2008年5月12日汶川M_S8.0地震动力学背景的数值模拟实验
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摘要
2008年5月12日汶川MS8.0地震发生在龙门山断裂带.本文基于龙门山断裂带的地质与地球物理研究结果,以及高精度的地形数据、大地热流测量数据,建立了以龙门山断裂带为主要研究对象的有限元模型;以GPS观测数据、构造应力场和震源破裂过程研究结果为约束,研究了此次强烈地震的动力学背景.模拟实验结果显示:在考虑青藏高原物质向东挤压流动的同时,青藏高原与四川盆地的地形差异和流变强度差异、断层摩擦强度差异和断层产状形式均对地震起始破裂的发生位置和断层错动形式有着重要影响.本文利用地球动力学的有限元软件模拟了汶川地震地表破裂在龙门山断裂带上传播的过程.
The Wenchuan MS8.0 earthquake occurred on Longmenshan faults on May 12,2008.This paper is based on previous geology and geophysics research results,high resolution elevation data,and heat flow data.We have built a finite model to study the Longmenshan faults.By using GPS data,stress field and source rupture process as constraint condition,we have studied the geodynamic background of this strong earthquake to confirm whether or not the starting rupture position of the earthquake and the fault dislocation pattern were influenced by the elevation and rheological strength difference between the Sichuan basin and Tibetan plateau,and by the different frictions of Longmenshan faults and fault geometry.The result of our computing model shows that,when considering the deep material of Tibetan plateau flowing toward east,the above factors all actually influence the starting rupture position of the earthquake and the fault dislocation pattern.This paper uses the geodynamic finite element software to simulate the rupture process of Longmenshan faults during the Wenchuan earthquake.
The Wenchuan MS8.0 earthquake occurred on Longmenshan faults on May 12,2008.This paper is based on previous geology and geophysics research results,high resolution elevation data,and heat flow data.We have built a finite model to study the Longmenshan faults.By using GPS data,stress field and source rupture process as constraint condition,we have studied the geodynamic background of this strong earthquake to confirm whether or not the starting rupture position of the earthquake and the fault dislocation pattern were influenced by the elevation and rheological strength difference between the Sichuan basin and Tibetan plateau,and by the different frictions of Longmenshan faults and fault geometry.The result of our computing model shows that,when considering the deep material of Tibetan plateau flowing toward east,the above factors all actually influence the starting rupture position of the earthquake and the fault dislocation pattern.This paper uses the geodynamic finite element software to simulate the rupture process of Longmenshan faults during the Wenchuan earthquake.
引文
[1]张培震,徐锡伟,闻学泽.2008年汶川8.0级地震发震断裂的滑动速率、复发周期和构造成因.地球物理学报,2008,51(4):1066-1073.Zhang P Z,Xu X W,Wen X Z,et al.Slip rates and recurrence intervals of the Longmen Shan active fault zone and tectonic implications for the mechanism of the May12 Wenchuan earthquake,2008,Sichuan,China.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2008,51(4):1066-1073.
[2]杜义,谢富仁,张效亮等.汶川M s 8.0级地震断层滑动机制研究.地球物理学报,2009,52(2):464-473.Du Y,Xie F R,Zhang X L,et al.The mechanics of fault slip of M s 8.0Wenchuan earthquake.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2009,52(2):464-473.
[3]杜海林,许力生,陈运泰.利用阿拉斯加台阵资料分析2008年汶川大地震的破裂过程.地球物理学报,2009,52(2):372-378.Du H L,Xu I S,Chen Y T.Rupture process of the2008 great Wenchuan earthquake from the analysis of the Alaska-array data.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2009,52(2):372-378.
[4]张勇,许力生,陈运泰.2008年汶川大地震震源机制的时空变化.地球物理学报,2009,52(2):379-389.Zhang Y,Xu L S,Chen Y T.Spatio-temporal variation of the source mechanism of the2008great Wenchuan earthquake.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2009,52(2):379-389.
[5]王卫民,赵连锋,李娟等.四川汶川8.0级地震震源过程.地球物理学报,2008,51(5):1403-1410.Wang W M,Zhao L F,Li J,et al.Rupture process of the M s 8.0Wenchuan earthquake of Sichuan,China.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2008,51(5):1403-1410.
[6]马保起,苏刚,侯治华等.利用岷江阶地的变形估算龙门山断裂带中段晚第四纪滑动速率.地震地质,2005,27(2):234-242.Ma B Q,Su G,Hou Z H,et al.Late Quaternary slip rate in the central part of the Longmenshan fault zone from terrace deformation along the Minjiang river.Seismology and Geology(in Chinese),2005,27(2):234-242.
