel P,Weber P.Intermittentlayered convection in a modelmantle with an endothermicphase change at670 km.Nature,1 991 ( 3 50 )
1 3 Griffith R W,Campbell IH.Stirring and structure in mantle starting plumes. Earth Planet Sci. Lett.,1 990 ( 99)
1 4 Richards M A,Jones D L,Duncan. A mantle plume initation modle for the wrangellia flood basaltand otheroceanicplateau.Science,1 991 ( 2 54)
1 5 Hill R I,Campbell IH,Davis G F etal. Mantle plumes and continentle tectonics. Science,1 992 ( 2 56)
1 6 Maruyama S. Plume tectonics.J.Geol.Soc.Japan,1 994 ( 1 0 0 )
1 7 Kumazawa M,Maruyama S. Whole earth tectonics. J. Geol. Soc. Japan,1 994 ( 1 0 0 )
1 8 李思田 .沉积盆地的动力学分析 .地学前缘 ,1 995,2 ( 2 )
1 9 Dickinson W R. Basin geodynamics. Basin research,1 994 ( 5)
2 0 Ingersoll R V,Busby C J. Tectonics of sedimentary basins. Cambridge:Blackwell Science,1 995
2 1 穆西南 .古生物学研究的新理论、新假说 .北京 :科学出版社 ,1 993
2 2 Kauffman E G and Walliser O H. Extinction events in the earth history. Berlin:Springer-Verlag,1 990
2 3 Raup D M. Impacts as a general cause of extinctions:A feasibility test.Geol. Amer.Spec.Pap,1 990 ( 2 4 7)
2 4 Rampino M R,Stother R B. Majorepisodesof geologic change:correlations,time structure and possible cause. EarthPlanet Sci.Lett.,1 993 ( 1 1 4 )
2 5 Stother R B,Rampino M R. Periodicity in flood basalts,mass extinctionsand impacts:a statistical view and a modelGeol Amer. Spec.Lett.,1 990 ( 2 4 7)
2 6 Hallam A.Facies interpretation and stratigraphic recrod.Freeman,Cooperand Co.,1 981
2 7 Dott R H.SEPM presidentialaddress:episodicsedimentation-How normalisaverage.How rare is rare.Does itmatter.Jour.Soc.Petrol.,1 983 ( 53 )
2 8 Alvarez L W,Alvarez W,Asaro F,Michel H V.Extraterrestrial cause forthe Cretaceous-Tertiaru extinction.Science,1 980 ( 2 0 8)
2 9 Pope K O,Baine K H,Ocampo A C etal.Impactwinterand the Cretaceous/ Tertiary extinctions:Resultsof a Chixulubmeteoroid impactmodel.Earth Planet.Sci.Lett.,1 994 ( 1 2 8)
3 0 同济大学海洋地质系 .古海洋学概论 .上海 :同济大学出版社 ,1 989
3 1 Nelson K D,A unified view of craton evolution motivated by recent deep seismic reflection and refractible data.Geophys,J.Int.1 992 ( 1 0 5)
3 2 邓晋福 ,赵海玲 ,莫宣学等 .中国大陆根 -柱构造——大陆动力学的钥匙 .北京 :地质出版社 ,1 996
3 3 曾庆丰 .灾变成矿论 .地质科学 ,1 987( 4)
3 4 徐道一 ,杨正宗 ,张勤文等 .天文地质学概论 .北京 :地质出版社 ,1 983
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