断裂系统分形研究新进展
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摘要
近年来的研究表明 ,断裂系统的分维数D值不但可以用于断裂结构面力学性质的鉴定、断裂活动性强弱及断裂运动方式的分析 ,而且也可以用于矿产预测等方面。不同性质的破裂面其分维值D有明显的不同 ,正断层D值最大 ,逆断层次之 ,平移断层最小。在断裂活动性及地震方面 ,高的分维数D值反映了强的构造活动性及频繁的地震 ,低D值则反映了弱构造活动性 ,而高的断层泥粒度分维值则反映了断裂活动过程中强烈的剪切变形。在矿产分布区 ,高的分维数D值一般与好的矿产分布地段相对应。实验表明 ,岩石破裂过程中形成的节理裂隙不但具有分形分布的特征 ,而且与其受力方式及方向有一定的关系 ,用岩石节理裂隙的分形特征可以评价岩体稳定性并进行岩体质量分类。与其它方法相比 ,分形理论在研究断裂系统方面具有定量化、直观、方便、易于掌握等特点。但由于分形理论本身的不完善及分维数计算过程中存在的一些问题 ,此方法在断裂系统研究方面尚有许多不完善之处 ,需要在实践中不断加以改进。另外在断裂系分形过程中要紧密结合地质实际 ,深入探讨分维数所反映的地质意义
The recent studies show that the fractal dimension value ( D ) of faults can be used in many ways in the studying of fault systems. Firstly, it can be used to identify the nature of fault systems; Secondly, to analyze the tectonic activity of the active faults and the frequency of earthquakes; Thirdly, to predict the distribution of resource controlled by fault systems; etc. The faults with different nature have different fractal dimension values. The fractal dimension values of normal faults are high; thrust faults are lower; strike-slip faults are the lowest. The high fractal dimension values of active faults reflect the strong tectonic activity features and frequent earthquakes, while the low fractal dimension value reflects the weak tectonic activity features and few earthquakes. The fractal dimension values of granulometric distribution of fault gouges reflect the movement features of the faults. The higher the fractal dimension values, the stronger the shear deformation are in the faults. In many areas, the distribution of fractal dimension values is in accordance with the distribution of resources. The higher the fractal dimension values, the more resources and the larger ore field are in the area. According to some recent experiments, not only the ruptures and joints formed during the fracturing of rocks are fractally distributed, but the fractal dimension values of them have much to do with the direction of the forces and the way how the forces are imposed. Because the values of fractal dimension reflect the distribution features of the ruptures and joints in rocks, it can be used in the classification of the stability of rocks. Compared with other methods, the using of fractal theory in the fault systems has many advantages including quantification, briefness and easy grasp. Though it has been widely used, there are many problems unresolved because of the imperfection of the fractal theory and other factors, which should be improved continually in the using of it. Because of the complexity of the fault systems, we should pay much attention to the geological features of them and analyze the geological significance of the fractal dimension values thoroughly.
The recent studies show that the fractal dimension value ( D ) of faults can be used in many ways in the studying of fault systems. Firstly, it can be used to identify the nature of fault systems; Secondly, to analyze the tectonic activity of the active faults and the frequency of earthquakes; Thirdly, to predict the distribution of resource controlled by fault systems; etc. The faults with different nature have different fractal dimension values. The fractal dimension values of normal faults are high; thrust faults are lower; strike-slip faults are the lowest. The high fractal dimension values of active faults reflect the strong tectonic activity features and frequent earthquakes, while the low fractal dimension value reflects the weak tectonic activity features and few earthquakes. The fractal dimension values of granulometric distribution of fault gouges reflect the movement features of the faults. The higher the fractal dimension values, the stronger the shear deformation are in the faults. In many areas, the distribution of fractal dimension values is in accordance with the distribution of resources. The higher the fractal dimension values, the more resources and the larger ore field are in the area. According to some recent experiments, not only the ruptures and joints formed during the fracturing of rocks are fractally distributed, but the fractal dimension values of them have much to do with the direction of the forces and the way how the forces are imposed. Because the values of fractal dimension reflect the distribution features of the ruptures and joints in rocks, it can be used in the classification of the stability of rocks. Compared with other methods, the using of fractal theory in the fault systems has many advantages including quantification, briefness and easy grasp. Though it has been widely used, there are many problems unresolved because of the imperfection of the fractal theory and other factors, which should be improved continually in the using of it. Because of the complexity of the fault systems, we should pay much attention to the geological features of them and analyze the geological significance of the fractal dimension values thoroughly.
