岩石强度和应变速率对水平挤压变形影响的离散元模拟
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摘要
离散元模拟是一种新的动力学模拟方法,它可以提供模型内部肉眼不能辨别的微小形变信息,生动的给出构造形变的几何特征与动力学过程,是我们深入了解地质构造形成演化历史、理解岩石变形机制、准确解译地震数据的良好方法。本文基于离散元理论构建模型,用C++和Java语言编写程序加以实现,模拟挤压条件下盐上褶皱和推覆带构造的形成、演化过程,通过四组对比实验的比较分析,详细研究了岩性强弱和推覆速度对盐相关挤压构造演化的控制作用。研究结果表明:1)沿积压方向,断层的年龄由老到新,约靠近推覆前端的断层越新。在挤压形变过程中,一旦有新的主要断层形成,之前的老断层即停止活动;2)脆性地层发育较多的断层,主断层贯穿整个地层,韧性地层中断层数量较少,断层位移小,只切断部分地层;3)脆性地层形变过程中地层厚度基本不变,显示地层内部应变较小,韧性地层的厚度有明显变化,显示地层内部应变较强;4)在岩性相似的条件下,挤压速率慢的系统断层发育较多,并且形变传播较远。
The discrete-element modeling is a new dynamic modeling method in structural geology and geophysics research.It can provide detailed deformation which can hardly be observed,and it can also demonstrate the evolution progress of the deformation.It is an efficient method to further understand the evolution history of structures and the rock deformation mechanisms,and helps geologists and geophysicists to better interpret the seismic data.Based on the discrete element model,the authors wrote a program with C++and Java language and ran the program to simulate the initiation and the evolution of fault system in the salt related structures in a compressive setting.Four experiments were performed to study the influence of rock strength and shortening rate on the geometry and kinematics of salt related structures.
The discrete-element modeling is a new dynamic modeling method in structural geology and geophysics research.It can provide detailed deformation which can hardly be observed,and it can also demonstrate the evolution progress of the deformation.It is an efficient method to further understand the evolution history of structures and the rock deformation mechanisms,and helps geologists and geophysicists to better interpret the seismic data.Based on the discrete element model,the authors wrote a program with C++and Java language and ran the program to simulate the initiation and the evolution of fault system in the salt related structures in a compressive setting.Four experiments were performed to study the influence of rock strength and shortening rate on the geometry and kinematics of salt related structures.
引文
Allen MP and Tildesley DJ.1987.Computer Simulation of Liquids. Oxford:Oxford Science Publications
Bardet JP and Proubet J.1992.The structure of shear bands in idealized granular materials.Applied Mechanics Reviews,45(3 ):S118 -S122
Costa E and Vendeville BC.2002.Experimental insights on the geometry and kinematics of fold-and-thrust belts above weak,viscous evaporitic décollement.Journal of Structural Geology,24(11):1729 -1739
Cundall PA.1971.Distinct element models of rock and soil structure. In:Brown ET (ed).Analytical and Computational Methods in Engineering Rock Mechanics.Londoni gnwin Publishers,129 -163
Cundall PA and Strack ODL.1979.A discrete numerical models for granular assemblies.Geotechnique,29(1):47-65
DonzéF,Morn P and Magnier SA.1994.Numerical simulation of faults and shear zones.Geophys.J.Int.,116:46-52
Finch E,Hardy S and Gawthorpe R.2003.Discrete element modeling of contractional fault propagation folding above rid basement fault blocks.J.Struct.Geol.,25:515-528
Gould H and Tobechnik J.1988.Addison Wesley,Reading,Mass: Computer Simulation Methods,Part I
Hackney RW and Eastweod JW,1988.Computer Simulation Using Particles.Bristol:Adam Hilger,137-140
Hardy S and Finch E.2005.Discrete-element modeling of detachment folding.Basin Research,17:507 -520
Iwashita K and Oda M.2000.Micro-deformation mechanism of shear banding process based on modified distinct element method.Powder Technology,109:192-205
