P波方位AVO在煤层裂缝探测中的应用
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摘要
探测煤层中的裂缝对于煤田的安全生产具有重要的意义。由于地层上覆载荷的压实作用,水平和低角度裂缝近乎消失,保留下来的是高角度和近于垂直的裂缝,而正是这类裂缝引起了地震P波方位各向异性的传播特征。所以地震P波的方位各向异性反映了地下介质裂缝的发育情况,尤其是P波方位AVO属性,对裂缝的发育程度具有较好的敏感性。通过对P波方位AVO属性的分析,能得到地下介质裂缝的发育情况。基于利用P波方位AVO属性探测裂缝的理论和实用方法,对淮南煤田某矿区的纵波地震资料进行对比和分析,得到了本矿区某煤层的裂缝发育分布情况,其预测结果符合实际井孔实测资料,表明此方法有效。
Fractures will exert great menace to the safe production of coal fields. The fracture detection of coalbed is an important problem in the development of many coalfields. Due to the overlying strata pressure, horizontal fractures and low-angle fractures of the stratum almost disappear. The characters of P-wave azimuthal anisotropy are mainly caused by high-angle fracture and vertical fracture of the stratum;and the azimuthal anisotropy of P-wave reflects the situation of fracture of underground medium. Especially,P-wave azimuthal amplitude variation with offset (AVO) is sensitive to fracture. Therefore, the analysis of P-wave azimuthal AVO can be used to delineate fracture patterns and investigate their properties. The theory and method based on P-wave azimuthal AVO analysis are applied to the P-wave seismic data in some mining area of Huainan coalfield. The fracture distributions of some coa beds in this area are achieved. The results of predicted fracture agree well with the in-situ data;and the proposed method is proven to be successful.
Fractures will exert great menace to the safe production of coal fields. The fracture detection of coalbed is an important problem in the development of many coalfields. Due to the overlying strata pressure, horizontal fractures and low-angle fractures of the stratum almost disappear. The characters of P-wave azimuthal anisotropy are mainly caused by high-angle fracture and vertical fracture of the stratum;and the azimuthal anisotropy of P-wave reflects the situation of fracture of underground medium. Especially,P-wave azimuthal amplitude variation with offset (AVO) is sensitive to fracture. Therefore, the analysis of P-wave azimuthal AVO can be used to delineate fracture patterns and investigate their properties. The theory and method based on P-wave azimuthal AVO analysis are applied to the P-wave seismic data in some mining area of Huainan coalfield. The fracture distributions of some coa beds in this area are achieved. The results of predicted fracture agree well with the in-situ data;and the proposed method is proven to be successful.
引文
[1] Lynn H B,Bates C R,Simon K M,et al. The effect of azimuthal anisotropy in P-wave 3D seismic[A]. In:Expanded Abstracts of the 65th SEG Annual Meeting[C].[s. l.]:[s. n.],1995.727–730.
[2]彭成斌,陈颙.利用物理模型横波分裂现象研究裂隙分布[J].地球物理学报,1989,32(增):163–173.(Peng Chengbin,Chen Yong. Study fracture distribution by shear-wave split of physical model[J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics,1989,32(Supp.):163–173.(in Chinese))
[3]魏建新.岩石横波分裂和各向异性的试验观测[J].石油物探,1993,32(1):60–67.(Wei Jianxin. Laboratory observation for shear wave splitting and anisotropy in rocks[J]. Geophysical Prospecting for Petroleum,1993,32(1):60–67.(in Chinese))
[4] Assad J M. A physical model study of microcrack-induced anisotropy[J]. Geophysical,1992,57(12):1562–1570.
[5] Assad J M. The effect of orthorhombic anisotropy and its implication for oil recovery and reservoir exploitation[J]. Geophysical Prospecting,2005,53(1):121–129.
[6]唐晓雪,唐建候.用 P-SV 转换波资料研究储层各向异性[J].1997,32(1):27–33.(Tang Xiaoxue , Tang Jianhou. Study reservoir anisotropy by P-SV conversion data[J]. Oil Geophysical Prospecting,1997,32(1):27–33.(in Chinese))
[7] Carcuz J R. A combined AVO analysis of P-P and P-S reflection data[A]. In:Expanded Abstract of the 71st Annual International SEG Meeting[C].[s. l.]:[s. n.],2001.323–325.
