洋中脊与地幔柱热点相互作用研究进展
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摘要
地表热点是认识地幔柱假说以及地幔柱动力学的窗口,发生在洋脊与热点之间的相互作用则是了解地球上两大动力系统(板块构造和地幔柱)的直接联系的最有利地区。研究洋脊-热点之间的相互作用对于揭示地幔动力学、热点附近洋壳构造的演变以及与热点密切相关的洋中脊处的岩浆热液活动具有重要的意义。在肯定地幔柱假说的基础上,对洋脊-地幔柱(热点)的模拟实验以及三大洋中不同扩张脊与热点相互作用的最新研究作了系统的介绍和评述,指出室内模拟实验以及地质学、岩石学、地球化学和地球物理学(特别是高分辨率的地震技术)的结合研究将是本领域研究的发展趋势。
Hotspot is a window to understand mantle plume hypothesis and dynamics of mantle plume,and the area where ridge interactions with hotspot is the best place to directly find out relationship between plate tectonics and mantle plume.Based on affirming mantle plume hypothesis,the authors introduce several 2D or 3D simulation experiments about ridge-plume(hotspot) interaction and some examples of hotspot-ridge interactions existing in the three oceans.It is further pointed out that simulation experiments combined with geology,petrology,geochemistry and geophysics(especially for high resolution seismic technique) in studying mantle(hotspot)-ridge interaction will play an important role in such reseaches as plume-ridge interactions.
Hotspot is a window to understand mantle plume hypothesis and dynamics of mantle plume,and the area where ridge interactions with hotspot is the best place to directly find out relationship between plate tectonics and mantle plume.Based on affirming mantle plume hypothesis,the authors introduce several 2D or 3D simulation experiments about ridge-plume(hotspot) interaction and some examples of hotspot-ridge interactions existing in the three oceans.It is further pointed out that simulation experiments combined with geology,petrology,geochemistry and geophysics(especially for high resolution seismic technique) in studying mantle(hotspot)-ridge interaction will play an important role in such reseaches as plume-ridge interactions.
引文
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[2]Morgan W J.Plate motions and deep convection[J].Geol.Soc.Am.Mem.,1972,132:7-22.
[3]Morgan W J.Rodriguez,Darwin,Amsterdam:a second typeof hotspot island[J].J.Geophys.Res.,1978,85:5 355-5 360.
[4]Anderson D L.The thermal state of the upper mantle:no rolefor mantle plume[J].Geophys.Res.Lett.,2000,27:3 623-3 626.
[5]InterRidge Office,Ocean Research Institute,University of To-kyo.A science and structure plan for ridge research(2004-2013)[R].2003,Data from:http://www.intridge.org/
[6]Chen Y,Morgan W J.A nonlinear-rheology model for mid-o-cean ridge axis topography[J].J.Geophys.Res.,1990,95:17 571-17 581.
[7]陈永顺.海底扩张和大洋中脊动力学[M]//地球的结构、演化和动力学.高等教育出版社,2002:283-329.[CHEN Yong-shun.Seafloor spreading and dynamics of Mid-Ocean ridges[M]//ZHANG You-xue,YIN An.Structure Evolution andDynamics of the Earth.Higher Education Press,2002:283-329.]
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[11]Crough S T,Jurdy D M.Subducted lithosphere,hotspots,and the geoid[J].EPSL,l980,48:15-22.
[12]Courtillot V,Davaille A,Besse J,et al.Three distinct typesof hotspots in the Earth mantle[J].EPSL,2003,205:295-308.
[13]Bourdon B,Langmuir C H,Zindler A.Ridge-hotspot inter-action along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge between 37°30′and 40°30′N:the U-Th disequilibrium evidence[J].EPSL,1996,142(1-2):175-189.
[14]Mara M Yale,Jason P M.Asthenosphere flow model of hots-pot-ridge interactions:a comparison of Iceland and Kerg-uelen[J].EPSL,1998,161:45-56.
[15]Zhang Y S,Tanimoto T.Ridges,hotspots and their interac-tion as observed in seismic velocity maps[J].Nature,1992,355:44-49.
[16]Ito G,Lin J.Oceanic spreading center-hotspot interactions:constraints from along-isochron bathymetric and gravity a-nomalies[J].Geology,1995,23(7):657-660.
