青藏高原隆升的气候环境效应与黄土高原构造侵蚀
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摘要
青藏高原的隆升使亚洲地区乃至全球范围的气候特征发生了巨大变化。其中,22 MaB.P.改变了东亚地面行星风系并出现季风效应;8.5 Ma B.P.东亚季风效应增强,干旱化程度的加剧,黄土高原风尘堆积开始;3.6Ma B.P.起,高原隆升对全球气候变化的驱动与放大作用增强;1.2 Ma B.P.以来,高原隆升对亚洲现代冬夏季风气候效应逐级增强。第四纪以来的青藏高原的隆升,使黄土高原发生了阶段性抬升与构造变形,并引起多种黄土地质灾害与水土侵蚀,其中,黄土高原的抬升,导致侵蚀基准面下降,为重力侵蚀、沟谷溯源侵蚀和流水侵蚀提供了有利条件;构造变形会造成黄土产生构造裂隙、节理,增大黄土的侵蚀速率,促进黄土的坍塌和滑坡等侵蚀灾害的发生;地形突变带、活动断裂带,地震活动带等稳定性条件差的黄土分布区,是黄土侵蚀最剧烈的地区。
Great change of Asian and global climate is the result of Qinghai-Xizang plateau uplift.And Planetary wind system was changed and monsoon effect appeared around 22 MaB.P.in East Asia;the monsoon effect of East Asia became stronger,aridity and desertification was intensified,widely spreading aeolian succession began in the Chinese Loess Plateau;the global climate change was droved and intensified the climate fluctuating by the Plateau uplift since 3.6 Ma B P;the monsoon effect of Asian present-day climate was increasingly intensified since 1.2 Ma B P.Since Quanternary,the uplift and structure deformation taken place in the Chinese Loess Plateau and arose geological hazard and soil erosion,owing to the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau uplift.And the uplift of Loess Plateau induced gravity,trace to the source and water-flow erosion;the structure deformation resulted in loess collapse and landslide;the soil erosion is the most intense in great tectonic deformation zones,active fault zones,seismic zones.
Great change of Asian and global climate is the result of Qinghai-Xizang plateau uplift.And Planetary wind system was changed and monsoon effect appeared around 22 MaB.P.in East Asia;the monsoon effect of East Asia became stronger,aridity and desertification was intensified,widely spreading aeolian succession began in the Chinese Loess Plateau;the global climate change was droved and intensified the climate fluctuating by the Plateau uplift since 3.6 Ma B P;the monsoon effect of Asian present-day climate was increasingly intensified since 1.2 Ma B P.Since Quanternary,the uplift and structure deformation taken place in the Chinese Loess Plateau and arose geological hazard and soil erosion,owing to the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau uplift.And the uplift of Loess Plateau induced gravity,trace to the source and water-flow erosion;the structure deformation resulted in loess collapse and landslide;the soil erosion is the most intense in great tectonic deformation zones,active fault zones,seismic zones.
引文
[1]李吉均,方小敏,潘保田,等.新生代晚期青藏高原强烈隆起及其对周边环境的影响[J].第四纪研究,2001,21(5):381-391.
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[3]马润勇.青藏高原东北缘构造活动及其工程灾害效应[D].西安:长安大学,2003.
[4]彭建兵,马润勇,卢全中,等.青藏高原隆升的地质灾害效应[J].地球科学进展,2004,19(3):457-466.
[5]Rea D K,Snoeckx H,Joseph L P.Late Cenozoic eolian deposition in the north Pacific:Asian drying,Tibetan uplift,andcooling of the Northern Hemisphere[J].Paleocepnography,1998,15(3):215-224.
[6]Ruddiman W F,Kutzbach J E.Forcing of late Cenozoic Northern Hemisphere climate by plateau upliftin Southern Asiaand the American West[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1989,94(D15):18 409-18 427.
[7]安芷生,王苏民,吴锡浩,等.中国黄土高原的风积证据:晚新生代北半球大冰期开始及青藏高原的隆升驱动[J].中国科学(D辑),1998,28(6):481-490.
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[12]施雅风,李吉均,李炳元,等.晚新生代青藏高原的隆升与东亚环境变化[J].地理学报,1999.54(1):10-20.
