2012年北苏门答腊西海域M_W8.6地震的孕震机理及其对地震活动性的影响
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摘要
2012年4月11日在北苏门答腊的西部海域附近发生了MW8.6特大地震和2小时后的MW8.2强烈地震,这是到目前为止震级最大的板块内部走滑型地震。本文根据该地区的地质构造、地球物理观测资料及研究结果,对这次地震的孕育背景进行了分析,认为本次地震尽管发生于印度洋板块的沃顿海盆内(巽它海沟西南),但该地区断层发育、中强地震活跃、变形情况复杂,特别是印度洋板块在向NW方向运动时速度由南向北逐渐减小,这种差异运动导致在板块内部产生剪切应力,因此在板块内部近SN向的断层及附近区域不断积累弹性应变能;同时2004年的MW9.2地震产生的库仑应力变化对该次地震造成了应力加载,起到了触发作用,最终导致了本次特大左旋走滑型地震的发生。此外库仑应力变化计算表明,MW8.6地震在MW8.2地震的震源区附近的库仑应力增大,增加值超过0.05MPa,因此对MW8.2地震起到了触发作用。计算结果进一步显示,该次地震对其周围陆地影响较小,苏门答腊岛处于地震影响区中,库仑应力降低了0.03MPa,发生强余震的风险下降。主震后的余震活动的空间分布与库仑应力增加区一致。本次MW8.6特大地震后,全球范围内的M≥5.5地震活动性出现了大幅度的上升,而该现象在本世纪以来其他5次M≥8.5的强震之后并未出现;同样,该次特大地震对中国大陆的地震活动性也有一定的影响,震后中国大陆地区M>4.5地震活动水平明显增高。
On April 11,2012,a large earthquake(MW8.6) and by far the largest strike-slip event ever recorded,struck the west coast of north Sumatra and was followed 2 h later by an MW 8.2 earthquake.A number of issues remain unclear such as the reason for the unusually large strike-slip earthquakes occurring in the intra-oceanic lithosphere,correlations between these two earthquakes,and the manner in which they influence seismicity.Therefore,this paper analyzes the nucleation background of the MW8.6 earthquake according to the region's geological environment and geophysical observation results.Although the earthquake occurred in the Wharton Basin southwest of the Sunda Trench in the Indian Ocean,the strike-slip faults are well developed with complex deformation and frequent seismic activity.In the movement toward northwest of the Indian plate,the motion exhibits a gradual south-north(S-N) differential evolution resulting in internal shear stress in the plate.Elastic strain energy is accumulated in the north-south(N-S)-trending fault in the Wharton Basin,which eventually led to the occurrence of the large strike-slip earthquake.In addition,the static Coulomb stress change calculation of the MW8.6 earthquake shows that Coulomb stress increase of more than 0.05 MPa was induced on the MW8.2 aftershock source,which played a triggering role.However,the great earthquake had a slight influence on the mainland nearby.The Sumatra Island is located in the stress shadow of-0.03 MPa with a decreased risk of strong aftershocks.The spatial distribution of the aftershocks agrees with the Coulomb stress increase area. After the earthquake,the global seismicity(M≥5.5) showed a sudden increase that did not appear after five other M≥8.5 earthquakes in this century.The earthquake also had a certain effect on seismic activity in the Chinese Mainland,where the M>4.5 seismicity apparently increased after the main shock.