[17]Small C.Observations of ridge-hotspot interactions in theSouthern Ocean[J].J.Geophys.Res.,1995,100:17 931-17 946.
[18]Mittelstaedt E,Ito G.Hotspot-ridge interaction:shaping thegeometry of Mid-Ocean Ridges[J].AGU,Fall Meeting2001,abstract.
[19]Freighner M A,Mark A R.The fluid dynamics of plume-ridge and plume-plate interactions:An experimental investi-gation[J].EPSL,1995a,129:171-182.
[20]Ribe N M,Christensen U R,Theiβing J.The dynamics ofplume-ridge interaction,1:Ridge-centered plumes[J].EPSL,1995,134:155-168.
[21]Ito G,Lin J,Gable C W.Dynamics of mantle flow and melt-ing at a ridge-centered hotspot:Iceland and the Mid-AtlanticRidge[J].EPSL,1996,144:53-74.
[22]Kincaid C,Ito G,Gable C.Laboratory investigation of theinteraction of off-axis mantle plumes and spreading centers[J].Nature,1995,376:758-761.
[23]Ribe N M.The dynamics of plume-ridge interaction,2,Off-ridge plumes[J].J.Geophys.Res.,1996,101:16 195-16 204.
[24]Ito G,Lin J,Gable C W.Interaction of mantle plumes andmigrating mid-ocean ridges:Implications for the Galapagospume-ridge system[J].J.Geophys.Res.,1997,102(B7):15 403-15 417.
[25]Mittelstaedt E,Ito G.Plume-ridge interaction,lithosphericstresses,and the origin of near-ridge volcanic lineaments[J].Geochem.Geophys.Geosyst.,2005,6(6):1-20.
[26]Rhodes J M,Morgan C,Liias R A.Geochemistry of axialseamount lavas:Magmatic relationship between the Cobbhotspot and the Juan de Fuca ridge[J].J.Geophys.Res.,1990,95(B8):12 713-12 733.
[27]West M,Menke William,Tolstoy M.Focused magma supplyat the intersection of the Cobb hotspot and Juan de Fuca ridge[J].Geophys.Res.Lett.,2003,30(14):1 724-1 727.
[28]Devey C W,Hekinian R,Ackermand D.The foundation sea-mount chain:a first survey and sampling[J].Marine Geolo-gy,1997,137:191-200.
[29]Hekinian R,Stoffers P,Ackermand D,et al.Ridge hotspot in-teraction:the Pacific Antarctic Ridge and the foundation sea-mounts[J].Marine Geology,1999,160:199-223.
[30]Maia M,Ackermandb D,Dehghanic G A,et al.The Pacific-Antarctic Ridge Foundation hotspot interaction:a case studyof a ridge approaching a hotspot[J].Marine Geology,2000,167:61-84.
[31]Canales J P,Ito G,Detrick R S,et al.Crustal thickness a-long the western Galapagos spreading center and the compen-sation of the Galapagos hotspot swell[J].EPSL,2002,203:311-327.
[32]Hoernle K,Werner R,Morgan J P.Existence of complexspatial zonation in the Gal pagos plume[J].Geology,2000,28(5):435-438.
[33]Verma S P,Schilling J G,Waggoner D G.Neodymium iso-topic evidence for Galapagos hotspot-spreading centre systemevolution[J].Nature,1983,306:654-657.
[34]Cushman B,Sinton J,Ito G,et al.Glass compositions,plume-ridge interaction,and hydrous melting along the Galpagos spreading center,90.5°W to 98°W[J].Geochem.Geophys.Geosyst.,2004,5:Q089E17,doi:10.1029/2004GC000709.
[35]Haase K M.Geochemical constraints on magma sources andmixing processes in Easter Microplate MORB(SE Pacific):acase study of plume ridge interaction[J].Chemical Geology,2002,182:335-355.
[36]Richard M A,Guust N,Morgan W J.Plume-driven plumb-ing and crustal formation in Iceland[J].J.Geophys.Res.,2002,107(B8)abstract.
[37]Schilling J G,Meyer P S,Kingsley R H.Evolution of theIceland hotspot[J].Nature,1982,296:313-320.