[7]朱介寿.汶川地震的岩石圈深部结构与动力学背景.成都理工大学学报(自然科学版),2008,35(4):348-356.Zhu J T.The Wenchuan earthquake occurrence background in deep structure and dynamics of lithosphere.Journal of Chengdu University of Technology(Science&Technology Edition)(in Chinese),2008,35(4):348-356.
[8]滕吉文,白登海,杨辉等.2008汶川M s 8.0地震发生的深层过程和动力学响应.地球物理学报,2008,51(5):1385-1402.Teng J W,Bai D H,Yang H,et al.Deep processes and dynamic responses associated with the Wenchuan M s 8.0 earthquake of2008.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2008,51(5):1385-1402.
[9]周永胜,何昌荣.汶川地震区的流变结构与发震高角度逆断层滑动的力学条件.地球物理学报,2009,52(2):474-484.Zhou Y S,He C R.The rheological structures of crust and mechannics of high-angle revers fault slip for Wenchuan Ms8.0 earthquake.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2009,52(2):474-484.
[10]李延兴,张静华,周伟等.汶川M s 8.0地震孕育发生的机制与动力学问题.地球物理学报,2009,52(2):519-530.Li Y X,Zhang J H,Zhou W,et al.The mechanism and dynamics of the generation and occurrence for Wenchuan M s 8.0earthquake.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2009,52(2):519-530.
[11]郭良迁,李延兴,胡新康等.中国大陆地壳运动与汶川M s 8.0级地震孕育的关系.地球物理学报,2009,52(2):531-537.Guo L Q,Li Y X,Hu X K,et al.Crustal motion of Chinese mainland and preparation of M s 8.0Wenchuan earthquake in Sichuan Province.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2009,52(2):531-537.
[12]朱守彪,张培震.2008年汶川M s 8.0地震发生过程的动力学机制研究.地球物理学报,2009,52(2):418-427.Zhu S B,Zhang P Z.A study on the dynamical mechanisms of the Wenchuan M s 8.0earthquake,2008.Chinese J.Geophys(in Chinese),2009,52(2):418-427.
[13]Bird P,Kong X H.Computer simulations of California tectonics confirm very low strength of major faults.Geological Society of America Bulletin,1994,106(2):159-174.
[14]周永胜,何昌荣.汶川地震区的流变结构与发震高角度逆断层滑动的力学条件.地球物理学报,2009,52(2):474-484.Zhou Y S,He C R.The rheological structures of crust and mechannics of high-angle revers fault slip for Wenchuan Ms8.0 earthquake.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2009,52(2):474-484.
[15]Bird P.Thin-plate and thin-shell finite-element programs for forward dynamic modeling of plate deformation and faulting.Computers and Geosciences,1999,25(4):383-394.
[16]IBM Engineering and Scientific Subroutine Library for AIX Version3Release3:Guide and Reference available online http://www.ncsa.illinois.edu/UserInfo/Resources/Hardware/IBMp690/IBM/usr/lpp/essl.html.en_US/html/essl159.html[2010-08-25].
[17]何新芳,胡庆丰,李忠.线性代数库程序—算法汇编与程序设计.长沙:国防科技大学出版社,1991.He X F,Hu Q F,Li Z.Linear Algebra Library Program-Algorithm Compilation and Program Design.Changsha:National University of Defense Technology Press,1991.
[18]Cleve Moler,university of New Mexico,Argonne national lab.Available online www.netlib.org/linpack[2010-05-28].
[19]邓启东,张培震,冉勇康等.中国大陆活动构造与地震活动性.地学前缘,2003,10(S1):66-73.Deng Q D,Zhang P Z,Ran Y K,et al.Active tectonics and earthquake activities in China.Earth Science Frontiers(in Chinese),2003,10(S1):66-73.
[20]单斌,熊熊,郑勇等.2008年5月12日M w 7.9汶川地震导致的周边断层应力变化.中国科学(D辑:地球科学),2009,(5):537-545.Shan B,Xiong X,Zheng Y,et al.Stress changes on major faults caused by Mw7.9Wenchuan earthquake,May12,2008.Sci.China(Ser.D:Earth Sci.),2009,52(5):593-601,doi:10.1007/s11430-009-0060-9.
[21]Kong X H,Bird P.Neotectonics of Asia:thin-shell finite-element models with faults.∥Yin A,Harrision M T,eds.The Tectonics of Asia.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1996:18-34.