[8]朱培民,王家映,於文辉,等.用纵波 AVO 数据反演储层裂隙密度参数[J].石油物探,2001,40(2):1–12.(Zhu Peimin,Wang Jiaying,Yu Wenhui,et al. Invert reservoir fracture-density parameters by P-wave AVO data[J]. Geophysical Prospecting for Petroleum,2001,40(2):1–12.(in Chinese))
[9]曲寿利,季玉新,王鑫,等.全方位 P 波属性裂缝检测方法[J].石油地球物理勘探,2001,36(4):390–397.(Qu Shouli,Ji Yuxin,Wang Xin,et al. Seismic method for using full-azimuth P-wave 第24卷第16期彭晓波等. P 波方位 AVO 在煤层裂缝探测中的应用?2965? attribution to detect fracture[J]. Oil Geophysical Prospecting,2001,36(4):390–397.(in Chinese))
[10]李绪宣.多波地震地层各向异性的初步研究和探讨[J].天然气工业,2001,21(5):41–44.(Li Xuxuan. An initiative study and discussion on rocks′ anisotropy by using multiwave seismics[J]. Natural Gas Industry,2001,21(5):41–44.(in Chinese))
[11]杜启振,杨慧珠.方位各向异性介质的裂缝预测方法研究[J].石油大学学报(自然科学版),2003,27(4):32–36.(Du Qizhen,Yang Huizhu. Detection method for fractures in azimuthally anisotropic media[J]. Journal of the University of Petroleum(Natural Science),2003,27(4):32–36.(in Chinese))
[12]罗省贤,李录明.基于横波分裂的地层裂缝预测方法与应用[J].成都理工大学学报(自然科学版),2003,30(1):52–59.(Luo Shengxian,Li Luming. Method and application of predicting medium fracture based on shear-wave separating theory[J]. Journal of Chengdu University of Technology(Natural Science),2003,30(1):52–59(in Chinese))
[13] Mallick S,Frazer L N. Reflection/transmission coefficients and azimuthal anisotropy in marine studies[J]. Geophys. J. Int.,1991,105(1):241–252.
[14] Johnson W E. Direct detection of gas in pre-Tertiary sediments[J]. The Leading Edge,1995,14(2):119–122.
[15] Lynn H B,Simon K M. Azimuthal anisotropy in P-wave 3D multiazimuth data[J]. The Leading Edge,1996,15(8):923–928.
[16] Mallick S,Craft K L,Meister L J,et al. Determination of the principal directions of azimuthal anisotropy from P-wave seismic data[J]. Geophysics,1998,63(2):692–706.
[17]阴可,杨慧珠.各向异性介质中的 AVO[J].地球物理学报,1998,41(3):382–391.(Yin Ke,Yang Huizhu. AVO in anisotropic media[J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics,1998,41(3):382–391.(in Chinese))
[18]刘洋,董敏煜.各向异性介质中的方位 AVO[J].石油地球物理勘探,1999,34(3):260–267.(Liu Yang,Dong Minyu. Azimuthal AVO in anisotropic medium[J]. Oil Geophysical Prospecting,1999,34(3):260–267.(in Chinese))
[19] Shen F,Sierra J,Burns D R,et al. Azimuthal offset-dependent attributes applied to fracture detection in a carbonate reservoir[J]. Geophysics,2002,67(2):355–364.
[20] Hall S A,Kendall M J. Fracture characterization at Valhall:application of P-wave amplitude variation with offset and azimuth (AVOA) analysis to a 3D ocean-bottom data set[J]. Geophysics,2003,68(4):1150–1160.
[21] Lynn H B,Simon K M,Bates C R. Correlation between P-wave AVOA and S-wave traveltime anisotropy in naturally fractured gas reservoir[J]. The Leading Edge,1996,15(8):931–935.
[22] Ramos A C B,Davis T L.3D AVO analysis and modeling applied to fracture detection in coalbed methane reservoirs[J]. Geophysics,1997,62(6):1683–1695.
[23] Thomsen L. Weak elastic anisotropy[J]. Geophysics,1986,51(10):1954–1966.
[24] Rüger A. P-wave reflection coefficients for transversely isotropic models with vertical and horizontal axis of symmetry[J]. Geophysics,1997,62(3):713–721.
[25] Rüger A. Variation of P-wave reflectivity with offset and azimuth in anisotropic media[J]. Geophysics,1998,63(3):935–947.
[2]彭成斌,陈颙.利用物理模型横波分裂现象研究裂隙分布[J].地球物理学报,1989,32(增):163–173.(Peng Chengbin,Chen Yong. Study fracture distribution by shear-wave split of physical model[J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics,1989,32(Supp.):163–173.(in Chinese))
[3]魏建新.岩石横波分裂和各向异性的试验观测[J].石油物探,1993,32(1):60–67.(Wei Jianxin. Laboratory observation for shear wave splitting and anisotropy in rocks[J]. Geophysical Prospecting for Petroleum,1993,32(1):60–67.(in Chinese))
[4] Assad J M. A physical model study of microcrack-induced anisotropy[J]. Geophysical,1992,57(12):1562–1570.
[5] Assad J M. The effect of orthorhombic anisotropy and its implication for oil recovery and reservoir exploitation[J]. Geophysical Prospecting,2005,53(1):121–129.