[38]Thirlwall M F.Generation of the Pb isotopic characteristicsof the Iceland plume[J].J.Geological Soc.,1995,152(6):991-996.
[39]Cannat M,Briais A,Deplus C.Mid-Atlantic Ridge-Azoreshotspot interactions:along-axis migration of a hotspot-de-rived event of enhanced magmatism 10 to 4 Ma ago[J].EPSL,1999,173:257-269.
[40]Schilling J G.Azores mantle blob:the rare earth evidence[J].EPSL,1975,25:103-105.
[41]Yu D Y,Fontignie D,Schilling J S.Mantle plume-ridge in-teractions in the Central North Atlantic--A Nd isotope studyof Mid-Atlantic Ridge basalts from 30°N to 50°N[J].EPSL,1997,146:259-272.
[42]Schilling J G,Thompson G,Kingsley R,et al.Hotspot-mi-grating ridge interaction in the South Atlantic[J].Nature,1985,313:187-191.
[43]Hanan B B,Kingsley R H,Schilling J G.Pb isotope evidencein the South Atlantic for migrating ridge-hotspot interactions[J].Nature,1986,322:137-144.
[44]Fontignie D,Schilling J G.Mantle heterogeneities beneaththe South Atlantic:A Nd-Sr-Pbisotope study along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge(3°S~46°S)[J].EPSL,1996,142:209-221.
[45]Dyment J,Hemond C,Guillou H.Central Indian Ridge andReunion Hotspot in Rodrigues Area:Another Type ofRidge-Hotspot Interaction?[J].AGU,Fall Meeting 2001,abstract.
[46]Nauret F,Hemond C,Hof mann A W,et al.Hotspot-ridgeinteraction between 18°30′S and 20°S alongthe Central IndianRidge[J].AGU,Fall Meeting 2001,abstract.
[47]Georgen J E,Lin J,Dick H J B.Evidence from gravity a-nomalies for interactions of the Marion and Bouvet hotspotswith the Southwest Indian Ridge:effects of transformoffsets[J].EPSL,2001,187:283-300.
[48]Graham D W,K Johnson T M,Priebe L D.Hotspot-ridgeinteraction along the Southeast India Ridge near Amsterdamand St.Paul islands:helium isotope evidence[J].EPSL,1999,167:297-310.
[49]Nakanishi M,Tamaki K,Fuji moto H,et al.Topographic ex-pression of the Gulf of Aden spreading systemandits tecton-ics:hotspots-ridge interactionin Gulf of Aden[J].AGU,FallMeeting 2001,abstract.
[50]Tamaki K,Fuji moto H,Orihashi Y,et al.Hotspot-ridge in-teractionin the Gulf of Aden,East Africa[J].AGU,FallMeeting 2001,abstract.
[51]Niu Y L.Onthe great plume debate[J].Chinese Science Bul-letin,2005,50(15):1 537-1 540.
[2]Morgan W J.Plate motions and deep convection[J].Geol.Soc.Am.Mem.,1972,132:7-22.
[3]Morgan W J.Rodriguez,Darwin,Amsterdam:a second typeof hotspot island[J].J.Geophys.Res.,1978,85:5 355-5 360.
[4]Anderson D L.The thermal state of the upper mantle:no rolefor mantle plume[J].Geophys.Res.Lett.,2000,27:3 623-3 626.
[5]InterRidge Office,Ocean Research Institute,University of To-kyo.A science and structure plan for ridge research(2004-2013)[R].2003,Data from:http://www.intridge.org/
[6]Chen Y,Morgan W J.A nonlinear-rheology model for mid-o-cean ridge axis topography[J].J.Geophys.Res.,1990,95:17 571-17 581.
[7]陈永顺.海底扩张和大洋中脊动力学[M]//地球的结构、演化和动力学.高等教育出版社,2002:283-329.[CHEN Yong-shun.Seafloor spreading and dynamics of Mid-Ocean ridges[M]//ZHANG You-xue,YIN An.Structure Evolution andDynamics of the Earth.Higher Education Press,2002:283-329.]
[8]Wilson J T.A possible origin of the Hawaiian Islands[J].Ca-nadian J.Phys.,1963,41:863-870.
