基于GIS平台与证据权的地震滑坡易发性评价
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摘要
汶川地震诱发了数以万计的滑坡灾害.应用地理信息系统与遥感技术,选取地震烈度、岩性、坡度、断层、高程、坡向、河流与公路8个因素作为汶川地震滑坡影响因子,采用证据权方法,对研究区内汶川地震滑坡进行灾害易发性研究.检验表明,易发性评价结果的正确率达到81.855%.不同因子组合评价结果表明,地震烈度对滑坡易发性分区结果影响最大,而地质、地形、人类活动因素对地震滑坡影响相对较小.使用自然分类法则方法将研究区内滑坡按易发程度分为极高易发区、高易发区、中易发区、低易发区与极低易发区5类,极高易发区与高易发区面积之和约为11 255.93km2,占研究区总面积的23.12%,其中发育滑坡面积为521.98km2,占滑坡总面积的73.36%.
Wenchuan earthquake triggered tens of thousands of landslides.Eight factors that influence landslide occurrence,including seismic intensity,lithology,slope angle,faults,elevation,slope aspect,drainages,and roads were created in raster data format base on geographical information system(GIS) and remote sensing(RS) technologies.The landslide hazard map was derived by using weight-of-evidence modeling.Earthquake-induced landslide susceptibility zonings of other eight impact factor combination categories were analyzed and mapped one after another,using GIS raster analysis methods.The eight different impact factor combinations analysis suggests that seismic intensity play an important role in determining the landslide susceptibility index value,while geological,geomorphological,and human-related factors only play minor roles.The resulting susceptibility map was divided into five categories,i.e.extremely high,high,moderate,low,and extremely low by using Natural Breaks law.The validation results show satisfactory agreement between the susceptibility map and the existing data on landslide distributions in the form of area under curve(AUC) up to 81.855%.The area with extremely high and high susceptibility accounts for about 11255.93km2,23.12% of the study area,including landslide areas of 521.98km2,73.36% of all landslide occurrence areas.
Wenchuan earthquake triggered tens of thousands of landslides.Eight factors that influence landslide occurrence,including seismic intensity,lithology,slope angle,faults,elevation,slope aspect,drainages,and roads were created in raster data format base on geographical information system(GIS) and remote sensing(RS) technologies.The landslide hazard map was derived by using weight-of-evidence modeling.Earthquake-induced landslide susceptibility zonings of other eight impact factor combination categories were analyzed and mapped one after another,using GIS raster analysis methods.The eight different impact factor combinations analysis suggests that seismic intensity play an important role in determining the landslide susceptibility index value,while geological,geomorphological,and human-related factors only play minor roles.The resulting susceptibility map was divided into five categories,i.e.extremely high,high,moderate,low,and extremely low by using Natural Breaks law.The validation results show satisfactory agreement between the susceptibility map and the existing data on landslide distributions in the form of area under curve(AUC) up to 81.855%.The area with extremely high and high susceptibility accounts for about 11255.93km2,23.12% of the study area,including landslide areas of 521.98km2,73.36% of all landslide occurrence areas.
引文
Agterberg,F.P.,1992.Combining indicator patterns in weights of evidence modeling for resource evaluation.Natural Resources Research,1(1):39-50.doi:10.1007/BF01782111
Bonham-Carter,G.F.,Agterberg,F.P.,Wright,D.F.,1989.Weights of evidence modelling:a new approach to mapping mineral potential.Statistical Applications in the Earth Science,Geological Survey of Canada Paper89-9,171-183.
Chang,D.S.,Zhang,L.M.,Xu,Y.,et al.,2009.Analysis of overtopping failure of Hongshihe landslide dam after Wenchuan earthquake.Journal of Engineering Geology,17(1):50-55(in Chinese with English abstract).