[22]郑勇,傅容珊,熊熊.中国大陆及周边地区现代岩石圈演化动力学模拟.地球物理学报,2006,49(2):415-427.Zheng Y,Fu R S,Xiong X.Dynamic simulation of lithospheric evolution from the modern China mainland and itssurrounding areas.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2006,49(2):415-427.
[23]汪洋.中国大陆大地热流分析[博士论文].北京:中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所,1999.Wang Y.An analysis for the continental heat flow in China[Ph.D.thesis](in Chinese).Beijing:Institute of Geology and Geophysics,Chinese Academy of Sciences,1999.
[24]汪洋,邓晋福,汪集旸等.中国大陆热流分布特征及热-构造分区.中国科学院研究生院学报,2001,18(1):51-58.Wang Y,Deng J F,Wang J Y,et al.Terrestrial heat flow pattern and thermo tectonic domains in the continental area of China.Journal of the Graduate School Academia Sinica(in Chinese),2001,18(1):51-58.
[25]张培震,沈正康,王敏等.青藏高原及周边现今构造变形的运动学.地震地质,2004,26(3):367-377.Zhang P Z,Shen Z K,Wang M,et al.Kinematics of present-day tectonic deformation of the Tibetan plateau and its vicinities.Seismology and Geology(in Chinese),2004,26(3):367-377.
[26]张东宁,袁松涌,沈正康.青藏高原现代地壳运动与活动断裂带关系的模拟实验.地球物理学报,2007,50(1):153-162.Zhang D N,Yuan S Y,Shen Z K.Numerical simulation of the recent crust movement and the fault activities in Tibetan Plateau.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2007,50(1):153-162.
[2]杜义,谢富仁,张效亮等.汶川M s 8.0级地震断层滑动机制研究.地球物理学报,2009,52(2):464-473.Du Y,Xie F R,Zhang X L,et al.The mechanics of fault slip of M s 8.0Wenchuan earthquake.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2009,52(2):464-473.
[3]杜海林,许力生,陈运泰.利用阿拉斯加台阵资料分析2008年汶川大地震的破裂过程.地球物理学报,2009,52(2):372-378.Du H L,Xu I S,Chen Y T.Rupture process of the2008 great Wenchuan earthquake from the analysis of the Alaska-array data.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2009,52(2):372-378.
[4]张勇,许力生,陈运泰.2008年汶川大地震震源机制的时空变化.地球物理学报,2009,52(2):379-389.Zhang Y,Xu L S,Chen Y T.Spatio-temporal variation of the source mechanism of the2008great Wenchuan earthquake.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2009,52(2):379-389.
[5]王卫民,赵连锋,李娟等.四川汶川8.0级地震震源过程.地球物理学报,2008,51(5):1403-1410.Wang W M,Zhao L F,Li J,et al.Rupture process of the M s 8.0Wenchuan earthquake of Sichuan,China.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2008,51(5):1403-1410.
[6]马保起,苏刚,侯治华等.利用岷江阶地的变形估算龙门山断裂带中段晚第四纪滑动速率.地震地质,2005,27(2):234-242.Ma B Q,Su G,Hou Z H,et al.Late Quaternary slip rate in the central part of the Longmenshan fault zone from terrace deformation along the Minjiang river.Seismology and Geology(in Chinese),2005,27(2):234-242.
[7]朱介寿.汶川地震的岩石圈深部结构与动力学背景.成都理工大学学报(自然科学版),2008,35(4):348-356.Zhu J T.The Wenchuan earthquake occurrence background in deep structure and dynamics of lithosphere.Journal of Chengdu University of Technology(Science&Technology Edition)(in Chinese),2008,35(4):348-356.
[8]滕吉文,白登海,杨辉等.2008汶川M s 8.0地震发生的深层过程和动力学响应.地球物理学报,2008,51(5):1385-1402.Teng J W,Bai D H,Yang H,et al.Deep processes and dynamic responses associated with the Wenchuan M s 8.0 earthquake of2008.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2008,51(5):1385-1402.
[9]周永胜,何昌荣.汶川地震区的流变结构与发震高角度逆断层滑动的力学条件.地球物理学报,2009,52(2):474-484.Zhou Y S,He C R.The rheological structures of crust and mechannics of high-angle revers fault slip for Wenchuan Ms8.0 earthquake.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2009,52(2):474-484.
[10]李延兴,张静华,周伟等.汶川M s 8.0地震孕育发生的机制与动力学问题.地球物理学报,2009,52(2):519-530.Li Y X,Zhang J H,Zhou W,et al.The mechanism and dynamics of the generation and occurrence for Wenchuan M s 8.0earthquake.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2009,52(2):519-530.