[13]马宗晋,张家声,汪一鹏.青藏高原三维变形运动学的时段划分和新构造分区[J].地质学报,1998,72(3):211-227.
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[16]Dewey J,Shackleton R M,Chang C,Sun Y.Tectonic evolution of the Tibetan P1ateau[J].Phil.Trans.R.Soc.Lond,1988,A327:379-413.
[17]刘嘉麒.构造运动与环境变迁[A].见:卢演俦等.新构造与环境[C].北京:地震出版社,2001.11-13.
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[19]Li Jijun,et al.Uplift of Qinghai-Xizang(Tibet)Plateau and global change[M].,Lanzhou University Press,1995.
[20]崔之久,高全洲,刘耕年,等.夷平面、古岩溶与青藏高原隆升[J].中国科学(D辑),1996,26(4):378-386.
[21]申旭辉,田勤俭,丁国瑜,等.宁夏贺家口子地区晚新生代地层序列及其构造意义[J].中国地震,2001,17(2):156-166.
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[23]潘保田,李吉均,朱俊杰,等.青藏高原:全球气候变化的驱动机与放大器———II青藏高原隆起的基本过程[J].兰州大学学报(自然科学版),1995,31(4):160-167.
[24]李祥根中国新构造运动概论[M].北京:地震出版社,2003.367-355.
[25]Tapponier P,Molnar P.Active faulting and tectonics in China[J].J G R,1977,82(20):2905-2930.
[26]于庆文.青藏高原东北缘新生代隆升-沉积-气候演化及其耦合[M].武汉:中国地质大学出版社,2001.52-101.
[27]Li Jijun.The environmental effects of the uplift of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau[J].Quaternary Science Reviews,1991,10:479-483.
[28]崔之久,伍永秋,刘耕年.关于“昆仑-黄河运动”[J].中国科学(D辑),1998,28(1):53-59.
[29]傅开道,高军平,方小敏,等.祁连山中西段沉积物粒径和青藏高原隆升关系模型[J].中国科学,2001,D辑,31(增刊):170-174.
[30]Ruddiman W F.Tectonic Uplift and Climate Change[M].New York:Plenum Press,1997.1-515.
[31]Z T Guo,William F Ruddiman,Q Z Hao,et al.Onset of Asian desertification by 22 Myr ago in ferred from loess depositsin China[J].Nature,2002,416:159-163.
[32]安芷生,孙东怀,陈明扬,等.黄土高原红黏土序列与晚第三纪的气候事件[J].第四纪研究,2000,20(5):435-446.
[33]强小科,安芷生,常宏.佳县红黏土堆积序列频率磁化率的古气候意义[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,2003,23(3):91-96.
[34]吴锡浩,王富葆,安芷生,等.晚新生代青藏高原隆升的阶段和高度[A].见:刘东生,等.黄土.第四纪地质.全球变化(第三集)[C].北京:科学出版社,1992.1-13.
[35]施雅风,郑本兴,李世杰,等.青藏高原中东部最大冰期时代高度与气候环境探讨[J].冰川冻土,1995,17(2):97-112.
[36]李裕元,石辉.新构造运动对黄土高原环境变迁的影响[J].水土保持研究,2001,8(1):123-129.
[37]Xiao J L,An Z S.Three large shifts in East Asian monsoon circulation indicated by loess-paleosol sequences in China andlate Cenozoic deposits in Japan[J].Paleogeography Paleoclimatoloty Paleoecology,1999,154:179-189.
[38]谢远云,李长安,张序强,等.青藏高原东北缘黄土的气候演化与高原隆升的耦合[J].中国地质,2003,30(4):436-441.
[39]张业成.青藏高原隆起及其对中国地质自然环境影响的探讨[J].地质灾害与环境保护,1993,4(1):1-10.
[40]陈发虎,吴薇,朱艳,等.阿拉善高原中全新世干旱事件的湖泊记录研究[J].科学通报,2004,49(1):1-9.
[41]康建成,陈发虎,沈永平,等.中国西部全新世环境变化[A].中国西部第四纪冰川与环境[C].北京:科学出版社,1991.131-137.
[42]雷慧珠,武春龙.新构造应力场与滑坡侵蚀[J].土壤侵蚀与水土保持学报,1999,5(5):35-43.