Cheng,Q.,2004.Application of weights of evidence method for assessment of flowing wells in the Greater Toronto area,Canada.Natural Resource Research,13(2),77-86.doi:10.1023/B:NARR.0000032645.46747.48
Conoscenti,C.,Di Maggio,C.,Rotiglinao,E.,2008.GIS analysis to assess landslide susceptibility in a fluvial ba-sin of NW Sicily(Italy).Geomorphology,94(3-4):325-339.doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2006.10.039
Cui,P.,Chen,X.Q.,Zhu,Y.Y.,et al.,2011.The Wenchuan earthquake(May 12,2008),Sichuan Province,China,and resulting geohazards.Natural Hazards,56(1):19-36.doi:10.1007/s11069-009-9392-1
Dahal,R.K.,Hasegawa,S.,Nonomura,A.,et al.,2008a.GIS-based weights-of-evidence modelling of rainfall-in-duced landslides in small catchments for landslide sus-ceptibility mapping.Environmental Geology,54(2):311-324.doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2008.05.041
Dahal,R.K.,Hasegawa,S.,Nonomura,A.,et al.,2008b.Predictive modelling of rainfall-induced landslide hazard in the Lesser Himalaya of Nepal based on weights-of-evidence.Geomorphology,102(3-4):496-510.doi:10.1007/s00254-007-0818-3
Daneshfar,B.,Benn,K.,2002.Spatial relationships between nat-ural seismicity and faults,southeastern Ontario and north-central New York state.Tectonophysics,353(1-4):31-44.doi:10.1016/S0040-1951(02)00279-2
Huang,R.Q.,Li,W.L.,2008.Research on development and distribution rules of geohazards induced by Wenchuan earthquake on 12th May,2008.Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,27(12):2585-2592(in Chinese with English abstract).
Huang,R.Q.,Li,W.L.,2009.Fault effect analysis of geohazard triggered by Wenchuan earthquake.Journal of Engineering Geology,17(1):19-28(in Chinese with English abstract).
Kamp,U.,Growley,B.J.,Khattak,G.A.,et al.,2008.GIS-based landslide susceptibility mapping for the 2005 Kashmir earthquake region.Geomorphology,101(4):631-642.doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2008.03.003
Lee,S.,Choi,J.,2004.Landslide susceptibility mapping using GIS and the weight-of-evidence model.Interna-tional Journal of Geographical Information Science,18(8):789-814.doi:10.1080/13658810410001702003
Neuhauser,B.,Terhorst,B.,2007.Landslide susceptibility assessment using“weights-of-evidence”applied to a study area at the Jurassic escarpment(SW-Germany).Geomorphology,86(1-2):12-24.doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2006.08.002
Qi,S.W.,Xu,Q.,Liu,C.L.,et al.,2009.Slope instabilities in the severest disaster areas of“5.12”Wenchuan earthquake.Journal of Engineering Geology,17(1):39-49(in Chinese with English abstract).
Sato,H.P.,Harp,E.L.,2009.Interpretation of earthquakeinduced landslides triggered by the 12May 2008,M7.9 Wenchuan earthquake in the Beichuan area,Sichuan Province,China using satellite imagery and Google Earth.Landslides,6(2):153-159.doi:10.1007/s10346-009-0147-6
Sharma,M.,Kumar,R.,2008.GIS-based landslide hazard zonation:a case study from the Parwanoo area,Lesser and Outer Himalaya,H.P.,India.Bulletin of Engi-neering Geology and the Environment,67(1):129-137.doi:10.1007/s10064-007-0113-2
Song,R.H.,Hiromu,D.,Kazutoki,A.,et al.,2008.Modeling the potential distribution of shallow-seated landslides using the weights of evidence method and a logistic regression model:a case study of the Sabae Area,Japan.International Journal of Sediment Research,23(2):106-118.doi:10.1016/S1001-6279(08)60010-4
Su,F.H.,Liu,H.J.,Han,Y.S.,2008.The extraction of mountain hazard induced by Wenchuan earthquake and analysis of its distributing characteristic.Journal of Remote Sensing,12(6):956-963(in Chinese with English abstract).
Wang,F.W.,Cheng,Q.G.,Highland,L.,et al.,2009.Preliminary investigation of some large landslides triggered by the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake,Sichuan Province,China.Landslides,6(1):47-54.doi:10.1007/s10346-009-0141-z
Wang,Z.W.,Li,R.Y.,Wang,X.G.,2007.Zonation of landslide hazards based on weights of evidence model.Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,29(8):1268-1273(in Chinese with English abstract).