[11]郭良迁,李延兴,胡新康等.中国大陆地壳运动与汶川M s 8.0级地震孕育的关系.地球物理学报,2009,52(2):531-537.Guo L Q,Li Y X,Hu X K,et al.Crustal motion of Chinese mainland and preparation of M s 8.0Wenchuan earthquake in Sichuan Province.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2009,52(2):531-537.
[12]朱守彪,张培震.2008年汶川M s 8.0地震发生过程的动力学机制研究.地球物理学报,2009,52(2):418-427.Zhu S B,Zhang P Z.A study on the dynamical mechanisms of the Wenchuan M s 8.0earthquake,2008.Chinese J.Geophys(in Chinese),2009,52(2):418-427.
[13]Bird P,Kong X H.Computer simulations of California tectonics confirm very low strength of major faults.Geological Society of America Bulletin,1994,106(2):159-174.
[14]周永胜,何昌荣.汶川地震区的流变结构与发震高角度逆断层滑动的力学条件.地球物理学报,2009,52(2):474-484.Zhou Y S,He C R.The rheological structures of crust and mechannics of high-angle revers fault slip for Wenchuan Ms8.0 earthquake.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2009,52(2):474-484.
[15]Bird P.Thin-plate and thin-shell finite-element programs for forward dynamic modeling of plate deformation and faulting.Computers and Geosciences,1999,25(4):383-394.
[16]IBM Engineering and Scientific Subroutine Library for AIX Version3Release3:Guide and Reference available online http://www.ncsa.illinois.edu/UserInfo/Resources/Hardware/IBMp690/IBM/usr/lpp/essl.html.en_US/html/essl159.html[2010-08-25].
[17]何新芳,胡庆丰,李忠.线性代数库程序—算法汇编与程序设计.长沙:国防科技大学出版社,1991.He X F,Hu Q F,Li Z.Linear Algebra Library Program-Algorithm Compilation and Program Design.Changsha:National University of Defense Technology Press,1991.
[18]Cleve Moler,university of New Mexico,Argonne national lab.Available online www.netlib.org/linpack[2010-05-28].
[19]邓启东,张培震,冉勇康等.中国大陆活动构造与地震活动性.地学前缘,2003,10(S1):66-73.Deng Q D,Zhang P Z,Ran Y K,et al.Active tectonics and earthquake activities in China.Earth Science Frontiers(in Chinese),2003,10(S1):66-73.
[20]单斌,熊熊,郑勇等.2008年5月12日M w 7.9汶川地震导致的周边断层应力变化.中国科学(D辑:地球科学),2009,(5):537-545.Shan B,Xiong X,Zheng Y,et al.Stress changes on major faults caused by Mw7.9Wenchuan earthquake,May12,2008.Sci.China(Ser.D:Earth Sci.),2009,52(5):593-601,doi:10.1007/s11430-009-0060-9.
[21]Kong X H,Bird P.Neotectonics of Asia:thin-shell finite-element models with faults.∥Yin A,Harrision M T,eds.The Tectonics of Asia.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1996:18-34.
[22]郑勇,傅容珊,熊熊.中国大陆及周边地区现代岩石圈演化动力学模拟.地球物理学报,2006,49(2):415-427.Zheng Y,Fu R S,Xiong X.Dynamic simulation of lithospheric evolution from the modern China mainland and itssurrounding areas.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2006,49(2):415-427.
[23]汪洋.中国大陆大地热流分析[博士论文].北京:中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所,1999.Wang Y.An analysis for the continental heat flow in China[Ph.D.thesis](in Chinese).Beijing:Institute of Geology and Geophysics,Chinese Academy of Sciences,1999.
[24]汪洋,邓晋福,汪集旸等.中国大陆热流分布特征及热-构造分区.中国科学院研究生院学报,2001,18(1):51-58.Wang Y,Deng J F,Wang J Y,et al.Terrestrial heat flow pattern and thermo tectonic domains in the continental area of China.Journal of the Graduate School Academia Sinica(in Chinese),2001,18(1):51-58.
[25]张培震,沈正康,王敏等.青藏高原及周边现今构造变形的运动学.地震地质,2004,26(3):367-377.Zhang P Z,Shen Z K,Wang M,et al.Kinematics of present-day tectonic deformation of the Tibetan plateau and its vicinities.Seismology and Geology(in Chinese),2004,26(3):367-377.
[26]张东宁,袁松涌,沈正康.青藏高原现代地壳运动与活动断裂带关系的模拟实验.地球物理学报,2007,50(1):153-162.Zhang D N,Yuan S Y,Shen Z K.Numerical simulation of the recent crust movement and the fault activities in Tibetan Plateau.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2007,50(1):153-162.
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