On April 11,2012,a large earthquake(MW8.6) and by far the largest strike-slip event ever recorded,struck the west coast of north Sumatra and was followed 2 h later by an MW 8.2 earthquake.A number of issues remain unclear such as the reason for the unusually large strike-slip earthquakes occurring in the intra-oceanic lithosphere,correlations between these two earthquakes,and the manner in which they influence seismicity.Therefore,this paper analyzes the nucleation background of the MW8.6 earthquake according to the region's geological environment and geophysical observation results.Although the earthquake occurred in the Wharton Basin southwest of the Sunda Trench in the Indian Ocean,the strike-slip faults are well developed with complex deformation and frequent seismic activity.In the movement toward northwest of the Indian plate,the motion exhibits a gradual south-north(S-N) differential evolution resulting in internal shear stress in the plate.Elastic strain energy is accumulated in the north-south(N-S)-trending fault in the Wharton Basin,which eventually led to the occurrence of the large strike-slip earthquake.In addition,the static Coulomb stress change calculation of the MW8.6 earthquake shows that Coulomb stress increase of more than 0.05 MPa was induced on the MW8.2 aftershock source,which played a triggering role.However,the great earthquake had a slight influence on the mainland nearby.The Sumatra Island is located in the stress shadow of-0.03 MPa with a decreased risk of strong aftershocks.The spatial distribution of the aftershocks agrees with the Coulomb stress increase area. After the earthquake,the global seismicity(M≥5.5) showed a sudden increase that did not appear after five other M≥8.5 earthquakes in this century.The earthquake also had a certain effect on seismic activity in the Chinese Mainland,where the M>4.5 seismicity apparently increased after the main shock.
引文
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[7]Chen W P,Molnar P.Seismic Moments of Major Earthquakesand the Average Rate of Slip in Central Asia[J].J.Geophys.Res.,1977,82(20):2945-2969.
[8]Okal E A.The July 9and 23,1905,Mongolian Earthquakes:A Surface Wave Investigation[J].Earth and Planetary ScienceLetters,1977,34(2):326-331.
[9]Schlupp A,Cisternas A.Source History of the 1905GreatMongolian Earthquakes(Tsetserleg,Bolnay)[J].Geophysi-cal Journal International,2007,169(3):1115-1131.
[10]朱守彪,邢会林,谢富仁,等.地震发生过程的有限单元法模拟——以苏门答腊俯冲带上的大地震为例[J].地球物理学报,2008,51(2):460-468.ZHU Shou-biao,XING Hui-lin,XIE Fu-ren,et al.Simula-tion of Earthquake Processes by Finite Element Method:TheCase of Megathrust Earthquakes on the Sumatra SubductionZone[J].Chinese Joural of Geophsics,2008,51(2):460-468.
[11]Royer J Y.Earth science:When An Oceanic Tectonic PlateCracks[J].Nature,2012,490(7419):183-185.
[12]Yue H,Lay T,Koper K D.En Echelon and OrthogonalFault Ruptures of the 11April 2012Great Intraplate Earth-quakes[J].Nature,2012,490(7419):245-249.
[13]Honza E,Fujioka K.Formation of Arcs and Backarc BasinsInferred from the Tectonic Evolution of Southeast Asia sincethe Late Cretaceous[J].Tectonophysics,2004,384(1):23-53.
[14]Delescluse M,Chamot-Rooke N.Instantaneous Deformationand Kinematics of the India-Australia Plate[J].GeophysicalJournal International,2007,168(2):818-842.
[15]DeMets C,Gordon R G,Argus D F.Geologically CurrentPlate Motions[J].Geophysical Journal International,2010,181(1):1-80.
[16]Demets C,Gordon R G,Vogt P.Location of the Africa-Australia-India Triple Junction and Motion Between theAustralian and Indian Plates:Results from An AeromagneticInvestigation of the Central Indian and Carlsberg Ridges[J].Geophysical Journal International,1994,119(3):893-930.
[17]Gordon R G,DeMets C,Argus D F.Kinematic Constraintson Distributed Lithospheric Deformation in the Equatorial In-dian Ocean from Present Motion between the Australian andIndian Plates[J].Tectonics,1990,9(3):409-422.
[18]Wiens D A,et al.A Diffuse Plate Boundary Model for IndianOcean Tectonics[J].Geophys.Res.Lett.,1985,12(7):429-432.
[19]Bergman E A,Solomon S C.Earthquake Source Mechanismsfrom Body-waveform Inversion and Intraplate Tectonics inthe Northern Indian Ocean[J].Physics of the Earth andPlanetary Interiors,1985,40(1):1-23.
[20]Petroy D E,Wiens D A.Historical Seismicity and Implica-tions for Diffuse Plate Convergence in the Northeast IndianOcean[J].J.Geophys.Res.,1989,94(B9):12301-12319.
[21]Stein S,Okal E A.Seismicity and Tectonics of the Ninetye-ast Tidge Area:Evidence for Internal Deformation of the In-dian Plate[J].J.Geophys.Res.,1978,83(B5):2233-2245.
