地震破裂的方向性效应相关概念综述
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摘要
地震断层破裂的方向性会造成在地震动记录和地震动分布场中出现一些典型的特征,分析方向性效应的特点以及方向性效应产生的原因对于揭示近场地震动的特征有重要的意义。文中以诸多研究文献为基础,从方向性效应的研究回顾开始,分析了方向性效应的概念,并重点论述了方向性效应对地震动影响的特点、方向性效应的产生原因及其影响因素。为了阐明与方向性相关的几个概念,文中还分析了破裂传播效应,有限移动源效应和多普勒效应等概念,以及方向性对震源时间函数的影响。通过这些概念的探讨和分析,使得这些相关概念的意义更加清晰,最后给出了地震动方向性效应研究中存在的问题和建议。
The single ground motion and distribution of ground motion on the ground surface are affected by the rupture directivity effect.Based on a large amount of studies,we discuss the concepts of directivity effect,the reason to cause it and the characteristics and factors which affect the directivity effect.We also discuss some related concepts,such as the finite moving source effect,rupture propagation effect and Doppler effect.Through the comparison and discussion of these concepts,results indicate that the directivity effect can be simply explained by the finite moving source effect,or rupture propagation effect,or Doppler effect,but it is different in nature.Finally,some suggestions are given to further study the directivity effect in earthquake engineering.
The single ground motion and distribution of ground motion on the ground surface are affected by the rupture directivity effect.Based on a large amount of studies,we discuss the concepts of directivity effect,the reason to cause it and the characteristics and factors which affect the directivity effect.We also discuss some related concepts,such as the finite moving source effect,rupture propagation effect and Doppler effect.Through the comparison and discussion of these concepts,results indicate that the directivity effect can be simply explained by the finite moving source effect,or rupture propagation effect,or Doppler effect,but it is different in nature.Finally,some suggestions are given to further study the directivity effect in earthquake engineering.
引文
[1]胡进军.近断层地震动方向性效应及超剪切破裂研究[D].哈尔滨:中国地震局工程力学研究所,2009.
[2]Benioff H.Mechanism and strain characteristics of the White Wolf fault as indicated by the aftershock sequence;earthquakes in Kern County,Cal-ifornia during 1955[J].California Division of Mines Bulletin,1955,171:199-202.
[3]Bakun W H,Stewart R M,Bufe C G.Directivity in the high-frequency radiation of small earthquakes[J].Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,1978,68:1253-1263.
[4]Hanks TC,McGuire R K.The character of high-frequency strong ground motion[J].Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,1981,71(6):2071-2095.
[5]Boatwright J,Boore D M.Analysis of the ground accelerations radiated by the 1980 Livermore Valley earthquakes for directivity and dynamic sourcecharacteristics[J].Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,1982,(72):1843-1865.
[6]Archuleta R J.A faulting model for the 1979 Imperial Valley earthquake[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1984,89:4559-4585
[7]Abrahamson N A,Darragh R B.The Morgan Hill earthquake of April 24,1984?the 1.29 g acceleration at Coyote Lake dam:due to directivity,a double event,or both?[J].Earthquake Spectra,1985,1(3):445-455.
[8]Frankel A D,Mueller C,Barnhard T,et al.National seismic-hazard maps[R].USGS Open-File Report,1996,96-532.
[9]Keller E A和Gurrola L D.Earthquake hazard of the Santa Barbara Fold Belt,California[R].Final Report,2000.
[10]刘汉兴,汪素云,时振梁.考虑震源破裂方向的地震动衰减模型[J].地震学报,1989,11(1):24-37.
[11]Somerville P G,Smith N F,Graves R W,et al.Modification of empirical strong ground motion attenuation relations to include the amplitude andduration effects of rupture directivity[J].Seismological Research Letters,1997,68(1):199-222.
[12]Stewart J P,Chiou S J,Bray J D,et al.Ground motion evaluation procedures for performance-based Design[R].PEER Report,2001.