[6]唐晓雪,唐建候.用 P-SV 转换波资料研究储层各向异性[J].1997,32(1):27–33.(Tang Xiaoxue , Tang Jianhou. Study reservoir anisotropy by P-SV conversion data[J]. Oil Geophysical Prospecting,1997,32(1):27–33.(in Chinese))
[7] Carcuz J R. A combined AVO analysis of P-P and P-S reflection data[A]. In:Expanded Abstract of the 71st Annual International SEG Meeting[C].[s. l.]:[s. n.],2001.323–325.
[8]朱培民,王家映,於文辉,等.用纵波 AVO 数据反演储层裂隙密度参数[J].石油物探,2001,40(2):1–12.(Zhu Peimin,Wang Jiaying,Yu Wenhui,et al. Invert reservoir fracture-density parameters by P-wave AVO data[J]. Geophysical Prospecting for Petroleum,2001,40(2):1–12.(in Chinese))
[9]曲寿利,季玉新,王鑫,等.全方位 P 波属性裂缝检测方法[J].石油地球物理勘探,2001,36(4):390–397.(Qu Shouli,Ji Yuxin,Wang Xin,et al. Seismic method for using full-azimuth P-wave 第24卷第16期彭晓波等. P 波方位 AVO 在煤层裂缝探测中的应用?2965? attribution to detect fracture[J]. Oil Geophysical Prospecting,2001,36(4):390–397.(in Chinese))
[10]李绪宣.多波地震地层各向异性的初步研究和探讨[J].天然气工业,2001,21(5):41–44.(Li Xuxuan. An initiative study and discussion on rocks′ anisotropy by using multiwave seismics[J]. Natural Gas Industry,2001,21(5):41–44.(in Chinese))
[11]杜启振,杨慧珠.方位各向异性介质的裂缝预测方法研究[J].石油大学学报(自然科学版),2003,27(4):32–36.(Du Qizhen,Yang Huizhu. Detection method for fractures in azimuthally anisotropic media[J]. Journal of the University of Petroleum(Natural Science),2003,27(4):32–36.(in Chinese))
[12]罗省贤,李录明.基于横波分裂的地层裂缝预测方法与应用[J].成都理工大学学报(自然科学版),2003,30(1):52–59.(Luo Shengxian,Li Luming. Method and application of predicting medium fracture based on shear-wave separating theory[J]. Journal of Chengdu University of Technology(Natural Science),2003,30(1):52–59(in Chinese))
[13] Mallick S,Frazer L N. Reflection/transmission coefficients and azimuthal anisotropy in marine studies[J]. Geophys. J. Int.,1991,105(1):241–252.
[14] Johnson W E. Direct detection of gas in pre-Tertiary sediments[J]. The Leading Edge,1995,14(2):119–122.
[15] Lynn H B,Simon K M. Azimuthal anisotropy in P-wave 3D multiazimuth data[J]. The Leading Edge,1996,15(8):923–928.
[16] Mallick S,Craft K L,Meister L J,et al. Determination of the principal directions of azimuthal anisotropy from P-wave seismic data[J]. Geophysics,1998,63(2):692–706.
[17]阴可,杨慧珠.各向异性介质中的 AVO[J].地球物理学报,1998,41(3):382–391.(Yin Ke,Yang Huizhu. AVO in anisotropic media[J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics,1998,41(3):382–391.(in Chinese))
[18]刘洋,董敏煜.各向异性介质中的方位 AVO[J].石油地球物理勘探,1999,34(3):260–267.(Liu Yang,Dong Minyu. Azimuthal AVO in anisotropic medium[J]. Oil Geophysical Prospecting,1999,34(3):260–267.(in Chinese))
[19] Shen F,Sierra J,Burns D R,et al. Azimuthal offset-dependent attributes applied to fracture detection in a carbonate reservoir[J]. Geophysics,2002,67(2):355–364.
[20] Hall S A,Kendall M J. Fracture characterization at Valhall:application of P-wave amplitude variation with offset and azimuth (AVOA) analysis to a 3D ocean-bottom data set[J]. Geophysics,2003,68(4):1150–1160.
[21] Lynn H B,Simon K M,Bates C R. Correlation between P-wave AVOA and S-wave traveltime anisotropy in naturally fractured gas reservoir[J]. The Leading Edge,1996,15(8):931–935.
[22] Ramos A C B,Davis T L.3D AVO analysis and modeling applied to fracture detection in coalbed methane reservoirs[J]. Geophysics,1997,62(6):1683–1695.
[23] Thomsen L. Weak elastic anisotropy[J]. Geophysics,1986,51(10):1954–1966.
[24] Rüger A. P-wave reflection coefficients for transversely isotropic models with vertical and horizontal axis of symmetry[J]. Geophysics,1997,62(3):713–721.
[25] Rüger A. Variation of P-wave reflectivity with offset and azimuth in anisotropic media[J]. Geophysics,1998,63(3):935–947.
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