Wu,S.R.,Shi,J.S.,Yao,X.,et al.,2008.Analysis and evaluation of geohazard intensity of the Wenchuan earthquake,Sichuan,China.Geological Bulletin of China,27(11):1900-1906(in Chinese with English abstract).
Xie,H.,Wang,S.G.,Kong,J.M.,2008.Distribution and characteristics of mountain hazards induced by the earthquake of May 12in Wenchuan,China.Journal of Mountain Science,26(4):396-401(in Chinese with English abstract).
Xu,C.,Dai,F.C.,Yao,X.,2009a.Incidence number and affected area of Wenchuan earthquake-induced landslides.Science&Technology Review,27(11):79-81(in Chinese with English abstract).
Xu,C.,Dai,F.C.,Yao,X.,et al.,2009b.GIS-based landslide susceptibility assessment using analytical hierarchy process(AHP)for May 12,2008Wenchuan earthquake region.Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,28(S2):3978-3985(in Chinese with English abstract).
Xu,C.,Dai,F.C.,Chen,J.,et al.,2009c.Identification and analysis of secondary geological hazards triggered by a magnitude 8.0 Wenchuan earthquake.Journal of Remote Sensing,13(4):745-753.(in Chinese with English abstract).
Xu,C.,Dai,F.C.,Yao,X.,et al.,2010a.GIS based certainty factor analysis of landslide triggering factors in Wenchuan earthquake of 12 May 2008,Sichuan,China.Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,29(S1):1-9(in Chinese with English abstract).
Xu,C.,Dai,F.C.,Yao,X.,2010b.Study on Wenchuan earthquake-induced landslide susceptibility evaluation based on GIS platform and certainty factor analysis method.Journal of Engineering Geology,18(1):15-26(in Chinese with English abstract).
Xu,C.,Dai,F.C.,Tu,X.B.,et al.,2010c.Statistical analysis of the characteristic parameters of landslides triggered by the May 12,2008Wenchuan earthquake.Journal of Natural Disasters,19(2):1-8(in Chinese with English abstract).
Xu,Q.,Huang,R.Q.,2008.Kinetics characteristics of large landslides triggered by May 12th Wenchuan earthquake.Journal of Engineering Geology,16(6):721729(in Chinese with English abstract).
Yao,X.,Xu,C.,Dai,F.C.,et al.,2009.Contribution of strata lithology and slope gradient to landslides triggered by Wenchuan Ms 8earthquake,Sichuan,China.Geological Bulletin of China,28(8):1156-1162(in Chinese with English abstract).
Yin,Y.P.,2008.Research on the geo-hazards triggered by Wenchuan earthquake,Sichuan.Journal of Engineering Geology,16(4):7-12(in Chinese with English abstract).
Yin,Y.P.,2009.Features of landslides triggered by the Wenchuan earthquake.Journal of Engineering Geology,17(1):29-38(in Chinese with English abstract).
Yin,Y.P.,Wang,F.W.,Sun,P.,2009.Landslide hazards triggered by the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake,Sichuan,China.Landslides,6(2):139-152.doi:10.1007/s10346-009-0148-5
Zahiri,H.,Palamara,D.R.,Flentje,P.,et al.,2006.A GISbased weights-of-evidence model for mapping cliff instabilities associated with mine subsidence.Environmental Geology,51(3):377-386.doi:10.1007/s00254-006-0333-y
Zhang,Y.S.,Lei,W.Z.,Shi,J.S.,et al.,2008.General characteristics of“5.12”earthquake-induced geo-hazards in Sichuan.Journal of Geomechanics,14(2):109-116(in Chinese with English abstract).
Zezere,J.L.,Garcia,R.A.C.,Oliveira,S.C.,et al.,2008.Probabilistic landslide risk analysis considering direct costs in the area north of Lisbon(Portugal).Geomorphology,94(3-4):467-495.doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2006.10.040
常东升,张利民,徐耀,等,2009.红石河堰塞湖漫顶溃坝风险评估.工程地质学报,17(1):50-55.
黄润秋,李为乐,2008.“5.12”汶川大地震触发地质灾害的发育分布规律研究.岩石力学与工程学报,27(12):2585-2592.
黄润秋,李为乐,2009.汶川大地震触发地质灾害的断层效应分析.工程地质学报,17(1):19-28.
