鲁西芙蓉统条带灰岩早期成岩变形构造——竹叶状砾屑灰岩形成机理探讨
摘要
条带灰岩是指毫米-厘米级薄板状灰岩与泥灰岩(页岩)互层岩相,正确认识条带灰岩的沉积与早期成岩特征对解释与之共生的竹叶状砾屑灰岩的成因具有重要的科学意义.通过大比例尺野外实测剖面以及多种实验室分析(岩石薄片观察与X-射线衍射等),本文将鲁西芙蓉统条带灰岩分为四类,即:灰岩-泥灰岩互层(L-M)、灰岩-页岩互层(L-S)、薄板状灰泥岩(Ltb)和纹理状灰岩-泥灰岩互层(Cl).条带灰岩通常沉积于潮下低能环境(一般在正常浪击面以下).在成岩过程早期,富含碳酸盐层与含粘土层具有差异胶结现象,这使得条带灰岩在压实、压溶作用及外力作用下发生变形,形成各种不同程度的变形构造,如裂缝构造、"香肠"构造.在外力(如风暴、地震等)的触发下,条带灰岩可能在埋藏的情况下由差异压实作用形成假竹叶状砾屑灰岩.
引文
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4Sim M S,Lee Y L.Sequence stratigraphy of the Middle Cambrian Daegi Formation(Korea),and its bearing on the regional stratigraphic correlation.Sed Geol,2006,191:151—169
5Kwon Y K,Chough S K,Choi D K,et al.Origin of limestone conglomerates in the Choson Supergroup(Cambro-Ordovician),mid-east Korea.Sed Geol,2002,146:265—283
6Gruszka B,van Loon A J.Pleistocene glaciolacustrine breccias of seismic origin in an active graben(Central Poland).Sed Geol,2007,193:93—104
7孟祥化,乔秀夫,葛铭.华北古浅海风暴沉积和丁家滩相序模式.沉积学报,1986,5(2):1—18
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15Moshier S O.Carbonate platform sedimentology,Upper Cambrian Richland Formation,Lebanon Valley,Pennsylvania.J Sediment Res,1986,56:204—216
16Demicco R V.Wavy and lenticular-bedding carbonate ribbon rocks of the Upper Cambrian Conococheague Limestone,Central Appa-lachians.J Sediment Res,1983,53:1121—1132
17Calvet F,Tucker M E.Outer ramp cycles in the Upper Muschelkalk of the Catalan Basin,northeast Spain.Sed Geol,1988,57:185—198
18Keller M.Evolution and sequence stratigraphy of an Early Devonian carbonate ramp,Cantabrian Mountain,Northern Spain.J Sediment Res,1997,67:638—652
19Bádenas B,Aurell M.Proximal-distal facies relationships and sedimentary processes in a storm dominated carbonate ramp(Kim-meridgian,northwest of the Iberian Ranges,Spain).Sed Geol,2001,139:319—340
20Choi Y S,Kim J C,Lee Y I.Subtidal flat pebble conglomerates from the Early Ordovician Mungok Formation,Korea:origin and depo-sitional process(in Korean with English abstract).J Geol Soc,Korea,1993,29:15—29
21Kim J C.Sedimentology,sequence analysis,and diagenesis of the Dumugol Foramtion(Ordovician).Dissertation for the Doctoral De-gree.Seoul:Seoul National University,1995.1—161
22Kwon Y K,Chough S K.Sequence stratigraphy of the cyclic successions in the Dumugol Formation(Lower Ordovician),mideast Ko-rea.Geosci J,2005,9:305—324
23Paik I S.Depositional environments of the Middle Ordovician Maggol Formation,southern part of the Baegunsan Syncline area(in Korean with English abstract).J Geol Soc,Korea,1987,23:360—373
24Woo K S.Cyclic tidal successions of the Middle Ordovician Maggol Formation in the Taebaeg area,Kangwondo,Korea.Geosci J,1999,3:123—140
25Kennedy W J,Garrison R E.Morphology and genesis of nodular chalks and hardgrounds in the Upper Cretaceous of southern England.Sedimentology,1975,22:311—386
26Mller N K,Kvingan K.The genesis of nodular limestones in the Ordovician and Silurian of the Oslo Region(Norway).Sedimentology,1988,35:405—420
27Aigner T.Storm Depositional Systems.Lecture Notes in Earth Science3.Berlin:Springer,1985.1—174
28Myrow P M,Southard J B.Tempestite deposition.J Sediment Res,1996,66(5):875—887
29Kwon Y K,Chough S K,Choi D K,et al.Sequence stratigraphy of the Taebaek Group(Cambrian-Ordovician),Mideast Korea.Sed Geol,2006,192:19—55