[13]Orozco G,Ashford S.Effects of large velocity pulses on reinforced concrete bridge columns[R].PEER Report,2002.
[14]Singh J P.Earthquake ground motions:Implications for designing structures and reconciling structural damage[J].Earthquake Spectra,1985,1(2):239-270.
[15]安艺敬一,理查兹.定量地震学[M].北京:地震出版社:1986.
[16]Spudich P,Chiou B.Directivity in NGA earthquake ground motions:analysis using isochrone theory[J].Earthquake Spectra,2008,24(1):279-298.
[17]Boatwright J,Bundock H.The distribution of modified Mercalli intensity in the 18 April 1906 San Francisco earthquake[J].Bull.Seismol.Soc.Am.,2008,98(2):890-900.
[18]Abrahamson NA.Effects of rupture directivity on probabilistic seismic hazard analysis[C]//In:Proceedings of the 6th International Conference onSeismic Zonation,Earthquake Engineering Research Institute,Palm Springs,2000.
[19]Rowshandel B.Incorporating source rupture characteristics into ground-motion hazard analysis models[J].Seismol.Res.Lett.,2006,77:708?722.
[20]Rowshandel B.Directivity correction for the next generation attenuation(NGA)relations[J].Earthquake Spectra,2010,26(2):525-559.
[21]Bernard P,Madariaga R.A new asymptotic method for the modeling of near field accelerograms[J].Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,1984,74:539-557.
[22]Bernard P,Madariaga R.High frequency seismic radiation from a buried circular fault[J].Geophys.J.R.Astr.Soc.,1984,78:1-18.
[23]Spudich P,Frazer N.Use of ray theory to calculate high-frequency radiation from earthquake sources having spatially variable rupture velocity andstress drop[J].Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,1984,74:2061-2082.
[24]Spudich P,Archuleta R.Techniques for earthquake ground motion calculation with applications to source parameterization of finite faults[M].Seismic strong motion synthetics:Orlando,Florida,Academic Press,1987:205-265.
[25]Abrahamson N A,Silva W J.Abrahamson&Silva,NGA ground motion relations for the geometric mean horizontal component of peak and spectralground motion parameters[R].Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center,University of California at Berkeley,Berkeley,California,2007.
[26]Boore D M,Atkinson G M.Ground-motion prediction equations for the average horizontal component of PGA,PGV,and 5%-damped PSA atspectral periods between 0.01 s and 10.0 s[J].Earthquake Spectra,2008,24:99-138.
[27]Campbell K W,Bozorgnia Y.Campbell-Bozorgnia NGA horizontal ground motion model for PGA,PGV,PGD and 5%damped linear elastic re-sponse spectra[J].Earthquake Spectra,2008,24:139-171.
[28]Chiou B,Youngs R R.An NGAmodel for the average horizontal component of peak ground motion and response spectra[J].Earthquake Spectra,2008,24:173-215.
[29]Hirasawa T,Stauder W.On the seismic body waves from a finite moving source[J].Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,1965,55:237-262.
[30]郑治真.波谱分析基础[M].北京:地震出版社,1979.
[31]Knopoff L,Gilbert F.First motions from seismic sources[J].Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,1960,50:117-134.
[32]Ben-Menahem A,et al.Radiation of seismic surface-waves from finite moving sources[J].Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,1961,51:401-435.
[33]Hwang R D,Yu G K Wang J H.Rupture directivity and source-process time of the September 20,1999 Chi-Chi,Taiwan,earthquake esti-mated from Rayleigh-wave phase velocity[J].Earth Planets Space,2001,53:1171-1176.
[34]笠原庆一[日]著,赵忠和等译.地震力学[M].北京:地震出版社,1984.
[35]Ben-Menahem A,Toksoz MN.Source-mechanism from spectrums of long-period surface-waves,2.the Alaska earthquake of november 4,1952[J].J.Geophys.Res.,1963,68:5207-5222.
