成都平原内汶川M_s8.0级地震的地表变形
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摘要
2008年5月12日汶川8.0级大地震发生在青藏高原东缘龙门山推覆构造带上,除映秀—北川断裂、灌县—江油断裂上各形成240 km和72 km长的地表破裂带外,可能在成都平原西部的什邡市师古镇附近形成一条弱地表破裂带.成都平原内的地震地表破裂带与龙门山区的2条地震破裂带构成倾向北西的叠瓦状逆断裂地震地表破裂系统.野外调查发现,师古镇南肖家院—庆云庵建筑物严重破坏带、水渠跌水、地表褶皱、喷砂和地裂缝带走向30°,延伸长度约7.5 km.探槽开挖表明,地表地震褶皱陡坎下的地层发生弯曲变形,汶川地震使断层上盘的地面和最新地层褶皱隆起0.2 m.TC2探槽中的粘土层底面褶皱隆起0.4m,它可能记录到汶川地震之前另外一次与汶川地震大小相当的古地震事件.浅层地震勘探资料表明,平原区出现地震地表破裂的位置不仅存在晚更新世活动断裂,而且.伴生有第四纪活动褶皱.
The 12 May 2008 Wenchuan M_s8. 0 earthquake occurred on the Longmen Shan (Mountains) thrust-nappe structure zone in the eastern margin of the Tibetan plateau. It has produced 240 km long and 72 km long rupture zones on the surface along the Yingxiu-Beichuan fault and Guanxian-Jiangyou fault, respectively, which are branches of the Longmen Shan fault system. Besides, our field investigation found that this shock has also caused a weak rupture zone on the ground nearby the Shigu town, Shifang city that lies in the western Chengdu plain east to the epicenter. This rupture zone and the other two ruptures in the Longmen Shan mountainous area aforementioned constitute a northwest-dipping imbricate structure. It is about 7. 5 km long, trends in 30°, manifested by a series of directed deformation phenomenon such as damages of buildings, channel dislocations, ground folds, erupted sand and earth fissures on the surface. Observations in the exploratory trenches indicate that there is a fold uplift of 0. 2 m in the youngest strata (including the surface) produced by the Wenchuan M_S 8. 0 event, and a fold uplift of 0. 4 m in the clay bottom in the trench, presumably resulted from a paleoearthquake of similar size to the Wenchuan shock in 2008. Seismic exploration to shallow subsurface demonstrates that in the place of the Chengdu plain with the found seismic rupture zone exists active faults of the late Pleistocene as well as active folds of the Quaternary.
The 12 May 2008 Wenchuan M_s8. 0 earthquake occurred on the Longmen Shan (Mountains) thrust-nappe structure zone in the eastern margin of the Tibetan plateau. It has produced 240 km long and 72 km long rupture zones on the surface along the Yingxiu-Beichuan fault and Guanxian-Jiangyou fault, respectively, which are branches of the Longmen Shan fault system. Besides, our field investigation found that this shock has also caused a weak rupture zone on the ground nearby the Shigu town, Shifang city that lies in the western Chengdu plain east to the epicenter. This rupture zone and the other two ruptures in the Longmen Shan mountainous area aforementioned constitute a northwest-dipping imbricate structure. It is about 7. 5 km long, trends in 30°, manifested by a series of directed deformation phenomenon such as damages of buildings, channel dislocations, ground folds, erupted sand and earth fissures on the surface. Observations in the exploratory trenches indicate that there is a fold uplift of 0. 2 m in the youngest strata (including the surface) produced by the Wenchuan M_S 8. 0 event, and a fold uplift of 0. 4 m in the clay bottom in the trench, presumably resulted from a paleoearthquake of similar size to the Wenchuan shock in 2008. Seismic exploration to shallow subsurface demonstrates that in the place of the Chengdu plain with the found seismic rupture zone exists active faults of the late Pleistocene as well as active folds of the Quaternary.