[22]Tinnon M J,Holt W E,Haines A J.Velocity Gradients inthe Northern Indian Ocean Inferred from Earthquake MomentTensors and Relative Plate Velocities[J].J.Geophys.Res.,1995,100(B12):24315-24329.
[23]Cloetingh S,Wortel R.Stress in the Indo-Australian Plate[J].Tectonophysics,1986,132(1-3):49-67.
[24]McAdoo D C,Sandwell D T.Folding of Oceanic Lithosphere[J].J.Geophys.Res.,1985,90(B10):8563-8569.
[25]Minster J B,Jordan T H.Present-day Plate Motions[J].J.Geophys.Res.,1978,83(B11):5331-5354.
[26]Stein C A,Cloetingh S,Wortel R.Seasat-derived GravityConstraints on Stress and Deformation in the NortheasternIndian Ocean[J].Geophys.Res.Lett.,1989,16(8):823-826.
[27]Deplus C,et al.Direct Evidence of Active Deformation in theEastern Indian Oceanic Plate[J].Geology,1998,26(2):131-134.
[28]Graindorge D,et al.Impact of Lower Plate Structure on Up-per Plate Deformation at the NW Sumatran Convergent Mar-gin from Seafloor Morphology[J。Earth and Planetary ScienceLetters,2008,275(3-4):201-210.
[29]Delescluse M,et al.April 2012Intra-oceanic Seismicity offSumatra Boosted by the Banda-Aceh Megathrust[J].Na-ture,2012,490(7419):240-244.
[30]Subarya C,et al.Plate-boundary Deformation Associatedwith the Great Sumatra-Andaman Earthquake[J].Na-ture,2006,440(7080):46-51.
[31]Bock Y,et al.Crustal Motion in Indonesia from Global Posi-tioning System Measurements[J].J.Geophys.Res.,2003,108(B8):2367.
[32]Harris R A.Introduction to Special Section:Stress Triggers,Stress Shadows,and Implications for Seismic Hazard[J].J.Geophys.Res.,1998,103(B10):24347-24358.
[33]King G C P,Stein R S,Lin J.Static Stress Changes and theTriggering of Earthquakes[J].Bulletin of the SeismologicalSociety of America,1994,84(3):935-953.
[34]Stein R S,Barka A A,Dieterich J H.Progressive Failure onthe North Anatolian Fault since 1939by Earthquake StressTriggering[J].Geophysical Journal International,1997,128(3):594-604.
[35]Okada Y.Internal Deformation due to Shear and TensileFaults in A Half-space[J].Bulletin of the Seismological So-ciety of America,1992,82(2):1018-1040.
[36]Meng L,Ampuero J P,Luo Y.Back-projection Results:4/11/2012(MW8.6),offshore Sumatra,Indonesia[BL/OL]http://www.tectonics.caltech.edu/slip_history/2012_Su-matra/back_projection/.
[37]Hayes G.Preliminary Result of the Apr 11,2012 MW8.6Earthquake Off the West Coast of Northern Sumatra[BL/OL].http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eqinthe-news/2012/usc000905e/finite_fault.php.
[38]Gonzalez-Huizar H,Velasco A A,Peng Z,et al.RemoteTriggered Seismicity Caused by the 2011,M9.0Tohoku-Oki,Japan Earthquake[J].Geophys.Res.Lett.,2012,39(10):L10302.
[39]Hill D P,et al.Seismicity Remotely Triggered by the Magni-tude 7.3Landers,California,Earthquake[J].Science,1993,260(5114):1617-1623.
[40]Kilb D,Gomberg J,Bodin P.Triggering of Earthquake Af-tershocks by Dynamic Stresses[J].Nature,2000,408(6812):570-574.
[41]Pankow K L,Arabasz W J,Pechmann J C,et al.TriggeredSeismicity in Utah from the 3 November 2002Denali FaultEarthquake[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society ofAmerica,2004,94(6B):S332-S347.
[42]Parsons T,Velasco A A.Absence of Remotely TriggeredLarge Earthquakes Beyond the Mainshock Region[J].Na-ture Geosci.,2011,4(5):312-316.