[9]Morgan W J.Convective plumes in the lower mantle[J].Na-ture,1971,230:42-43.
[10]Burke K C,Wilson J T.Hot spots on the Earth's surface[J].J.Geophys.Res.,1976,93:7 690-7 708.
[11]Crough S T,Jurdy D M.Subducted lithosphere,hotspots,and the geoid[J].EPSL,l980,48:15-22.
[12]Courtillot V,Davaille A,Besse J,et al.Three distinct typesof hotspots in the Earth mantle[J].EPSL,2003,205:295-308.
[13]Bourdon B,Langmuir C H,Zindler A.Ridge-hotspot inter-action along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge between 37°30′and 40°30′N:the U-Th disequilibrium evidence[J].EPSL,1996,142(1-2):175-189.
[14]Mara M Yale,Jason P M.Asthenosphere flow model of hots-pot-ridge interactions:a comparison of Iceland and Kerg-uelen[J].EPSL,1998,161:45-56.
[15]Zhang Y S,Tanimoto T.Ridges,hotspots and their interac-tion as observed in seismic velocity maps[J].Nature,1992,355:44-49.
[16]Ito G,Lin J.Oceanic spreading center-hotspot interactions:constraints from along-isochron bathymetric and gravity a-nomalies[J].Geology,1995,23(7):657-660.
[17]Small C.Observations of ridge-hotspot interactions in theSouthern Ocean[J].J.Geophys.Res.,1995,100:17 931-17 946.
[18]Mittelstaedt E,Ito G.Hotspot-ridge interaction:shaping thegeometry of Mid-Ocean Ridges[J].AGU,Fall Meeting2001,abstract.
[19]Freighner M A,Mark A R.The fluid dynamics of plume-ridge and plume-plate interactions:An experimental investi-gation[J].EPSL,1995a,129:171-182.
[20]Ribe N M,Christensen U R,Theiβing J.The dynamics ofplume-ridge interaction,1:Ridge-centered plumes[J].EPSL,1995,134:155-168.
[21]Ito G,Lin J,Gable C W.Dynamics of mantle flow and melt-ing at a ridge-centered hotspot:Iceland and the Mid-AtlanticRidge[J].EPSL,1996,144:53-74.
[22]Kincaid C,Ito G,Gable C.Laboratory investigation of theinteraction of off-axis mantle plumes and spreading centers[J].Nature,1995,376:758-761.
[23]Ribe N M.The dynamics of plume-ridge interaction,2,Off-ridge plumes[J].J.Geophys.Res.,1996,101:16 195-16 204.
[24]Ito G,Lin J,Gable C W.Interaction of mantle plumes andmigrating mid-ocean ridges:Implications for the Galapagospume-ridge system[J].J.Geophys.Res.,1997,102(B7):15 403-15 417.
[25]Mittelstaedt E,Ito G.Plume-ridge interaction,lithosphericstresses,and the origin of near-ridge volcanic lineaments[J].Geochem.Geophys.Geosyst.,2005,6(6):1-20.
[26]Rhodes J M,Morgan C,Liias R A.Geochemistry of axialseamount lavas:Magmatic relationship between the Cobbhotspot and the Juan de Fuca ridge[J].J.Geophys.Res.,1990,95(B8):12 713-12 733.
[27]West M,Menke William,Tolstoy M.Focused magma supplyat the intersection of the Cobb hotspot and Juan de Fuca ridge[J].Geophys.Res.Lett.,2003,30(14):1 724-1 727.
[28]Devey C W,Hekinian R,Ackermand D.The foundation sea-mount chain:a first survey and sampling[J].Marine Geolo-gy,1997,137:191-200.
[29]Hekinian R,Stoffers P,Ackermand D,et al.Ridge hotspot in-teraction:the Pacific Antarctic Ridge and the foundation sea-mounts[J].Marine Geology,1999,160:199-223.
[30]Maia M,Ackermandb D,Dehghanic G A,et al.The Pacific-Antarctic Ridge Foundation hotspot interaction:a case studyof a ridge approaching a hotspot[J].Marine Geology,2000,167:61-84.