Jackson MPA and Talbot C,1986.External shapes,strain rates and dynamics of salt structures.AAPG Bull.,97(3 ):305-323
Lemos J,Hart RD and Cundall PA.1985.A generalized distinct dement program for modelling jointed rock mass.In:Stephansscn O (ed). Fundamentals of Rock Joints.Luka:Centek Publishers,335-343
Maini T,Cundall,PA and Marti J.1978.Computer Modeling of Joinred Rock Masses,Toch.Report N-78-8,Us Amy Waterways. Expenment Station,Vicksburg,MS August.Beresford.NL and Asgian M
Morgan JK.1997.Studying submarine accretionary prisms in a“numerical sandbox”:Simulations using the distinct element method.Eos Trans.AGU,Fall Meeting Suppl.,78 (46):F707
Mora P and Place D.1993.A lattice solid model for the non-linear dynamics of earthquakes.International Journal of Modern Physics,C 4(6):1059 -1074
Morn P and Place D.1994.Simulation of the frictional stick-slip instability.Pure and Applied Geophysics,143 (13):61-87
Place D,Lombard F,Mora P et al.2002.Simulation of the micro- physics of rocks using LSMEarth.Pure and Applied Geophysics, 159:1911-1932
Saltzer SD and Pollard DD.1992.Distinct element modeling of structures formed in sedimentary overburden by extensional reactivation of basement normal faults.Tectonics,11:165-174
Scott DR.1996.Seismicity and stress rotation in a granular model of the brittle crust.Nature,381 (6583):592 -595
Seyferth M and Henk A.2003.Coupling of PFC2D and ANSYS-Concepts to combine the best of two worlds for improved geodynamic models. In:Konietzky H and Balkema AA (ed).Numerical Modeling in Micromechanies via Particle Methods,Brooldield,283-290
Strayer LM and Suppe J.2002.Out-of-plane motion of a thrust sheet during along-strike propagation of a thrust ramp:A distinct element approach.Journal of Structural Geology,24:637-650
Strayer LM,Eriekson SG and Suppe J.2004.Influence of growth,strata on the evolution of fault-related folds:Distinct element models.In: McClay KR (ed).Thrust Tectonics and Hydrocarbon Systems. AAPG Memoir,82:413 -437
Vendeville BC and Jackson MPA.1992.The rise of diapim during thin- skinned extension.Marine and Petroleum Geology,9:331-353
Withjack M and Scheiner C.1982.Fault patterns associated with domes : An experimental and analytical study,AAPG Bulletin,66:302 -316
Yin H and Groshong R H Jr.2003.Geometric properties of active piercement structures:Geologic insights from 3-D kinematic models. Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies Transcations,53:887 -899
Yin H and Groshong RH Jr.2006.Balancing and restoration of piercement structures:Geologic insights form 3D kinematic models. Journal of Structural Geology,28:99-114
戈红星，Vendeville BC．2004．前陆褶皱冲断带厚皮缩短盐构造运动的物理模拟．高校地质学报，10(1)：39-49
汤良杰，金之菌，贾承造等．2004．塔里木盆地多期盐构造与油气聚集．中国科学D辑，34(增刊Ⅰ)：89-97
李亚林，王成善，伊海生，刘志飞，李勇．2006．西藏北部新生代大型逆冲推覆构造唐古拉山的隆起．地质学报，80(8)：1118-1131
Bardet JP and Proubet J.1992.The structure of shear bands in idealized granular materials.Applied Mechanics Reviews,45(3 ):S118 -S122
Costa E and Vendeville BC.2002.Experimental insights on the geometry and kinematics of fold-and-thrust belts above weak,viscous evaporitic décollement.Journal of Structural Geology,24(11):1729 -1739
Cundall PA.1971.Distinct element models of rock and soil structure. In:Brown ET (ed).Analytical and Computational Methods in Engineering Rock Mechanics.Londoni gnwin Publishers,129 -163
Cundall PA and Strack ODL.1979.A discrete numerical models for granular assemblies.Geotechnique,29(1):47-65