祁生文,许强,刘春玲,等,2009.汶川地震极重灾区地质背景及次生斜坡灾害空间发育规律.工程地质学报,17(1):39-49.
苏凤环,刘洪江,韩用顺,2008.汶川地震山地灾害遥感快速提取及其分布特点分析.遥感学报,12(6):956-963.
王志旺,李端有,王湘桂,2007.证据权法在滑坡危险度区划研究中的应用.岩土工程学报,29(8):1268-1273.
吴树仁,石菊松,姚鑫,等,2008.四川汶川地震地质灾害活动强度分析评价.地质通报,27(11):1900-1906.
谢洪,王士革,孔纪名,2008.“5.12”汶川地震次生山地灾害的分布与特点.山地学报,26(4):396-401.
许冲,戴福初,姚鑫,2009a.汶川地震诱发滑坡灾害的数量与面积.科技导报,27(11):79-81.
许冲,戴福初,姚鑫,等,2009b.GIS支持下基于层次分析法的汶川地震区滑坡易发性评价.岩石力学与工程学报,28(S2):3978-3985.
许冲,戴福初,陈剑,等,2009c.汶川Ms8.0地震重灾区次生地质灾害遥感精细解译.遥感学报,13(4),754-762.
许冲,戴福初,姚鑫,等,2010a.基于GIS的汶川地震滑坡灾害影响因子确定性系数分析.岩石力学与工程学报,29(S1):1-9.
许冲,戴福初,姚鑫,2010b.基于GIS与确定性系数分析方法的汶川地震滑坡易发性评价.工程地质学报,18(1):15-26.
许冲,戴福初,涂新斌,等,2010c.“5.12”汶川地震诱发滑坡特征参数统计分析.自然灾害学报,19(4):1-8.
许强,黄润秋,2008.“5.12”汶川大地震诱发大型崩滑灾害动力特征初探.工程地质学报,16(6):721-729.
姚鑫,许冲,戴福初,等,2009.四川汶川Ms 8级地震引发的滑坡与地层岩性、坡度的相关性.地质通报,28(8):1156-1162.
殷跃平,2008.汶川八级地震地质灾害研究.工程地质学报,16(4):7-12.
殷跃平,2009.汶川八级地震滑坡特征分析.工程地质学报,17(1):29-38.
张永双,雷伟志,石菊松,等,2008.四川“5.12”地震次生地质灾害的基本特征初析.地质力学学报,14(2):109-116.
Bonham-Carter,G.F.,Agterberg,F.P.,Wright,D.F.,1989.Weights of evidence modelling:a new approach to mapping mineral potential.Statistical Applications in the Earth Science,Geological Survey of Canada Paper89-9,171-183.
Chang,D.S.,Zhang,L.M.,Xu,Y.,et al.,2009.Analysis of overtopping failure of Hongshihe landslide dam after Wenchuan earthquake.Journal of Engineering Geology,17(1):50-55(in Chinese with English abstract).
Cheng,Q.,2004.Application of weights of evidence method for assessment of flowing wells in the Greater Toronto area,Canada.Natural Resource Research,13(2),77-86.doi:10.1023/B:NARR.0000032645.46747.48
Conoscenti,C.,Di Maggio,C.,Rotiglinao,E.,2008.GIS analysis to assess landslide susceptibility in a fluvial ba-sin of NW Sicily(Italy).Geomorphology,94(3-4):325-339.doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2006.10.039
Cui,P.,Chen,X.Q.,Zhu,Y.Y.,et al.,2011.The Wenchuan earthquake(May 12,2008),Sichuan Province,China,and resulting geohazards.Natural Hazards,56(1):19-36.doi:10.1007/s11069-009-9392-1
Dahal,R.K.,Hasegawa,S.,Nonomura,A.,et al.,2008a.GIS-based weights-of-evidence modelling of rainfall-in-duced landslides in small catchments for landslide sus-ceptibility mapping.Environmental Geology,54(2):311-324.doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2008.05.041
Dahal,R.K.,Hasegawa,S.,Nonomura,A.,et al.,2008b.Predictive modelling of rainfall-induced landslide hazard in the Lesser Himalaya of Nepal based on weights-of-evidence.Geomorphology,102(3-4):496-510.doi:10.1007/s00254-007-0818-3
Daneshfar,B.,Benn,K.,2002.Spatial relationships between nat-ural seismicity and faults,southeastern Ontario and north-central New York state.Tectonophysics,353(1-4):31-44.doi:10.1016/S0040-1951(02)00279-2
Huang,R.Q.,Li,W.L.,2008.Research on development and distribution rules of geohazards induced by Wenchuan earthquake on 12th May,2008.Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,27(12):2585-2592(in Chinese with English abstract).