[36]Bollinger G A.Determination of earthquake fault parameters from long-period P-waves[J].J.Geophys.Res.,1968,73:785-807.
[37]Douglas A,Hudson J A,Marshall P D.Earthquake seismograms that show Doppler effects due to crack propogation[J].Geophys.J.R.Astr.Soc.,1981,64:163-185.
[38]Haskell N A.Total energy and energy spectral density of elastic wave radiation from propagating faults[J].Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,1964,54:1811-1841.
[39]Brune J N.Tectonic stress and spectra of seismic shear waves from Earthquakes[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1970,75(26):4997-5009.
[40]Savage J C.Relation of corner frequency to fault dimensions[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1972,77:3788-3795.
[41]lafsson S.Estimation of earthquake-induced response[D].Trondheim:Department of Structural Engineering,Norwegian University of Scienceand Technology,1999.
[42]Kasahara K.Earthquake mechanics[M].Cambridge University Press,Cambridge:1981.
[43]Stein S,Wysession M.An introduction to seismology,earthquakes,and earth structure[M].Blackwell Publishing,Hoboken:2003.
[44]Ben-Menahem A,Singh S J.Seismic waves and sources[M].Springer-Verlag,Berlin:1981.
[45]Hwang R D,Yu G K,Wang J H.Rupture directivity and source-process time of the September 20,1999 Chi-Chi,Taiwan,earthquake esti-mated from Rayleigh-wave phase velocity[J].Earth Planets Space,2001,53:1171-1176.
[46]Caldeira B,Bezzeghoud M,Borges J.Seismic source directivity from Doppler effect analysis,part II:Applications[R].XXIX General Assemblyof the European Seismological Commission(ESC),Potsdam,2004:12-17.
[47]Warren L M,Silver P G.Measurement of differential rupture durations as constraints on the source finiteness of deep-focus earthquakes[J].J.Geophys.Res.,2006,111,B06304.
[48]Velasco A A,Ammon C J,Lay T.Empirical Green function deconvolution of broadband surface waves:Rupture directivity of the 1992 Landers,California(Mw=7.3),earthquake[J].Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,1994,84:735-750.
[49]刘启方,袁一凡,金星,等.近断层地震动的基本特征[J].地震工程与工程振动,2006,26(1):1-10.
[50]刘启方,金星,袁一凡.均匀弹性全空间中走滑断层产生的方向性速度脉冲研究[J].地震工程与工程振动,2007,27(2):12-19.
[51]徐龙军,谢礼立.近断层脉冲型地震动耦合效应特征[J].防灾减灾工程学报,2008,28(2):135-142.
[52]李新乐,朱唏.近断层地震动等效速度脉冲研究[J].地震学报,2004,26(6):634-643.
[53]李明,谢礼立,翟长海.近断层脉冲型地震动重要参数的识别方法[J].世界地震工程,200,25(4):1-6.
[54]邬鑫.近场地震速度脉冲特性及其模拟模型的研究[D].北京:北方交通大学,2003.
[2]Benioff H.Mechanism and strain characteristics of the White Wolf fault as indicated by the aftershock sequence;earthquakes in Kern County,Cal-ifornia during 1955[J].California Division of Mines Bulletin,1955,171:199-202.
[3]Bakun W H,Stewart R M,Bufe C G.Directivity in the high-frequency radiation of small earthquakes[J].Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,1978,68:1253-1263.
[4]Hanks TC,McGuire R K.The character of high-frequency strong ground motion[J].Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,1981,71(6):2071-2095.
[5]Boatwright J,Boore D M.Analysis of the ground accelerations radiated by the 1980 Livermore Valley earthquakes for directivity and dynamic sourcecharacteristics[J].Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,1982,(72):1843-1865.
[6]Archuleta R J.A faulting model for the 1979 Imperial Valley earthquake[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1984,89:4559-4585
[7]Abrahamson N A,Darragh R B.The Morgan Hill earthquake of April 24,1984?the 1.29 g acceleration at Coyote Lake dam:due to directivity,a double event,or both?[J].Earthquake Spectra,1985,1(3):445-455.
