含障碍体平直断层标本变形过程中群体微破裂事件的时空演化特征
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摘要
设计了含圆柱形障碍体的平直断层物理模型 ,在概念上可模拟断层面上与地震孕育相关的障碍体等强固区域 .开展了中等尺度岩石标本的双轴压缩实验 ,研究标本在变形过程中群体微破裂事件的时空演化 .结果表明 :( 1)由于标本预置断层两盘与障碍体之间、以及断层两盘彼此之间复杂的相互作用 ,使得交替活动成为含障碍体平直断层标本变形过程中最为显著的特征 ;( 2 )含障碍体平直断层标本能够发生动力学失稳的前提条件是障碍体在外加载荷作用下首先发生破坏 ,微破裂群体在障碍体破坏前后显示不同的时空演化特征 ;( 3)含障碍体平直断层标本失稳前的总变形量较大 ,弹性变形阶段微破裂累积频次呈指数增长 .而在其后的位移弱化阶段 ,在障碍体及围绕障碍体的围岩区域内微破裂事件稀少 ,突发失稳发生在相对平静的背景之上 ;( 4)不同构造组合变形过程中的微破裂群体具有明显不同的b值 ,b值与构造相关的区域性差异是明显的 .
A physical model of regular fault containing a columnar barrier is designed, which can conceptually be used to simulate the barrier or strong area concerning the earthquake pregnancy. Biaxial compression experiment on middle-size rock sample with a regular fault and a columnar barrier is carried out, and the spatial-temporal characteristics of acoustic emission(AE) is studied. Results show that (1) Due to the complex actions between the hanging wall and lower wall, as well as the barrier, an alternate AE activity in different areas becomes the most remarkable feature during deformation process of the sample. (2) The pre-condition for instability of regular fault containing a barrier is that the barrier should be failed firstly with the increase of the loading. Very different AE spatial-temporal features are shown before and after the barrier failure. (3) The total deformation amount of this sample is larger and its cumulated AE frequency increases exponentially. During the later weaken period, there are only a few AE events in barrier and surrounding area. Abrupt instability happens under such a relative quiet background. (4) The values of b of G-R relationship for different pre-setting tectonic patterns have some obvious differences, the regional differences of b value related to different tectonics are remarkable.
A physical model of regular fault containing a columnar barrier is designed, which can conceptually be used to simulate the barrier or strong area concerning the earthquake pregnancy. Biaxial compression experiment on middle-size rock sample with a regular fault and a columnar barrier is carried out, and the spatial-temporal characteristics of acoustic emission(AE) is studied. Results show that (1) Due to the complex actions between the hanging wall and lower wall, as well as the barrier, an alternate AE activity in different areas becomes the most remarkable feature during deformation process of the sample. (2) The pre-condition for instability of regular fault containing a barrier is that the barrier should be failed firstly with the increase of the loading. Very different AE spatial-temporal features are shown before and after the barrier failure. (3) The total deformation amount of this sample is larger and its cumulated AE frequency increases exponentially. During the later weaken period, there are only a few AE events in barrier and surrounding area. Abrupt instability happens under such a relative quiet background. (4) The values of b of G-R relationship for different pre-setting tectonic patterns have some obvious differences, the regional differences of b value related to different tectonics are remarkable.
引文
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[12] 蒋海昆,张流,王.声发射三维定位及波速反演———理论方法、数值实验和误差分析.地震,1999,19(3):245～252JIANGHaikun,ZHANGLiu,WANGQi.3DlocationofAEandstudyontheanisotropicvelocitystructureinthesample.Earthquake,1999,19(3):245～252
[13] 王凯英,刘立强,马胜利等.含障碍体平直断层的实验应变场分析.见:陈运泰主编.中国地震学会第八次学术大会论文摘要集,北京:地震出版社,2000.240WANGKaiying,LIULiqiang,MAShengli,etal.Analysisonstrainfieldofregularfaultcontainingabarrierbyexperimentalmethod.In:CHENYuntaied.Summarycorpusofthe8thacademicconference,ChinaEarthquakeAcademy.Beijing:SeismologicalPress,2000.240
[14] 蒋海昆,马胜利,张 流等.雁列式断层组合变形过程中的声发射活动特征.地震学报,2002,24(4):385～396JIANGHaikun,MAShengli,ZHANGLiu,etal.Spatio temporalcharacteristicsofacousticemissionduringthedeformationofrocksampleswithcompressionalandextensionalen echelonfaults.ActaSeismologicaSinica,2002,24(4):385～396