30Woo J,Chough S K.Depositional processes and sequence stratigraphy of the Jigunsan Formation(Middle Ordovician),Taebaeksan Ba-sin,mideast Korea:implications for basin geometry and sequence development.Geosci J,2007,11:331—355
31Cowan C A,James N P.Diastasis cracks:mechanically generated synaeresis-like cracks in Upper Cambrian.Sedimentology,1992,39:1101—1118
32Pratt B R.Synaeresis cracks:subaqueous shrinkage in argillaceous sediments caused by earthquake-induced dewatering.Sed Geol,1998,117:1—10
33Bouchette F,Seguret M,Moussine-Pouchkine A.Coarse carbonate breccias as a result of water-wave cyclic loading(uppermost Juras-sic-South-East Basin,France).Sedimentology,2001,48:767—789
34Fairchild I J,Einsele G,Song T.Possible seismic origin of molar tooth structures in Neoproterozoic carbonate ramp deposits,north China.Sedimentology,1997,44:611—636
35Pratt B R.Gas bubble and expansion crack origin of molar-tooth calcite structures in the Middle Proterozoic belt supergroup,Western Montana—Discussion.J Sediment Res,1999,69:1136—1140
36Chen J,Chough S K,Chun S S,et al.Limestone pseudoconglomerates in the Late Cambrian Gushan and Chaomidian Formations(Shandong Province,China):soft-sediment deformation induced by storm-wave loading.Sedimentology,2009,56:1174—1195
37Calvo J P,Rodriguez-Pascua M,Martin-Velazquez S,et al.Microdeformation of lacustrine laminite sequences from Late Miocene for-mations of SE Spain:an interpretation of loop bedding.Sedimentology,1998,45:279—292
38Kahle C F.Seismogenic deformation structures in microbialites and mudstones,Silurian Lockport Dolomite,Northwestern Ohio,U.S.A.J Sediment Res,2002,72:201—216
39James N P,Choquette P W.Limestone—the sea floor diagenetic environment.In:Mcllreath I A,Morrow D W,eds.Diagenesis.New Foundland:Geol Assoc Canada,1990.13—34
40Demicco R V,Hardie L A.Sedimentary Structures and Early Diagenetic Features of Shallow Marine Carbonate Deposits.Oklahoma:SEPM Atlas Series1,1994.1—265
41Molenaar N,Zijlstra J J P.Differential early diagenetic low-Mg calcite cementation and rhythmic hardground development in Cam-panian—Maastichtian chalk.Sed Geol,1997,109:261—281
42Hallam A.Origin of minor limestone-shale cycles:climatically induced or diagenetic?Geology,1986,14:609—612
43Zankl H.Structural and textural evidence of early lithification in fine grained carbonate rocks.Sedimentology,1969,12:241—256
44Maurer F,Schlager G.Lateral variations in sediment composition and bedding in Middle Triassic interplatform basins(Buchenstein Formation,southern Alps,Italy).Sedimentology,2003,50:1—22
45乔秀夫,高林志.华北中新元古代及早古生代地震灾变事件及与Rodinia的关系.科学通报,1999,44(16):1753—1758
46乔秀夫,高林志,彭阳,等.古郯庐带沧浪铺阶地震事件、层序及构造意义.中国科学D辑:地球科学,2001,31(11):911—919
47张传恒,武振杰,高林志,等.华北中元古界雾迷山组中地震驱动的软沉积物变形构造及其地质意义.中国科学D辑:地球科学,2007,37(3):336—343
48Kullberg J C,Oloriz F,Marques B,et al.Flat-pebble conglomerates:a local maker for Early Jurassic seismicity related to syn-rift tecton-ics in the Sesimbra area(Lusitanian Basin,Portugal).Sed Geol,2001,139:49—70
49Pratt B R.Storm versus tsunamis:dynamic interplay of sedimentary,diagenetic,and tectonic processes in the Cambrian of Montana.Geology,2002,30:423—426
50Singh S,Jain A K.Liquefaction and fluidization of lacustrine deposits from Lahaul-Spiti and Ladakh Himalaya:geological evidences of paleoseismicity along active fault zone.Sed Geol,2007,196:47—57
51Molina J M,Alfaro P,Moretti M,et al.Soft-sediment deformation structures induced by cyclic stress of storm waves in tempestites(Miocene,Guadalquivir Basin,Spain).Terra Nova,1998,10:145—150