[43]Pollitz F F,Stein R S,Sevilgen V,et al.The 11April 2012East Indian Ocean Earthquake Triggered Large AftershocksWorldwide[J].Nature,2012,490(7419):250-253.
[44]Velasco A A,Hernandez S,Parsons T,et al.Global Ubiqu-ity of Dynamic Earthquake Triggering[J].Nature Geosci.,2008,1(6):375-379.
[45]Dahlen F A,Tromp J.Theoretical Global Seismology Ch.11[M].[S.l.]:Princeton University Press,1998.
[46]Parsons T.A Hypothesis for Delayed Dynamic EarthquakeTriggering[J].Geophys.Res.Lett.,2005,32(4):L04302.
[47]Lin J,Stein R S.Stress Triggering in Thrust and SubductionEarthquakes and Stress Interaction Between the Southern SanAndreas and Nearby Thrust and Strike-slip Faults[J].J.Geophys.Res.,2004,109(B2):B02303.
[48]McCloskey J,Nalbant S S,Steacy S.Indonesian Earth-quake:Earthquake Risk from Co-seismic Stress[J].Nature,2005,434(7031):291-291.
[49]Pollitz F F,Banerjee P,Bürgmann R,et al.Stress ChangesAlong the Sunda Trench Following the 26December 2004Su-matra-Andaman and 28 March 2005Nias Earthquakes[J].Geophys.Res.Lett.,2006,33(6):L06309.
[50]罗国富,屠泓为,马禾青,等.甘东南至陕甘宁交界中强震危险区地震活动能量场时空特征[J].西北地震学报,2012,34(2):132-137.LUO Guo-fu,TU Hong-wei,MA He-qin,et al.Space-timeDistribution Characteristics of Energy Field of Seismic Activi-ty for the Southeastern Part of Gansu Province to Shanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Boundary Region Moderate-strong Earth-quake Hazard Area[J].Northwestern Seismological Journal,2012,34(2):132-137.
[2]Duputel Z,Rivera L,Kanamori H,et al.Phase Source Inver-sion for Moderate to Large Earthquakes(1990-2010)[J].Geophysical Journal International,2012,189(2):1125-1147.
[3]Hayes G P,Furlong K P,Ammon C J.Intraplate DeformationAdjacent to the Macquarie Ridge South of New Zealand——The tectonic Evolution of A Complex Plate Boundary[J].Tec-tonophysics,2009,463(1-4):1-14.
[4]Tocheport A,Rivera L,Van der Woerd J.A Study of the 14November 2001Kokoxili Earthquake:History and Geometryof the Rupture from Teleseismic Data and Field Observations[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,2006,96(5):1729-1741.
[5]Tsuboi S,Komatitsch D,Ji C,et al.Broadband Modeling ofthe 2002Denali Fault Earthquake on the Earth Simulator[J].Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors,2003,139(3):305-313.
[6]Ben-Menahem A,Aboodi E,Schild R.The Source of theGreat Assam Earthquake——An Interplate Wedge Motion[J].Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors,1974,9(4):265-289.
[7]Chen W P,Molnar P.Seismic Moments of Major Earthquakesand the Average Rate of Slip in Central Asia[J].J.Geophys.Res.,1977,82(20):2945-2969.
[8]Okal E A.The July 9and 23,1905,Mongolian Earthquakes:A Surface Wave Investigation[J].Earth and Planetary ScienceLetters,1977,34(2):326-331.
[9]Schlupp A,Cisternas A.Source History of the 1905GreatMongolian Earthquakes(Tsetserleg,Bolnay)[J].Geophysi-cal Journal International,2007,169(3):1115-1131.
[10]朱守彪,邢会林,谢富仁,等.地震发生过程的有限单元法模拟——以苏门答腊俯冲带上的大地震为例[J].地球物理学报,2008,51(2):460-468.ZHU Shou-biao,XING Hui-lin,XIE Fu-ren,et al.Simula-tion of Earthquake Processes by Finite Element Method:TheCase of Megathrust Earthquakes on the Sumatra SubductionZone[J].Chinese Joural of Geophsics,2008,51(2):460-468.