引文
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[9] 胡道功 ,吴树仁 ,殷秀兰 .仙女山断裂带断层泥分维值与断裂活动研究 [J].地球学报 ,1999,2 0 (2 ) :137～141
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[11] 周新桂 ,孙宝珊 ,刘金红 .辽河科尔康油田断裂分形特征与油气关系 [J].地质力学学报 ,1997,3(1) :81～ 87
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[13] 卢新卫 ,马东升 .湘中断裂体系分维与锑矿分布 [J].地质论评 ,1998,44 (5 ) :5 42～ 5 46
[14] HirataT ,SatohT ,ItoK .Fractalstructureofspatialdis tributionofmicrofracturinginrock[J].Geophys.J.Roy .Astron .Soc,1987,90 :36 9～ 374
[15 ] BartonCC ,HsiehPA .Physicalandhydrologicalflowpropertiesoffractures[A].2 8thInternationalGeologicalCongressFieldTripGuidebookT385 [C ],AmericanGeophysicalUnion .WashingtonD .C ,1989.36
[16 ] 谢卫红 ,谢和平 ,李世平 ,等 .分形节理的强度和变形研究 [J].长春地质学院学报 ,1997,2 7(3) :2 84～2 88
[17] 牛志仁 ,施行觉 .岩体分形断裂的统计理论 [J].地球物理学报 ,1992 ,35 (5 ) :5 94～ 6 0 3
[18] 施行觉 ,牛志仁 ,许和明 ,等 .岩石断面的分形测量及其分维的计算 [J].地球物理学报 ,1992 ,35 (2 ) :15 4～ 15 9
[19] 易顺民 ,唐辉明 ,龙昱 .基于分形理论的岩体工程分类初探 [J].地质科技情报 ,1994,13(1) :10 1～ 10 6
[2 0 ] 杜时贵 ,李军 ,徐良明 ,等 .岩体质量的分形表述[J].地质科技情报 ,1997,16 (1) :91～ 96
[2 ] 易顺民 ,唐辉明 .活动断裂的分形结构特征 [J].地球科学 ,1995 ,2 0 (1) :5 8～ 6 2
[3] 金章东 ,卢新卫 ,张传林 .江西德兴斑岩铜矿田断裂分形研究 [J].地质论评 ,1998,44 (1) :5 7～ 6 2
[4 ] 谢和平 ,PariseanWG .岩石节理粗糙系数 (JRC)的分形估计 [J].中国科学 (B辑 ) ,1994,38(5 ) :5 2 4～5 30
[5 ] 孙 岩 ,陈祥云 ,勾佛仪 .破裂面分数维D值———结构面鉴定的新指标 [J].地学前缘 ,1995 ,2 (1～ 2 ) :112
[6 ] 孙 岩 ,万 玲 ,张喜慧 ,等 .新疆塔里木北部地区压、扭、张性破裂面分维数D值测算 [J].地质论评 ,1997,43(2 ) :16 2～ 16 6
[7] 周 尽 .海原断层系分形研究 [J].西北地震学报 ,1991,13(3) :78～ 85
[8] 孙凡臣 ,丁国瑜 .线性构造分数维值含义 [J].地震 ,1991,(5 ) :33～ 37
[9] 胡道功 ,吴树仁 ,殷秀兰 .仙女山断裂带断层泥分维值与断裂活动研究 [J].地球学报 ,1999,2 0 (2 ) :137～141
[10 ] 沈忠民 ,马祖钧 ,周光甲 ,等 .断裂体系分维与油田分布 [J].地球科学 ,1995 ,2 0 (1) :73～ 78
[11] 周新桂 ,孙宝珊 ,刘金红 .辽河科尔康油田断裂分形特征与油气关系 [J].地质力学学报 ,1997,3(1) :81～ 87
[12 ] 刘顺生 ,谭凯旋 .开放体系成矿动力学———水口山矿田成矿机理探讨 [M].北京 :地震出版社 ,1996 .99～10 2
[13] 卢新卫 ,马东升 .湘中断裂体系分维与锑矿分布 [J].地质论评 ,1998,44 (5 ) :5 42～ 5 46
[14] HirataT ,SatohT ,ItoK .Fractalstructureofspatialdis tributionofmicrofracturinginrock[J].Geophys.J.Roy .Astron .Soc,1987,90 :36 9～ 374
[15 ] BartonCC ,HsiehPA .Physicalandhydrologicalflowpropertiesoffractures[A].2 8thInternationalGeologicalCongressFieldTripGuidebookT385 [C ],AmericanGeophysicalUnion .WashingtonD .C ,1989.36
[16 ] 谢卫红 ,谢和平 ,李世平 ,等 .分形节理的强度和变形研究 [J].长春地质学院学报 ,1997,2 7(3) :2 84～2 88
[17] 牛志仁 ,施行觉 .岩体分形断裂的统计理论 [J].地球物理学报 ,1992 ,35 (5 ) :5 94～ 6 0 3
[18] 施行觉 ,牛志仁 ,许和明 ,等 .岩石断面的分形测量及其分维的计算 [J].地球物理学报 ,1992 ,35 (2 ) :15 4～ 15 9
[19] 易顺民 ,唐辉明 ,龙昱 .基于分形理论的岩体工程分类初探 [J].地质科技情报 ,1994,13(1) :10 1～ 10 6
[2 0 ] 杜时贵 ,李军 ,徐良明 ,等 .岩体质量的分形表述[J].地质科技情报 ,1997,16 (1) :91～ 96
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