[31]Canales J P,Ito G,Detrick R S,et al.Crustal thickness a-long the western Galapagos spreading center and the compen-sation of the Galapagos hotspot swell[J].EPSL,2002,203:311-327.
[32]Hoernle K,Werner R,Morgan J P.Existence of complexspatial zonation in the Gal pagos plume[J].Geology,2000,28(5):435-438.
[33]Verma S P,Schilling J G,Waggoner D G.Neodymium iso-topic evidence for Galapagos hotspot-spreading centre systemevolution[J].Nature,1983,306:654-657.
[34]Cushman B,Sinton J,Ito G,et al.Glass compositions,plume-ridge interaction,and hydrous melting along the Galpagos spreading center,90.5°W to 98°W[J].Geochem.Geophys.Geosyst.,2004,5:Q089E17,doi:10.1029/2004GC000709.
[35]Haase K M.Geochemical constraints on magma sources andmixing processes in Easter Microplate MORB(SE Pacific):acase study of plume ridge interaction[J].Chemical Geology,2002,182:335-355.
[36]Richard M A,Guust N,Morgan W J.Plume-driven plumb-ing and crustal formation in Iceland[J].J.Geophys.Res.,2002,107(B8)abstract.
[37]Schilling J G,Meyer P S,Kingsley R H.Evolution of theIceland hotspot[J].Nature,1982,296:313-320.
[38]Thirlwall M F.Generation of the Pb isotopic characteristicsof the Iceland plume[J].J.Geological Soc.,1995,152(6):991-996.
[39]Cannat M,Briais A,Deplus C.Mid-Atlantic Ridge-Azoreshotspot interactions:along-axis migration of a hotspot-de-rived event of enhanced magmatism 10 to 4 Ma ago[J].EPSL,1999,173:257-269.
[40]Schilling J G.Azores mantle blob:the rare earth evidence[J].EPSL,1975,25:103-105.
[41]Yu D Y,Fontignie D,Schilling J S.Mantle plume-ridge in-teractions in the Central North Atlantic--A Nd isotope studyof Mid-Atlantic Ridge basalts from 30°N to 50°N[J].EPSL,1997,146:259-272.
[42]Schilling J G,Thompson G,Kingsley R,et al.Hotspot-mi-grating ridge interaction in the South Atlantic[J].Nature,1985,313:187-191.
[43]Hanan B B,Kingsley R H,Schilling J G.Pb isotope evidencein the South Atlantic for migrating ridge-hotspot interactions[J].Nature,1986,322:137-144.
[44]Fontignie D,Schilling J G.Mantle heterogeneities beneaththe South Atlantic:A Nd-Sr-Pbisotope study along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge(3°S~46°S)[J].EPSL,1996,142:209-221.
[45]Dyment J,Hemond C,Guillou H.Central Indian Ridge andReunion Hotspot in Rodrigues Area:Another Type ofRidge-Hotspot Interaction?[J].AGU,Fall Meeting 2001,abstract.
[46]Nauret F,Hemond C,Hof mann A W,et al.Hotspot-ridgeinteraction between 18°30′S and 20°S alongthe Central IndianRidge[J].AGU,Fall Meeting 2001,abstract.
[47]Georgen J E,Lin J,Dick H J B.Evidence from gravity a-nomalies for interactions of the Marion and Bouvet hotspotswith the Southwest Indian Ridge:effects of transformoffsets[J].EPSL,2001,187:283-300.
[48]Graham D W,K Johnson T M,Priebe L D.Hotspot-ridgeinteraction along the Southeast India Ridge near Amsterdamand St.Paul islands:helium isotope evidence[J].EPSL,1999,167:297-310.
[49]Nakanishi M,Tamaki K,Fuji moto H,et al.Topographic ex-pression of the Gulf of Aden spreading systemandits tecton-ics:hotspots-ridge interactionin Gulf of Aden[J].AGU,FallMeeting 2001,abstract.
[50]Tamaki K,Fuji moto H,Orihashi Y,et al.Hotspot-ridge in-teractionin the Gulf of Aden,East Africa[J].AGU,FallMeeting 2001,abstract.
[51]Niu Y L.Onthe great plume debate[J].Chinese Science Bul-letin,2005,50(15):1 537-1 540.
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