Huang,R.Q.,Li,W.L.,2009.Fault effect analysis of geohazard triggered by Wenchuan earthquake.Journal of Engineering Geology,17(1):19-28(in Chinese with English abstract).
Kamp,U.,Growley,B.J.,Khattak,G.A.,et al.,2008.GIS-based landslide susceptibility mapping for the 2005 Kashmir earthquake region.Geomorphology,101(4):631-642.doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2008.03.003
Lee,S.,Choi,J.,2004.Landslide susceptibility mapping using GIS and the weight-of-evidence model.Interna-tional Journal of Geographical Information Science,18(8):789-814.doi:10.1080/13658810410001702003
Neuhauser,B.,Terhorst,B.,2007.Landslide susceptibility assessment using“weights-of-evidence”applied to a study area at the Jurassic escarpment(SW-Germany).Geomorphology,86(1-2):12-24.doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2006.08.002
Qi,S.W.,Xu,Q.,Liu,C.L.,et al.,2009.Slope instabilities in the severest disaster areas of“5.12”Wenchuan earthquake.Journal of Engineering Geology,17(1):39-49(in Chinese with English abstract).
Sato,H.P.,Harp,E.L.,2009.Interpretation of earthquakeinduced landslides triggered by the 12May 2008,M7.9 Wenchuan earthquake in the Beichuan area,Sichuan Province,China using satellite imagery and Google Earth.Landslides,6(2):153-159.doi:10.1007/s10346-009-0147-6
Sharma,M.,Kumar,R.,2008.GIS-based landslide hazard zonation:a case study from the Parwanoo area,Lesser and Outer Himalaya,H.P.,India.Bulletin of Engi-neering Geology and the Environment,67(1):129-137.doi:10.1007/s10064-007-0113-2
Song,R.H.,Hiromu,D.,Kazutoki,A.,et al.,2008.Modeling the potential distribution of shallow-seated landslides using the weights of evidence method and a logistic regression model:a case study of the Sabae Area,Japan.International Journal of Sediment Research,23(2):106-118.doi:10.1016/S1001-6279(08)60010-4
Su,F.H.,Liu,H.J.,Han,Y.S.,2008.The extraction of mountain hazard induced by Wenchuan earthquake and analysis of its distributing characteristic.Journal of Remote Sensing,12(6):956-963(in Chinese with English abstract).
Wang,F.W.,Cheng,Q.G.,Highland,L.,et al.,2009.Preliminary investigation of some large landslides triggered by the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake,Sichuan Province,China.Landslides,6(1):47-54.doi:10.1007/s10346-009-0141-z
Wang,Z.W.,Li,R.Y.,Wang,X.G.,2007.Zonation of landslide hazards based on weights of evidence model.Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,29(8):1268-1273(in Chinese with English abstract).
Wu,S.R.,Shi,J.S.,Yao,X.,et al.,2008.Analysis and evaluation of geohazard intensity of the Wenchuan earthquake,Sichuan,China.Geological Bulletin of China,27(11):1900-1906(in Chinese with English abstract).
Xie,H.,Wang,S.G.,Kong,J.M.,2008.Distribution and characteristics of mountain hazards induced by the earthquake of May 12in Wenchuan,China.Journal of Mountain Science,26(4):396-401(in Chinese with English abstract).
Xu,C.,Dai,F.C.,Yao,X.,2009a.Incidence number and affected area of Wenchuan earthquake-induced landslides.Science&Technology Review,27(11):79-81(in Chinese with English abstract).
Xu,C.,Dai,F.C.,Yao,X.,et al.,2009b.GIS-based landslide susceptibility assessment using analytical hierarchy process(AHP)for May 12,2008Wenchuan earthquake region.Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,28(S2):3978-3985(in Chinese with English abstract).