52Alfaro P,Delgado J,Estevez A,et al.Liquefaction and fluidization structures in Messinian storm deposits(Bajo Segura Basin,Betic Cordillera,southern Spain).Int J Earth Sci(Geol Rundsch),2002,91:505—513
53Greb S F,Archer A W.Soft-sediment deformation produced by tides in a meizoseismic area,Turnagain Arm,Alaska.Geology,2007,35:435—438
54Dalrymple R W.Wave-induced liquefaction:a modern example from the Bay of Fundy.Sedimentology,1979,26:835—844
55Sepkoski J J Jr.Flat-pebble conglomerates,storm deposits,and the Cambrian bottom fauna.In:Einsele G,Seilacher A,eds.Cyclic and Event Stratification.Berlin:Springer-Verlag,1982.371—388
56Sepkoski J J Jr,Bambach R K,Droser M L.Secular changes in Phanerozoic event bedding and the biological overprint.In:Einsele G,Richen W,Seilacher A,eds.Cycles and Events in Stratigraphy.Berlin:Springer,1991.298—312
57Mount J F,Kidder D.Combined flow origin of edgewise intraclast conglomerates:Sellick Hill Formation(Lower Cambrian),South Australia.Sedimentology,1993,40:315—329
58黄汲清.北京西山之寒武纪及奥陶纪地层.中国地质学会志,1927,6(2):69—82
59刘宝珺.沉积岩石学.北京:地质出版社,1980.1—120
60王祥珍.关于“竹叶状灰岩”的命名、分类、分布和形成机理的探讨.矿物岩石,1981,1(5):31—40
61章雨旭,万渝生.北京西山竹叶状灰岩的成因.中国地质科学院地质研究所所刊,1990,22:56—64
62田海芹,马玉新,狄明信.山东新泰盘车沟地区崮山组和长山组风暴沉积特征.石油大学学报(自然科学版),1994,18(6):8—13
63Stanistreet I G,Hughes M J.Pseudoconglomerate and reexamination of some paleoenvironmental controversies.Geology,1984,12:717—719
2Yang W,Lehrmann D J.Milankovitch climatic signals in Lower Triassic(Olenekian)peritidal carbonate successions,Nanpanjiang Basin,South China.Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol,2003,201:283—306
3Chough S K,Kwon Y K,Choi D K,et al.Autoconglomeration of limestone.Geosci J,2001,5:159—164
4Sim M S,Lee Y L.Sequence stratigraphy of the Middle Cambrian Daegi Formation(Korea),and its bearing on the regional stratigraphic correlation.Sed Geol,2006,191:151—169
5Kwon Y K,Chough S K,Choi D K,et al.Origin of limestone conglomerates in the Choson Supergroup(Cambro-Ordovician),mid-east Korea.Sed Geol,2002,146:265—283
6Gruszka B,van Loon A J.Pleistocene glaciolacustrine breccias of seismic origin in an active graben(Central Poland).Sed Geol,2007,193:93—104
7孟祥化,乔秀夫,葛铭.华北古浅海风暴沉积和丁家滩相序模式.沉积学报,1986,5(2):1—18
8王英华,张秀莲,杨乘运.华北地台早古生代碳酸盐岩岩石学.北京:地震出版社,1989.1—50
9梅仕龙,梅冥相,陈建强.华北地台中、上寒武统露头层序地层研究的新认识.地层学杂志,1996,20(2):146—152
10史晓颖,陈建强,梅仕龙.华北地台东部寒武系层序地层年代格架.地学前缘,1997,4(3-4):161—172
11梅冥相,马永生.华北北部晚寒武世层序地层及海平面变化研究—兼论与北美晚寒武世海平面变化的对比.地层学杂志,2001,25(3):201—206
12梅冥相,马永生.华北地台晚寒武世层序地层及其与北美地台海平面变化的对比.沉积与特提斯地质,2003,23(4):15—26
13Meng X,Ge M,Tucker M E.Sequence stratigraphy,sea-level changes and depositional systems in the Cambro-Ordovician of the North China carbonate platform.Sed Geol,1997,114:189—222
14Pfeil R W,Read J F.Cambrian carbonate platform margin facies,Shady Dolomite,Southwestern Virginia,U.S.A.J Sediment Res,1980,50:91—116
15Moshier S O.Carbonate platform sedimentology,Upper Cambrian Richland Formation,Lebanon Valley,Pennsylvania.J Sediment Res,1986,56:204—216
16Demicco R V.Wavy and lenticular-bedding carbonate ribbon rocks of the Upper Cambrian Conococheague Limestone,Central Appa-lachians.J Sediment Res,1983,53:1121—1132
17Calvet F,Tucker M E.Outer ramp cycles in the Upper Muschelkalk of the Catalan Basin,northeast Spain.Sed Geol,1988,57:185—198