[8]Frankel A D,Mueller C,Barnhard T,et al.National seismic-hazard maps[R].USGS Open-File Report,1996,96-532.
[9]Keller E A和Gurrola L D.Earthquake hazard of the Santa Barbara Fold Belt,California[R].Final Report,2000.
[10]刘汉兴,汪素云,时振梁.考虑震源破裂方向的地震动衰减模型[J].地震学报,1989,11(1):24-37.
[11]Somerville P G,Smith N F,Graves R W,et al.Modification of empirical strong ground motion attenuation relations to include the amplitude andduration effects of rupture directivity[J].Seismological Research Letters,1997,68(1):199-222.
[12]Stewart J P,Chiou S J,Bray J D,et al.Ground motion evaluation procedures for performance-based Design[R].PEER Report,2001.
[13]Orozco G,Ashford S.Effects of large velocity pulses on reinforced concrete bridge columns[R].PEER Report,2002.
[14]Singh J P.Earthquake ground motions:Implications for designing structures and reconciling structural damage[J].Earthquake Spectra,1985,1(2):239-270.
[15]安艺敬一,理查兹.定量地震学[M].北京:地震出版社:1986.
[16]Spudich P,Chiou B.Directivity in NGA earthquake ground motions:analysis using isochrone theory[J].Earthquake Spectra,2008,24(1):279-298.
[17]Boatwright J,Bundock H.The distribution of modified Mercalli intensity in the 18 April 1906 San Francisco earthquake[J].Bull.Seismol.Soc.Am.,2008,98(2):890-900.
[18]Abrahamson NA.Effects of rupture directivity on probabilistic seismic hazard analysis[C]//In:Proceedings of the 6th International Conference onSeismic Zonation,Earthquake Engineering Research Institute,Palm Springs,2000.
[19]Rowshandel B.Incorporating source rupture characteristics into ground-motion hazard analysis models[J].Seismol.Res.Lett.,2006,77:708?722.
[20]Rowshandel B.Directivity correction for the next generation attenuation(NGA)relations[J].Earthquake Spectra,2010,26(2):525-559.
[21]Bernard P,Madariaga R.A new asymptotic method for the modeling of near field accelerograms[J].Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,1984,74:539-557.
[22]Bernard P,Madariaga R.High frequency seismic radiation from a buried circular fault[J].Geophys.J.R.Astr.Soc.,1984,78:1-18.
[23]Spudich P,Frazer N.Use of ray theory to calculate high-frequency radiation from earthquake sources having spatially variable rupture velocity andstress drop[J].Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,1984,74:2061-2082.
[24]Spudich P,Archuleta R.Techniques for earthquake ground motion calculation with applications to source parameterization of finite faults[M].Seismic strong motion synthetics:Orlando,Florida,Academic Press,1987:205-265.
[25]Abrahamson N A,Silva W J.Abrahamson&Silva,NGA ground motion relations for the geometric mean horizontal component of peak and spectralground motion parameters[R].Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center,University of California at Berkeley,Berkeley,California,2007.
[26]Boore D M,Atkinson G M.Ground-motion prediction equations for the average horizontal component of PGA,PGV,and 5%-damped PSA atspectral periods between 0.01 s and 10.0 s[J].Earthquake Spectra,2008,24:99-138.
[27]Campbell K W,Bozorgnia Y.Campbell-Bozorgnia NGA horizontal ground motion model for PGA,PGV,PGD and 5%damped linear elastic re-sponse spectra[J].Earthquake Spectra,2008,24:139-171.
[28]Chiou B,Youngs R R.An NGAmodel for the average horizontal component of peak ground motion and response spectra[J].Earthquake Spectra,2008,24:173-215.
[29]Hirasawa T,Stauder W.On the seismic body waves from a finite moving source[J].Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,1965,55:237-262.