[11]Royer J Y.Earth science:When An Oceanic Tectonic PlateCracks[J].Nature,2012,490(7419):183-185.
[12]Yue H,Lay T,Koper K D.En Echelon and OrthogonalFault Ruptures of the 11April 2012Great Intraplate Earth-quakes[J].Nature,2012,490(7419):245-249.
[13]Honza E,Fujioka K.Formation of Arcs and Backarc BasinsInferred from the Tectonic Evolution of Southeast Asia sincethe Late Cretaceous[J].Tectonophysics,2004,384(1):23-53.
[14]Delescluse M,Chamot-Rooke N.Instantaneous Deformationand Kinematics of the India-Australia Plate[J].GeophysicalJournal International,2007,168(2):818-842.
[15]DeMets C,Gordon R G,Argus D F.Geologically CurrentPlate Motions[J].Geophysical Journal International,2010,181(1):1-80.
[16]Demets C,Gordon R G,Vogt P.Location of the Africa-Australia-India Triple Junction and Motion Between theAustralian and Indian Plates:Results from An AeromagneticInvestigation of the Central Indian and Carlsberg Ridges[J].Geophysical Journal International,1994,119(3):893-930.
[17]Gordon R G,DeMets C,Argus D F.Kinematic Constraintson Distributed Lithospheric Deformation in the Equatorial In-dian Ocean from Present Motion between the Australian andIndian Plates[J].Tectonics,1990,9(3):409-422.
[18]Wiens D A,et al.A Diffuse Plate Boundary Model for IndianOcean Tectonics[J].Geophys.Res.Lett.,1985,12(7):429-432.
[19]Bergman E A,Solomon S C.Earthquake Source Mechanismsfrom Body-waveform Inversion and Intraplate Tectonics inthe Northern Indian Ocean[J].Physics of the Earth andPlanetary Interiors,1985,40(1):1-23.
[20]Petroy D E,Wiens D A.Historical Seismicity and Implica-tions for Diffuse Plate Convergence in the Northeast IndianOcean[J].J.Geophys.Res.,1989,94(B9):12301-12319.
[21]Stein S,Okal E A.Seismicity and Tectonics of the Ninetye-ast Tidge Area:Evidence for Internal Deformation of the In-dian Plate[J].J.Geophys.Res.,1978,83(B5):2233-2245.
[22]Tinnon M J,Holt W E,Haines A J.Velocity Gradients inthe Northern Indian Ocean Inferred from Earthquake MomentTensors and Relative Plate Velocities[J].J.Geophys.Res.,1995,100(B12):24315-24329.
[23]Cloetingh S,Wortel R.Stress in the Indo-Australian Plate[J].Tectonophysics,1986,132(1-3):49-67.
[24]McAdoo D C,Sandwell D T.Folding of Oceanic Lithosphere[J].J.Geophys.Res.,1985,90(B10):8563-8569.
[25]Minster J B,Jordan T H.Present-day Plate Motions[J].J.Geophys.Res.,1978,83(B11):5331-5354.
[26]Stein C A,Cloetingh S,Wortel R.Seasat-derived GravityConstraints on Stress and Deformation in the NortheasternIndian Ocean[J].Geophys.Res.Lett.,1989,16(8):823-826.
[27]Deplus C,et al.Direct Evidence of Active Deformation in theEastern Indian Oceanic Plate[J].Geology,1998,26(2):131-134.
[28]Graindorge D,et al.Impact of Lower Plate Structure on Up-per Plate Deformation at the NW Sumatran Convergent Mar-gin from Seafloor Morphology[J。Earth and Planetary ScienceLetters,2008,275(3-4):201-210.
[29]Delescluse M,et al.April 2012Intra-oceanic Seismicity offSumatra Boosted by the Banda-Aceh Megathrust[J].Na-ture,2012,490(7419):240-244.
[30]Subarya C,et al.Plate-boundary Deformation Associatedwith the Great Sumatra-Andaman Earthquake[J].Na-ture,2006,440(7080):46-51.
[31]Bock Y,et al.Crustal Motion in Indonesia from Global Posi-tioning System Measurements[J].J.Geophys.Res.,2003,108(B8):2367.