DonzéF,Morn P and Magnier SA.1994.Numerical simulation of faults and shear zones.Geophys.J.Int.,116:46-52
Finch E,Hardy S and Gawthorpe R.2003.Discrete element modeling of contractional fault propagation folding above rid basement fault blocks.J.Struct.Geol.,25:515-528
Gould H and Tobechnik J.1988.Addison Wesley,Reading,Mass: Computer Simulation Methods,Part I
Hackney RW and Eastweod JW,1988.Computer Simulation Using Particles.Bristol:Adam Hilger,137-140
Hardy S and Finch E.2005.Discrete-element modeling of detachment folding.Basin Research,17:507 -520
Iwashita K and Oda M.2000.Micro-deformation mechanism of shear banding process based on modified distinct element method.Powder Technology,109:192-205
Jackson MPA and Talbot C,1986.External shapes,strain rates and dynamics of salt structures.AAPG Bull.,97(3 ):305-323
Lemos J,Hart RD and Cundall PA.1985.A generalized distinct dement program for modelling jointed rock mass.In:Stephansscn O (ed). Fundamentals of Rock Joints.Luka:Centek Publishers,335-343
Maini T,Cundall,PA and Marti J.1978.Computer Modeling of Joinred Rock Masses,Toch.Report N-78-8,Us Amy Waterways. Expenment Station,Vicksburg,MS August.Beresford.NL and Asgian M
Morgan JK.1997.Studying submarine accretionary prisms in a“numerical sandbox”:Simulations using the distinct element method.Eos Trans.AGU,Fall Meeting Suppl.,78 (46):F707
Mora P and Place D.1993.A lattice solid model for the non-linear dynamics of earthquakes.International Journal of Modern Physics,C 4(6):1059 -1074
Morn P and Place D.1994.Simulation of the frictional stick-slip instability.Pure and Applied Geophysics,143 (13):61-87
Place D,Lombard F,Mora P et al.2002.Simulation of the micro- physics of rocks using LSMEarth.Pure and Applied Geophysics, 159:1911-1932
Saltzer SD and Pollard DD.1992.Distinct element modeling of structures formed in sedimentary overburden by extensional reactivation of basement normal faults.Tectonics,11:165-174
Scott DR.1996.Seismicity and stress rotation in a granular model of the brittle crust.Nature,381 (6583):592 -595
Seyferth M and Henk A.2003.Coupling of PFC2D and ANSYS-Concepts to combine the best of two worlds for improved geodynamic models. In:Konietzky H and Balkema AA (ed).Numerical Modeling in Micromechanies via Particle Methods,Brooldield,283-290
Strayer LM and Suppe J.2002.Out-of-plane motion of a thrust sheet during along-strike propagation of a thrust ramp:A distinct element approach.Journal of Structural Geology,24:637-650
Strayer LM,Eriekson SG and Suppe J.2004.Influence of growth,strata on the evolution of fault-related folds:Distinct element models.In: McClay KR (ed).Thrust Tectonics and Hydrocarbon Systems. AAPG Memoir,82:413 -437
Vendeville BC and Jackson MPA.1992.The rise of diapim during thin- skinned extension.Marine and Petroleum Geology,9:331-353
Withjack M and Scheiner C.1982.Fault patterns associated with domes : An experimental and analytical study,AAPG Bulletin,66:302 -316
Yin H and Groshong R H Jr.2003.Geometric properties of active piercement structures:Geologic insights from 3-D kinematic models. Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies Transcations,53:887 -899
Yin H and Groshong RH Jr.2006.Balancing and restoration of piercement structures:Geologic insights form 3D kinematic models. Journal of Structural Geology,28:99-114
戈红星，Vendeville BC．2004．前陆褶皱冲断带厚皮缩短盐构造运动的物理模拟．高校地质学报，10(1)：39-49
汤良杰，金之菌，贾承造等．2004．塔里木盆地多期盐构造与油气聚集．中国科学D辑，34(增刊Ⅰ)：89-97
李亚林，王成善，伊海生，刘志飞，李勇．2006．西藏北部新生代大型逆冲推覆构造唐古拉山的隆起．地质学报，80(8)：1118-1131
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