Xu,C.,Dai,F.C.,Chen,J.,et al.,2009c.Identification and analysis of secondary geological hazards triggered by a magnitude 8.0 Wenchuan earthquake.Journal of Remote Sensing,13(4):745-753.(in Chinese with English abstract).
Xu,C.,Dai,F.C.,Yao,X.,et al.,2010a.GIS based certainty factor analysis of landslide triggering factors in Wenchuan earthquake of 12 May 2008,Sichuan,China.Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,29(S1):1-9(in Chinese with English abstract).
Xu,C.,Dai,F.C.,Yao,X.,2010b.Study on Wenchuan earthquake-induced landslide susceptibility evaluation based on GIS platform and certainty factor analysis method.Journal of Engineering Geology,18(1):15-26(in Chinese with English abstract).
Xu,C.,Dai,F.C.,Tu,X.B.,et al.,2010c.Statistical analysis of the characteristic parameters of landslides triggered by the May 12,2008Wenchuan earthquake.Journal of Natural Disasters,19(2):1-8(in Chinese with English abstract).
Xu,Q.,Huang,R.Q.,2008.Kinetics characteristics of large landslides triggered by May 12th Wenchuan earthquake.Journal of Engineering Geology,16(6):721729(in Chinese with English abstract).
Yao,X.,Xu,C.,Dai,F.C.,et al.,2009.Contribution of strata lithology and slope gradient to landslides triggered by Wenchuan Ms 8earthquake,Sichuan,China.Geological Bulletin of China,28(8):1156-1162(in Chinese with English abstract).
Yin,Y.P.,2008.Research on the geo-hazards triggered by Wenchuan earthquake,Sichuan.Journal of Engineering Geology,16(4):7-12(in Chinese with English abstract).
Yin,Y.P.,2009.Features of landslides triggered by the Wenchuan earthquake.Journal of Engineering Geology,17(1):29-38(in Chinese with English abstract).
Yin,Y.P.,Wang,F.W.,Sun,P.,2009.Landslide hazards triggered by the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake,Sichuan,China.Landslides,6(2):139-152.doi:10.1007/s10346-009-0148-5
Zahiri,H.,Palamara,D.R.,Flentje,P.,et al.,2006.A GISbased weights-of-evidence model for mapping cliff instabilities associated with mine subsidence.Environmental Geology,51(3):377-386.doi:10.1007/s00254-006-0333-y
Zhang,Y.S.,Lei,W.Z.,Shi,J.S.,et al.,2008.General characteristics of“5.12”earthquake-induced geo-hazards in Sichuan.Journal of Geomechanics,14(2):109-116(in Chinese with English abstract).
Zezere,J.L.,Garcia,R.A.C.,Oliveira,S.C.,et al.,2008.Probabilistic landslide risk analysis considering direct costs in the area north of Lisbon(Portugal).Geomorphology,94(3-4):467-495.doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2006.10.040
常东升,张利民,徐耀,等,2009.红石河堰塞湖漫顶溃坝风险评估.工程地质学报,17(1):50-55.
黄润秋,李为乐,2008.“5.12”汶川大地震触发地质灾害的发育分布规律研究.岩石力学与工程学报,27(12):2585-2592.
黄润秋,李为乐,2009.汶川大地震触发地质灾害的断层效应分析.工程地质学报,17(1):19-28.
祁生文,许强,刘春玲,等,2009.汶川地震极重灾区地质背景及次生斜坡灾害空间发育规律.工程地质学报,17(1):39-49.
苏凤环,刘洪江,韩用顺,2008.汶川地震山地灾害遥感快速提取及其分布特点分析.遥感学报,12(6):956-963.
王志旺,李端有,王湘桂,2007.证据权法在滑坡危险度区划研究中的应用.岩土工程学报,29(8):1268-1273.
吴树仁,石菊松,姚鑫,等,2008.四川汶川地震地质灾害活动强度分析评价.地质通报,27(11):1900-1906.
谢洪,王士革,孔纪名,2008.“5.12”汶川地震次生山地灾害的分布与特点.山地学报,26(4):396-401.
许冲,戴福初,姚鑫,2009a.汶川地震诱发滑坡灾害的数量与面积.科技导报,27(11):79-81.
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