[43]朱照宇.黄土高原及邻区新构造与新构造运动[J].第四纪研究,1992,(3):252-264.
[44]赵景波.西北黄土区第四纪土壤与环境[M].西安:陕西科学技术出版社,1994.28-90,131-159.
[45]岳乐平,雷祥义,屈红军.黄河中游水系的阶地发育时代[J].地质论评,1997,43(2):186-192.
[46]程绍平,邓起东,闵伟,等.黄河晋陕峡谷河流阶地和鄂尔多斯高原第四纪构造运动[J].第四纪研究,1998,(3):238-248.
[47]Bull W B.Stream-terrace genesis:Implications for soil development[J].Geomorphology,1990,3(3):351-367.
[48]国家地震局地质研究所,宁夏回族自治区地震局.海原活动断裂带[M].北京:地震出版社,1990.
[2]潘保田,李吉均.青藏高原:全球气候变化的驱动机与放大器———Ⅲ.青藏高原隆起对气候变化的影响[J].兰州大学学报(自然科学版),1995,32(1):108-115.
[3]马润勇.青藏高原东北缘构造活动及其工程灾害效应[D].西安:长安大学,2003.
[4]彭建兵,马润勇,卢全中,等.青藏高原隆升的地质灾害效应[J].地球科学进展,2004,19(3):457-466.
[5]Rea D K,Snoeckx H,Joseph L P.Late Cenozoic eolian deposition in the north Pacific:Asian drying,Tibetan uplift,andcooling of the Northern Hemisphere[J].Paleocepnography,1998,15(3):215-224.
[6]Ruddiman W F,Kutzbach J E.Forcing of late Cenozoic Northern Hemisphere climate by plateau upliftin Southern Asiaand the American West[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1989,94(D15):18 409-18 427.
[7]安芷生,王苏民,吴锡浩,等.中国黄土高原的风积证据:晚新生代北半球大冰期开始及青藏高原的隆升驱动[J].中国科学(D辑),1998,28(6):481-490.
[8]林年丰,汤洁.中国干旱半干旱区的环境演变与荒漠化的成因[J].地理科学.2001,21(1):24-29.
[9]叶笃正,高由禧.青藏高原气象学[M].北京:科学出版社,1979.
[10]李吉均,方小敏,马海州,等.晚新生代黄河上游地貌演化与青藏高原隆起[J].中国科学(D辑),1996,26(4):316-322.
[11]李廷栋.青藏高原隆升的过程和机制[J].地球学报,1995,(1):1-9.
[12]施雅风,李吉均,李炳元,等.晚新生代青藏高原的隆升与东亚环境变化[J].地理学报,1999.54(1):10-20.
[13]马宗晋,张家声,汪一鹏.青藏高原三维变形运动学的时段划分和新构造分区[J].地质学报,1998,72(3):211-227.
[14]潘裕生,孔祥儒.青藏高原岩石圈结构演化和动力学[M].广州:广东科技出版社,1998.
[15]钟大赉,丁林.青藏高原的隆升过程及其机制探讨[J].中国科学(D),1996,26:289-295.
[16]Dewey J,Shackleton R M,Chang C,Sun Y.Tectonic evolution of the Tibetan P1ateau[J].Phil.Trans.R.Soc.Lond,1988,A327:379-413.
[17]刘嘉麒.构造运动与环境变迁[A].见:卢演俦等.新构造与环境[C].北京:地震出版社,2001.11-13.
[18]Harrison T M,Copeland P,Kidd W S F,et al.Raising Tibet[J].Science,1992,255:1663-1670.
[19]Li Jijun,et al.Uplift of Qinghai-Xizang(Tibet)Plateau and global change[M].,Lanzhou University Press,1995.
[20]崔之久,高全洲,刘耕年,等.夷平面、古岩溶与青藏高原隆升[J].中国科学(D辑),1996,26(4):378-386.
[21]申旭辉,田勤俭,丁国瑜,等.宁夏贺家口子地区晚新生代地层序列及其构造意义[J].中国地震,2001,17(2):156-166.
[22]An Zhisheng,Kutzbach J E,Prell W L,et al.Evolution of Asian monsoons and phased uplift of the Himalaya-TibetanPlateau since late Miocenetimes[J].Nature,2001,411:62-66.