18Keller M.Evolution and sequence stratigraphy of an Early Devonian carbonate ramp,Cantabrian Mountain,Northern Spain.J Sediment Res,1997,67:638—652
19Bádenas B,Aurell M.Proximal-distal facies relationships and sedimentary processes in a storm dominated carbonate ramp(Kim-meridgian,northwest of the Iberian Ranges,Spain).Sed Geol,2001,139:319—340
20Choi Y S,Kim J C,Lee Y I.Subtidal flat pebble conglomerates from the Early Ordovician Mungok Formation,Korea:origin and depo-sitional process(in Korean with English abstract).J Geol Soc,Korea,1993,29:15—29
21Kim J C.Sedimentology,sequence analysis,and diagenesis of the Dumugol Foramtion(Ordovician).Dissertation for the Doctoral De-gree.Seoul:Seoul National University,1995.1—161
22Kwon Y K,Chough S K.Sequence stratigraphy of the cyclic successions in the Dumugol Formation(Lower Ordovician),mideast Ko-rea.Geosci J,2005,9:305—324
23Paik I S.Depositional environments of the Middle Ordovician Maggol Formation,southern part of the Baegunsan Syncline area(in Korean with English abstract).J Geol Soc,Korea,1987,23:360—373
24Woo K S.Cyclic tidal successions of the Middle Ordovician Maggol Formation in the Taebaeg area,Kangwondo,Korea.Geosci J,1999,3:123—140
25Kennedy W J,Garrison R E.Morphology and genesis of nodular chalks and hardgrounds in the Upper Cretaceous of southern England.Sedimentology,1975,22:311—386
26Mller N K,Kvingan K.The genesis of nodular limestones in the Ordovician and Silurian of the Oslo Region(Norway).Sedimentology,1988,35:405—420
27Aigner T.Storm Depositional Systems.Lecture Notes in Earth Science3.Berlin:Springer,1985.1—174
28Myrow P M,Southard J B.Tempestite deposition.J Sediment Res,1996,66(5):875—887
29Kwon Y K,Chough S K,Choi D K,et al.Sequence stratigraphy of the Taebaek Group(Cambrian-Ordovician),Mideast Korea.Sed Geol,2006,192:19—55
30Woo J,Chough S K.Depositional processes and sequence stratigraphy of the Jigunsan Formation(Middle Ordovician),Taebaeksan Ba-sin,mideast Korea:implications for basin geometry and sequence development.Geosci J,2007,11:331—355
31Cowan C A,James N P.Diastasis cracks:mechanically generated synaeresis-like cracks in Upper Cambrian.Sedimentology,1992,39:1101—1118
32Pratt B R.Synaeresis cracks:subaqueous shrinkage in argillaceous sediments caused by earthquake-induced dewatering.Sed Geol,1998,117:1—10
33Bouchette F,Seguret M,Moussine-Pouchkine A.Coarse carbonate breccias as a result of water-wave cyclic loading(uppermost Juras-sic-South-East Basin,France).Sedimentology,2001,48:767—789
34Fairchild I J,Einsele G,Song T.Possible seismic origin of molar tooth structures in Neoproterozoic carbonate ramp deposits,north China.Sedimentology,1997,44:611—636
35Pratt B R.Gas bubble and expansion crack origin of molar-tooth calcite structures in the Middle Proterozoic belt supergroup,Western Montana—Discussion.J Sediment Res,1999,69:1136—1140
36Chen J,Chough S K,Chun S S,et al.Limestone pseudoconglomerates in the Late Cambrian Gushan and Chaomidian Formations(Shandong Province,China):soft-sediment deformation induced by storm-wave loading.Sedimentology,2009,56:1174—1195
37Calvo J P,Rodriguez-Pascua M,Martin-Velazquez S,et al.Microdeformation of lacustrine laminite sequences from Late Miocene for-mations of SE Spain:an interpretation of loop bedding.Sedimentology,1998,45:279—292
38Kahle C F.Seismogenic deformation structures in microbialites and mudstones,Silurian Lockport Dolomite,Northwestern Ohio,U.S.A.J Sediment Res,2002,72:201—216