[32]Harris R A.Introduction to Special Section:Stress Triggers,Stress Shadows,and Implications for Seismic Hazard[J].J.Geophys.Res.,1998,103(B10):24347-24358.
[33]King G C P,Stein R S,Lin J.Static Stress Changes and theTriggering of Earthquakes[J].Bulletin of the SeismologicalSociety of America,1994,84(3):935-953.
[34]Stein R S,Barka A A,Dieterich J H.Progressive Failure onthe North Anatolian Fault since 1939by Earthquake StressTriggering[J].Geophysical Journal International,1997,128(3):594-604.
[35]Okada Y.Internal Deformation due to Shear and TensileFaults in A Half-space[J].Bulletin of the Seismological So-ciety of America,1992,82(2):1018-1040.
[36]Meng L,Ampuero J P,Luo Y.Back-projection Results:4/11/2012(MW8.6),offshore Sumatra,Indonesia[BL/OL]http://www.tectonics.caltech.edu/slip_history/2012_Su-matra/back_projection/.
[37]Hayes G.Preliminary Result of the Apr 11,2012 MW8.6Earthquake Off the West Coast of Northern Sumatra[BL/OL].http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eqinthe-news/2012/usc000905e/finite_fault.php.
[38]Gonzalez-Huizar H,Velasco A A,Peng Z,et al.RemoteTriggered Seismicity Caused by the 2011,M9.0Tohoku-Oki,Japan Earthquake[J].Geophys.Res.Lett.,2012,39(10):L10302.
[39]Hill D P,et al.Seismicity Remotely Triggered by the Magni-tude 7.3Landers,California,Earthquake[J].Science,1993,260(5114):1617-1623.
[40]Kilb D,Gomberg J,Bodin P.Triggering of Earthquake Af-tershocks by Dynamic Stresses[J].Nature,2000,408(6812):570-574.
[41]Pankow K L,Arabasz W J,Pechmann J C,et al.TriggeredSeismicity in Utah from the 3 November 2002Denali FaultEarthquake[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society ofAmerica,2004,94(6B):S332-S347.
[42]Parsons T,Velasco A A.Absence of Remotely TriggeredLarge Earthquakes Beyond the Mainshock Region[J].Na-ture Geosci.,2011,4(5):312-316.
[43]Pollitz F F,Stein R S,Sevilgen V,et al.The 11April 2012East Indian Ocean Earthquake Triggered Large AftershocksWorldwide[J].Nature,2012,490(7419):250-253.
[44]Velasco A A,Hernandez S,Parsons T,et al.Global Ubiqu-ity of Dynamic Earthquake Triggering[J].Nature Geosci.,2008,1(6):375-379.
[45]Dahlen F A,Tromp J.Theoretical Global Seismology Ch.11[M].[S.l.]:Princeton University Press,1998.
[46]Parsons T.A Hypothesis for Delayed Dynamic EarthquakeTriggering[J].Geophys.Res.Lett.,2005,32(4):L04302.
[47]Lin J,Stein R S.Stress Triggering in Thrust and SubductionEarthquakes and Stress Interaction Between the Southern SanAndreas and Nearby Thrust and Strike-slip Faults[J].J.Geophys.Res.,2004,109(B2):B02303.
[48]McCloskey J,Nalbant S S,Steacy S.Indonesian Earth-quake:Earthquake Risk from Co-seismic Stress[J].Nature,2005,434(7031):291-291.
[49]Pollitz F F,Banerjee P,Bürgmann R,et al.Stress ChangesAlong the Sunda Trench Following the 26December 2004Su-matra-Andaman and 28 March 2005Nias Earthquakes[J].Geophys.Res.Lett.,2006,33(6):L06309.
[50]罗国富,屠泓为,马禾青,等.甘东南至陕甘宁交界中强震危险区地震活动能量场时空特征[J].西北地震学报,2012,34(2):132-137.LUO Guo-fu,TU Hong-wei,MA He-qin,et al.Space-timeDistribution Characteristics of Energy Field of Seismic Activi-ty for the Southeastern Part of Gansu Province to Shanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Boundary Region Moderate-strong Earth-quake Hazard Area[J].Northwestern Seismological Journal,2012,34(2):132-137.
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