引文
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[28] 朱艾斓,徐锡伟,刁佳苓等.汶川M_s8． 0级地震部分余震重新定位及地震构造初步分析.地震地质,2008,30(3) :759-767 Zhu A L, Xu X W, Diao G L, et al. Relocation of the M_s8． 0 Wenchuan earthquake sequence in part: preliminary seismotectonic analysis. Seismology and Geology ( in Chinese) ,2008,30(3) :759-767
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[2] 贾东,陈竹新,贾承造等.龙门山山前褶皱冲断带的构造解析与川西前陆盆地的发育.高校地质学报,2003,9(3) :402-409 Jia D, Chen Z X, Jia Ch Z, et al. Structure features of the Longmen Shan fold and thrust belt and development of the western Sichuan foreland basin, central China. Geological Journal of China Universities (in Chinese), 2003,9(3) : 402-409
[3] 张培震,徐锡伟,闻学泽等.2008年汶川8． 0级地震发震断裂的滑动速率、复发周期和构造成因.地球物理学报,2008,51(4) :1066-1073 Zhang P Z, Xu X W, Wen X Z, et al. Slip rates and recurrence intervals of the Longmen Shan active fault zone,and tectonic implications for the mechanism of the May 12 Wenchuan earthquake, 2008, Sichuan, China. Chinese J. Geophys. (in Chinese), 2008 ,51(4) :1066-1073
[4] 徐锡伟,闻学泽,叶建青等.汶川8． 0级地表破裂带及其发震构造.地震地质,2008,30(3) :597-629 Xu X W, Wen X Z, Ye J Q, et al. The M_s8． 0 Wenchuan earthquake surface ruptures and its seismogenic structure. Seismology and Geology (in Chinese), 2008,30(3) :597-629
[5] 李陈侠,安艳芬,于贵华等.汶川M_s8． 0地震的地质科学考察数据库简介.地震地质,2008,30(3) :804-810 Li Ch X, An Y F, Yu G H, et al. An introduction to the geodatabase of scientific investigation of the M_s8． 0 Wenchuan earthquake. Seismology and Geology ( in Chinese), 2008,30(3) :804-810
[6] 冉勇康,陈立春,陈桂华等.汶川8． 0级地震发震断裂大地震原地复发现象初析.地震地质,2008,30(3) :630-643 Ran Y K, Chen L Ch, Chen G H, et al. Primary analyses of in-situ recurrence of large earthquake along seismogenic fault of the M_s8． 0 Wenchuan earthquake. Seismology and Geology (in Chinese) ,2008,30(3) :630-643
[7] 刘保金,杨晓平,酆少英等.汶川M_s8． 0地震疑似地表破裂的浅层地震反射调查.地震地质,2008,30(4) :896-906 Liu B J, Yang X P, Feng Sh Y, et al. Exploration of shallow seismic reflection on the suspected surface rupture of the M_s8． 0 Wenchuan earthquake at frontai areas of Longmen Shan. Seismology and Geology (in Chinese) , 2008, 30 (4) :896-906
[8] 李志强,袁一凡,李晓丽等.汶川M_s8． 0级特大地震破坏特征初步研究.地震地质,2008,30(4) :855-876 Li Zh Q, Yuan Y F, Li X L, et al. Preliminary research on the characteristics of the M_s8． 0 Wenchuan earthquake hazard. Seismology and Geology (in Chinese) , 2008,30(4) :855-876
[9] 邓起东.关于汶川地震的思考.地震地质,2008,30(4) :811-827 Deng Q D. Some thoughts on the M_s8． 0 Wenchuan, Sichuan earthquake. Seismology and Geology (in Chinese) , 2008,30 (4) :811-827
[10] Philip H, Meghraoui M. Structure analysis and interpretation of the surface deformations of the El Asnam earthquake of October 10, 1980． Tectonics, 1983,2(1) :17-49
[11] Schwartz D P, Copersmith K J. Fault behavior and characteristic earthquakes:examples from the Wasatch and San Andreas Fault. J. Geophys. Res. ,1984,89:5681-5698
[12] 李勇,周荣军,Densmore A L等.青藏高原东缘龙门山晚新生代走滑挤压作用的沉积响应.沉积学报,2006,24(2) :153-163 Li Y, Zhou R J, Densmore A L,et al. Sedimentary responses to late Cenozoic thrusting and striking-slipping of Longmen Shan along eastern margin of Tibetan Plateau. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica (in Chinese) ,2006,24(2) :153-163
[13] 李永昭,郭兵.成都平原的晚新生代构造.成都理工大学学报(自然科学版),2008,35(4) :371-376 Li Y Zh, Guo B. Cenozonic tectonics of Chengdu plain, Sichuan, China. Journal of Chengdu University of Technology ( Science Technology Edition ) (in Chinese) , 2008,35(4) :371-376