39James N P,Choquette P W.Limestone—the sea floor diagenetic environment.In:Mcllreath I A,Morrow D W,eds.Diagenesis.New Foundland:Geol Assoc Canada,1990.13—34
40Demicco R V,Hardie L A.Sedimentary Structures and Early Diagenetic Features of Shallow Marine Carbonate Deposits.Oklahoma:SEPM Atlas Series1,1994.1—265
41Molenaar N,Zijlstra J J P.Differential early diagenetic low-Mg calcite cementation and rhythmic hardground development in Cam-panian—Maastichtian chalk.Sed Geol,1997,109:261—281
42Hallam A.Origin of minor limestone-shale cycles:climatically induced or diagenetic?Geology,1986,14:609—612
43Zankl H.Structural and textural evidence of early lithification in fine grained carbonate rocks.Sedimentology,1969,12:241—256
44Maurer F,Schlager G.Lateral variations in sediment composition and bedding in Middle Triassic interplatform basins(Buchenstein Formation,southern Alps,Italy).Sedimentology,2003,50:1—22
45乔秀夫,高林志.华北中新元古代及早古生代地震灾变事件及与Rodinia的关系.科学通报,1999,44(16):1753—1758
46乔秀夫,高林志,彭阳,等.古郯庐带沧浪铺阶地震事件、层序及构造意义.中国科学D辑:地球科学,2001,31(11):911—919
47张传恒,武振杰,高林志,等.华北中元古界雾迷山组中地震驱动的软沉积物变形构造及其地质意义.中国科学D辑:地球科学,2007,37(3):336—343
48Kullberg J C,Oloriz F,Marques B,et al.Flat-pebble conglomerates:a local maker for Early Jurassic seismicity related to syn-rift tecton-ics in the Sesimbra area(Lusitanian Basin,Portugal).Sed Geol,2001,139:49—70
49Pratt B R.Storm versus tsunamis:dynamic interplay of sedimentary,diagenetic,and tectonic processes in the Cambrian of Montana.Geology,2002,30:423—426
50Singh S,Jain A K.Liquefaction and fluidization of lacustrine deposits from Lahaul-Spiti and Ladakh Himalaya:geological evidences of paleoseismicity along active fault zone.Sed Geol,2007,196:47—57
51Molina J M,Alfaro P,Moretti M,et al.Soft-sediment deformation structures induced by cyclic stress of storm waves in tempestites(Miocene,Guadalquivir Basin,Spain).Terra Nova,1998,10:145—150
52Alfaro P,Delgado J,Estevez A,et al.Liquefaction and fluidization structures in Messinian storm deposits(Bajo Segura Basin,Betic Cordillera,southern Spain).Int J Earth Sci(Geol Rundsch),2002,91:505—513
53Greb S F,Archer A W.Soft-sediment deformation produced by tides in a meizoseismic area,Turnagain Arm,Alaska.Geology,2007,35:435—438
54Dalrymple R W.Wave-induced liquefaction:a modern example from the Bay of Fundy.Sedimentology,1979,26:835—844
55Sepkoski J J Jr.Flat-pebble conglomerates,storm deposits,and the Cambrian bottom fauna.In:Einsele G,Seilacher A,eds.Cyclic and Event Stratification.Berlin:Springer-Verlag,1982.371—388
56Sepkoski J J Jr,Bambach R K,Droser M L.Secular changes in Phanerozoic event bedding and the biological overprint.In:Einsele G,Richen W,Seilacher A,eds.Cycles and Events in Stratigraphy.Berlin:Springer,1991.298—312
57Mount J F,Kidder D.Combined flow origin of edgewise intraclast conglomerates:Sellick Hill Formation(Lower Cambrian),South Australia.Sedimentology,1993,40:315—329
58黄汲清.北京西山之寒武纪及奥陶纪地层.中国地质学会志,1927,6(2):69—82
59刘宝珺.沉积岩石学.北京:地质出版社,1980.1—120
60王祥珍.关于“竹叶状灰岩”的命名、分类、分布和形成机理的探讨.矿物岩石,1981,1(5):31—40
61章雨旭,万渝生.北京西山竹叶状灰岩的成因.中国地质科学院地质研究所所刊,1990,22:56—64
62田海芹,马玉新,狄明信.山东新泰盘车沟地区崮山组和长山组风暴沉积特征.石油大学学报(自然科学版),1994,18(6):8—13
63Stanistreet I G,Hughes M J.Pseudoconglomerate and reexamination of some paleoenvironmental controversies.Geology,1984,12:717—719
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