[30]郑治真.波谱分析基础[M].北京:地震出版社,1979.
[31]Knopoff L,Gilbert F.First motions from seismic sources[J].Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,1960,50:117-134.
[32]Ben-Menahem A,et al.Radiation of seismic surface-waves from finite moving sources[J].Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,1961,51:401-435.
[33]Hwang R D,Yu G K Wang J H.Rupture directivity and source-process time of the September 20,1999 Chi-Chi,Taiwan,earthquake esti-mated from Rayleigh-wave phase velocity[J].Earth Planets Space,2001,53:1171-1176.
[34]笠原庆一[日]著,赵忠和等译.地震力学[M].北京:地震出版社,1984.
[35]Ben-Menahem A,Toksoz MN.Source-mechanism from spectrums of long-period surface-waves,2.the Alaska earthquake of november 4,1952[J].J.Geophys.Res.,1963,68:5207-5222.
[36]Bollinger G A.Determination of earthquake fault parameters from long-period P-waves[J].J.Geophys.Res.,1968,73:785-807.
[37]Douglas A,Hudson J A,Marshall P D.Earthquake seismograms that show Doppler effects due to crack propogation[J].Geophys.J.R.Astr.Soc.,1981,64:163-185.
[38]Haskell N A.Total energy and energy spectral density of elastic wave radiation from propagating faults[J].Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,1964,54:1811-1841.
[39]Brune J N.Tectonic stress and spectra of seismic shear waves from Earthquakes[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1970,75(26):4997-5009.
[40]Savage J C.Relation of corner frequency to fault dimensions[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1972,77:3788-3795.
[41]lafsson S.Estimation of earthquake-induced response[D].Trondheim:Department of Structural Engineering,Norwegian University of Scienceand Technology,1999.
[42]Kasahara K.Earthquake mechanics[M].Cambridge University Press,Cambridge:1981.
[43]Stein S,Wysession M.An introduction to seismology,earthquakes,and earth structure[M].Blackwell Publishing,Hoboken:2003.
[44]Ben-Menahem A,Singh S J.Seismic waves and sources[M].Springer-Verlag,Berlin:1981.
[45]Hwang R D,Yu G K,Wang J H.Rupture directivity and source-process time of the September 20,1999 Chi-Chi,Taiwan,earthquake esti-mated from Rayleigh-wave phase velocity[J].Earth Planets Space,2001,53:1171-1176.
[46]Caldeira B,Bezzeghoud M,Borges J.Seismic source directivity from Doppler effect analysis,part II:Applications[R].XXIX General Assemblyof the European Seismological Commission(ESC),Potsdam,2004:12-17.
[47]Warren L M,Silver P G.Measurement of differential rupture durations as constraints on the source finiteness of deep-focus earthquakes[J].J.Geophys.Res.,2006,111,B06304.
[48]Velasco A A,Ammon C J,Lay T.Empirical Green function deconvolution of broadband surface waves:Rupture directivity of the 1992 Landers,California(Mw=7.3),earthquake[J].Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,1994,84:735-750.
[49]刘启方,袁一凡,金星,等.近断层地震动的基本特征[J].地震工程与工程振动,2006,26(1):1-10.
[50]刘启方,金星,袁一凡.均匀弹性全空间中走滑断层产生的方向性速度脉冲研究[J].地震工程与工程振动,2007,27(2):12-19.
[51]徐龙军,谢礼立.近断层脉冲型地震动耦合效应特征[J].防灾减灾工程学报,2008,28(2):135-142.
[52]李新乐,朱唏.近断层地震动等效速度脉冲研究[J].地震学报,2004,26(6):634-643.
[53]李明,谢礼立,翟长海.近断层脉冲型地震动重要参数的识别方法[J].世界地震工程,200,25(4):1-6.
[54]邬鑫.近场地震速度脉冲特性及其模拟模型的研究[D].北京:北方交通大学,2003.
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