[14] 何鲤,刘莉萍,罗潇等.川西龙门山推覆构造特征及有利油气勘探区块预测.石油实验地质,2007,29(3) :247-252 He L, Liu L P, Luo X, et al. Nappe structure characteristics and exploration potential forecast in Longmen Shan, the west of Sichuan Province. Petroleum Geology & Experiment (in Chinese), 2007,29(3) :247-252
[15] Suppe J, Chou G T, Hook S C. Rates of folding and faulting determined from growth strata. In:McClay K ed. Thrust Tectonics. London:Chapman & Hall, 1992． 105-132
[16] Thomson S C, Weldon R J, Rubin C M, et al. Late Quaternary slip rates across the central Tienshan, Kyrgyzstan, Central Asia. J. Geophys. Res. ,2002,107(9) :ETG7-1-732
[17] 钱洪,唐荣昌.成都平原的形成和演化.四川地震,1997,(3) :1-7 Qian H, Tang R Ch. Formation and evolution of Chengdu plain. Sichuan Earthquake (in Chinese), 1997, (3) :1-7
[18] 邓起东,陈社发,赵小麟.龙门山及其邻区的构造和地震活动及动力学.地震地质,1994,16(4) :389-403 Deng Q D, Chen S F, Zhao X L. Tectonics, seismicity and geodynamics of the Longmenshan Mountains and its adjacent regions. Seismology and Geology (in Chinese) , 1994 ,16(4) :389-403
[19] Burchfiel B C, Chen Z, Liu Y, et al. Tectonics of the Longmen Shan and adjacent regions. International Geology Review, 1995,37:661-738
[20] 许志琴,李化启,侯立玮等.青藏高原东缘龙门山-锦屏造山带的崛起:大型拆离断层和挤出机制.地质通报,2007,26(10) :1262-1276 Xu Zh Q, Li H Q, Hou L W, et al. Uplift of the Longmen-Jinping orogenic belt along the eastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau:large-scale detachment faulting and extrusion mechanism. Geological Bulletin of China ( in Chinese), 2007:26(10) :1262-1276
[21] 杨晓平,蒋溥,宋方敏等.龙门山断裂带南段错断晚更新世以来地层的证据.地震地质,1999,21(4) :341-345 Yang X P, Jiang P, Song F M. et al. The evidence of the south Longmenshan fault zones cutting late Quaternary stratum. Seismology and Geology (in Chinese). 1999, 21 (4) :341-345
[22] 杨晓平,冯希杰,戈天勇等.龙门山断裂带北段第四纪活动的地质地貌证据.地震地质,2008． 30(3) :643-657 Yang X P, Feng X J, Ge T Y, et al. Geological and geomorphic evidence for the Quaternary activity on the northeast segment of Longmenshan fault zone. Seismology and Geology (in Chinese) , 2008,30(3) :643-657
[23] Densmore A L, Ellis M A,Li Yong, et al. Active tectonics of the Beichuan and Pengguan faults at the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau. Tectonics, 2007, 26:TC4005,doi:10． 1029/2006TC001987
[24] 陈国光,计凤桔,周荣军等.龙门山断裂带晚第四纪活动性分段的初步研究.地震地质,2007,29(3) :657-673 Chen G G, Ji F J, Zhou R J, et al. Primary research of activity segmentation of Longmenshan fault zone since late-Quaternary. Seismology and Geology (in Chinese) , 2007 ,29 (3) :657-673
[25] Burchfiel B C, Royden L H, Van der Hilst R D, et al. A geological and geophysical context for the Wenchuan earthquake of 12 May 2008, Sichuan, People s Republic of China. GSA Today, 2008, 18 (7) , 4-11, doi:10． 1130/GSATG18A. 1
[26] 王为民,赵连锋,李娟等.四川汶川8． 0级地震震源过程.地球物理学报,2008,51(5) :1403-1410 Wang W M, Zhao L F, Li J, et al. Rupture process of the M8． 0 Wenchuan earthquake of Sichuan, China. Chinese J. Geophys. (in Chinese) ,2008,51(5) : 1403-1410
[27] 张勇,许力胜,陈运泰.2008年汶川大地震震源机制的时空变化.地球物理学报,2009,52(2) :379-389 Zhang Y, Xu L Sh, Chen Y T. Spatio-temporal variation of the source mechanism of the 2008 great Wenchuan earthquake. Chinese J. Geophys. (in Chinese). 2009,52(2) :379-389
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