[15] 蒋海昆,张 流.岩石微破裂时空分布特征及其动态演化过程的声发射研究进展.世界地震译丛,1998,5:1～10JIANGHaikun,ZHANGLiu.Studyprogressonthedistributionofmicrofracturesintherock.TranslatedWorldSeismology,1998,5:1～10
[16] 蒋海昆,张 流,周永胜.地壳不同深度温压条件下花岗岩变形破坏及声发射时序特征.地震学报,2000,22(4):395～403JIANGHaikun,ZHANGLiu.ZHOUYongsheng.GranitedeformationandbehaviorofAEsequenceunderthetemperatureandpressureconditionindifferentcrustdepths.ActaSeismologicaSinica,2000,22(4):395～403
[17] 蒋海昆,张 流,周永胜.不同温度条件下花岗岩变形破坏及声发射时序特征.地震,2000,20(3):87～94
[2] JonesLM ,PMolnar.Somecharacteristicsofforeshocksandtheirpossiblerelationshiptoearthquakepredictionandpremonitorysliponfaults.J.Geophys.Res.,1979,84:3596～3608
[3] BruneJN .Implicationsofearthquaketriggeringandrupturepropagationforearthquakepredictionbasedonpremonitoryhenomena.J .Geophys.Res.,1979,84:2195～2198
[4] KanamoriH .Thenatureofseismicitypatternsbeforelargeearthquake.In:EarthquakePrediction aninternationalreview(eds.D .W .Simpson,P.G .Richards).MauriceEwingSeries(AGU 4),1981,1～19
[5] 梅世蓉.地震前兆场物理模式与前兆时空分布机制研究(一)———坚固体孕震模式的由来与证据.地震学报,1995,17(3):273～283MEIShirong.Onthephysicalmodelofearthquakeprecursorfieldsandthemechanismofprecursors’time spacedistribution———originandevidencesofthestrongbodyearthquake generatingmodel.ActaSeismologicaSinica,1995,17(3):273～283
[6] 郭增建,秦保燕.地震成因与地震预报.北京:地震出版社,1991.220～223GUOZengjian,QingBaoyan.Themechanismofearthquakeandearthquakeprediction.Beijing:SeismologicalPress,1991.220～223
[7] 焦明若.孕震过程的数学物理模拟及其在地震预测研究中的应用[博士学位论文].北京:中国地震局地球物理研究所,2000JIAOMingruo.Numericalandphysicalsimulationfortheprocessofearthquakepregnantanditsapplicationinthefiledofearthquakeprediction[Ph.D .Dissertation].Beijing:InstituteofGeophysics,ChinaSeismologicalBureau,2002
[8] 焦远碧,吴开统,张 智.断层面上的障碍体与地震序列中的强余震.地球物理学报,1989,32(增刊):834～841JIAOYuanbi,WUKaitong,ZHANGZhi.Asperityinthefaultsurfaceandstrongaftershockintheearthquakesequence.ChineseJ.Geophys.(ActaGeophysicaSinica),1989,32(Suppl.):838～844
[9] 许昭永,王 彬,赵晋明等.含硬包体试样破裂特征的实验研究.地震学报,1997,19(1):79～85XUZhaoyong,WANGBing,ZHAOJingming,etal.Anexperimentalstudyoffracturalfeaturesofconcretesamplescontaininghardinclusions.ActaSeismologicaSinica,1997,19(1):79～85
[10] 蒋海昆,张 流,周永胜.不同围压条件下花岗岩的声发射序列特征及其地震学意义.地球物理学报,2000,43(6):812～826JIANGHaikun,ZHANGLiu,ZHOUYongsheng.TemporalbehaviorofAEsequenceindeformationandfailureprocessofgraniteundertheconditionofdifferentconfiningpressures.ChineseJ .Geophys.,2002,43(6):875～991
[11] 蒋海昆.典型断层组合及不同温压条件下岩石变形过程中的声发射特征[博士论文].北京:中国地震局地质研究所,2000JIANGHaikun.Characteristicsofacousticemissionduringthedeformationofrocksampleswithtypicalfaultpatternandsamplesathighpressureandtemperature[Ph.D .Dissertation].Beijing:InstituteofGeology,ChinaSeismologicalBureau.2000
[12] 蒋海昆,张流,王.声发射三维定位及波速反演———理论方法、数值实验和误差分析.地震,1999,19(3):245～252JIANGHaikun,ZHANGLiu,WANGQi.3DlocationofAEandstudyontheanisotropicvelocitystructureinthesample.Earthquake,1999,19(3):245～252
[13] 王凯英,刘立强,马胜利等.含障碍体平直断层的实验应变场分析.见:陈运泰主编.中国地震学会第八次学术大会论文摘要集,北京:地震出版社,2000.240WANGKaiying,LIULiqiang,MAShengli,etal.Analysisonstrainfieldofregularfaultcontainingabarrierbyexperimentalmethod.In:CHENYuntaied.Summarycorpusofthe8thacademicconference,ChinaEarthquakeAcademy.Beijing:SeismologicalPress,2000.240
[14] 蒋海昆,马胜利,张 流等.雁列式断层组合变形过程中的声发射活动特征.地震学报,2002,24(4):385～396JIANGHaikun,MAShengli,ZHANGLiu,etal.Spatio temporalcharacteristicsofacousticemissionduringthedeformationofrocksampleswithcompressionalandextensionalen echelonfaults.ActaSeismologicaSinica,2002,24(4):385～396
[15] 蒋海昆,张 流.岩石微破裂时空分布特征及其动态演化过程的声发射研究进展.世界地震译丛,1998,5:1～10JIANGHaikun,ZHANGLiu.Studyprogressonthedistributionofmicrofracturesintherock.TranslatedWorldSeismology,1998,5:1～10
[16] 蒋海昆,张 流,周永胜.地壳不同深度温压条件下花岗岩变形破坏及声发射时序特征.地震学报,2000,22(4):395～403JIANGHaikun,ZHANGLiu.ZHOUYongsheng.GranitedeformationandbehaviorofAEsequenceunderthetemperatureandpressureconditionindifferentcrustdepths.ActaSeismologicaSinica,2000,22(4):395～403
[17] 蒋海昆,张 流,周永胜.不同温度条件下花岗岩变形破坏及声发射时序特征.地震,2000,20(3):87～94
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