[23]潘保田,李吉均,朱俊杰,等.青藏高原:全球气候变化的驱动机与放大器———II青藏高原隆起的基本过程[J].兰州大学学报(自然科学版),1995,31(4):160-167.
[24]李祥根中国新构造运动概论[M].北京:地震出版社,2003.367-355.
[25]Tapponier P,Molnar P.Active faulting and tectonics in China[J].J G R,1977,82(20):2905-2930.
[26]于庆文.青藏高原东北缘新生代隆升-沉积-气候演化及其耦合[M].武汉:中国地质大学出版社,2001.52-101.
[27]Li Jijun.The environmental effects of the uplift of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau[J].Quaternary Science Reviews,1991,10:479-483.
[28]崔之久,伍永秋,刘耕年.关于“昆仑-黄河运动”[J].中国科学(D辑),1998,28(1):53-59.
[29]傅开道,高军平,方小敏,等.祁连山中西段沉积物粒径和青藏高原隆升关系模型[J].中国科学,2001,D辑,31(增刊):170-174.
[30]Ruddiman W F.Tectonic Uplift and Climate Change[M].New York:Plenum Press,1997.1-515.
[31]Z T Guo,William F Ruddiman,Q Z Hao,et al.Onset of Asian desertification by 22 Myr ago in ferred from loess depositsin China[J].Nature,2002,416:159-163.
[32]安芷生,孙东怀,陈明扬,等.黄土高原红黏土序列与晚第三纪的气候事件[J].第四纪研究,2000,20(5):435-446.
[33]强小科,安芷生,常宏.佳县红黏土堆积序列频率磁化率的古气候意义[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,2003,23(3):91-96.
[34]吴锡浩,王富葆,安芷生,等.晚新生代青藏高原隆升的阶段和高度[A].见:刘东生,等.黄土.第四纪地质.全球变化(第三集)[C].北京:科学出版社,1992.1-13.
[35]施雅风,郑本兴,李世杰,等.青藏高原中东部最大冰期时代高度与气候环境探讨[J].冰川冻土,1995,17(2):97-112.
[36]李裕元,石辉.新构造运动对黄土高原环境变迁的影响[J].水土保持研究,2001,8(1):123-129.
[37]Xiao J L,An Z S.Three large shifts in East Asian monsoon circulation indicated by loess-paleosol sequences in China andlate Cenozoic deposits in Japan[J].Paleogeography Paleoclimatoloty Paleoecology,1999,154:179-189.
[38]谢远云,李长安,张序强,等.青藏高原东北缘黄土的气候演化与高原隆升的耦合[J].中国地质,2003,30(4):436-441.
[39]张业成.青藏高原隆起及其对中国地质自然环境影响的探讨[J].地质灾害与环境保护,1993,4(1):1-10.
[40]陈发虎,吴薇,朱艳,等.阿拉善高原中全新世干旱事件的湖泊记录研究[J].科学通报,2004,49(1):1-9.
[41]康建成,陈发虎,沈永平,等.中国西部全新世环境变化[A].中国西部第四纪冰川与环境[C].北京:科学出版社,1991.131-137.
[42]雷慧珠,武春龙.新构造应力场与滑坡侵蚀[J].土壤侵蚀与水土保持学报,1999,5(5):35-43.
[43]朱照宇.黄土高原及邻区新构造与新构造运动[J].第四纪研究,1992,(3):252-264.
[44]赵景波.西北黄土区第四纪土壤与环境[M].西安:陕西科学技术出版社,1994.28-90,131-159.
[45]岳乐平,雷祥义,屈红军.黄河中游水系的阶地发育时代[J].地质论评,1997,43(2):186-192.
[46]程绍平,邓起东,闵伟,等.黄河晋陕峡谷河流阶地和鄂尔多斯高原第四纪构造运动[J].第四纪研究,1998,(3):238-248.
[47]Bull W B.Stream-terrace genesis:Implications for soil development[J].Geomorphology,1990,3(3):351-367.
[48]国家地震局地质研究所,宁夏回族自治区地震局.海原活动断裂带[M].北京:地震出版社,1990.
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