地震作用下边坡动力响应的数值模拟研究
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摘要
汶川地震中在硬岩、次硬岩区域出现的一些大规模斜坡破坏现象超出了以往对地震作用下边坡稳定性问题的认识。本文使用FEPG有限元程序分析了水平和垂直2种不同加载方式作用下,经过不同的震动持续时间,不含裂隙岩质坡体内部的应力场和位移场的变化规律。得出的结论认为,在输入震动振幅为0.1m的加载作用下,岩质边坡内部的应力和位移均出现极值:在边坡的顶部及坡面上最大拉伸应力值大于100MPa,超过了花岗岩、灰岩等硬岩、次硬岩的抗拉强度,可能使岩体产生破裂发生崩塌、滑坡灾害。研究结果还表明,与水平方向振动加载相比,垂直方向振动加载产生的响应结果要大,边坡顶端一点的在垂直方向位移的峰值达到0.43m,远远超过了输入的震动振幅,垂直方向的震动是引起边坡的不稳定的主要因素。此外,震动持续时间越长,造成的变形和破坏就越大。
During 5.12 Wenchuan Earthquake,there were lots of huge landslides and collapses occurred in hard rock areas.This uncommon phenomenon is beyond our knowledge.This paper discussed the different patterns of stress and displacement distributions within a perfect slope when it is subject to horizontal and vertical vibrational loads with various loading time.The analyses were performed using FEPG software.It is found that,both the stress and the displacement appear to reach their peak values when the amplitude of vibration load is 0.1m.The maximum tensile stress at the top of a slope is bigger than around 100MPa which exceeds the anti-tensile limit of typical hard rocks such as granite,and so on.As a result,the hard rock mass breaks and landslide occurs.The study results also show that vertical vibrational loads would cause bigger stress and displacement peaks than horizontal vibrational loads. Under vertical vibrational load,maximum vertical displacement reached 0.43m which is much bigger than the amplitude of the original load.Consequently vertical vibration might become the main factor that causes slope failures.Moreover,longer loading time will cause more serious deformation and damage.
During 5.12 Wenchuan Earthquake,there were lots of huge landslides and collapses occurred in hard rock areas.This uncommon phenomenon is beyond our knowledge.This paper discussed the different patterns of stress and displacement distributions within a perfect slope when it is subject to horizontal and vertical vibrational loads with various loading time.The analyses were performed using FEPG software.It is found that,both the stress and the displacement appear to reach their peak values when the amplitude of vibration load is 0.1m.The maximum tensile stress at the top of a slope is bigger than around 100MPa which exceeds the anti-tensile limit of typical hard rocks such as granite,and so on.As a result,the hard rock mass breaks and landslide occurs.The study results also show that vertical vibrational loads would cause bigger stress and displacement peaks than horizontal vibrational loads. Under vertical vibrational load,maximum vertical displacement reached 0.43m which is much bigger than the amplitude of the original load.Consequently vertical vibration might become the main factor that causes slope failures.Moreover,longer loading time will cause more serious deformation and damage.
引文
Bo JS,Xu GD and Jing LP.2001.Seismic response and dynamicstability analysis of soil slope.Earthquake Engineering andEngineering Vibration,21(2):116-120(in Chinese with Englishabstract)
Chen XL,Deng JL and Ran HL.2011.Analysis of landslides triggeredby Wenchuan earthquake.Seismology and Geology,33(1):191-202(in Chinese with English abstract)
Chen Y and Huang TF.2001.Rock Physics.Beijing:Peking UniversityPress(in Chinese)
Chopra AK.1967.Earthquake response of earth dams.Journal of the SoilMechanics and Foundation Engineering.Division,ASCE,93(SM2):66-82
Clough RW and Chopra AK.1966.Earthquake stress analysis in earthdams.J.Engrg.Mech.,ASCE,92(EM2):197-211
Gazetas G.1987.Seismic response of earth dams some recentdevelopments.Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering,6(1):30-47
Gong XN.2000.Geotechnical Computer Analysis.Beijing:ChinaArchitecture&Building Press(in Chinese)
He HL,Sun ZM,Wei ZY et al.2008.Rupture of the Ms8.0WenchuanEarthquake along Baishahe river.Seismology and Geology,30:658-673(in Chinese with English abstract)
He YL and Lu SY.1998.A method for calculating the seismic action inrock slope.Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,20(2):66-68(in Chinese with English abstract)
Huang RQ and Li WL.2008.A study on the development anddistribution rules of geohazards triggered by“5.12”WenchuanEarthquake.Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,27(12):2585-2592(in Chinese with English abstract)
Huang RQ,Pei XJ and Li TB.2009.Basic characteristics and formationmechanism of the largest scale landslide at Daguangbao occurredduring the Wenchuan Earthquake.Journal of Engineering Geology,16(6):730-741(in Chinese with English abstract).
Jiang P and Dai LS.1993.Engineering Seismology.Beijing:SeismologyPress(in Chinese)
Jibson RW,Harp EL and Michael JA.2000.A method for producingdigital probabilistic seismic landslide.Engineering Geology,58:271-289
Kramer SL and Smith MW.1997.Modified new mark model for seismicdisplacements of compliant slopes.Journal of Geotechnical andGeoenvironmental Engineering,123(7):635-644
Lama RD and Vutukuri VS.1978.Handbook on Mechanical Properties ofBooks VolumeⅡ.USA:Trans.Tech.Publication
Li XJ,Zhou ZH,Huang M et al.2008.Preliminary analysis of strong-motion recordings from the magnitude8.0Wenchuan,China,Earthquake of12May2008.Seismological Research Letters,844-854
Li ZQ,Yuan YF,Li XL et al.2008.Some insights into the macro-epicenter and meizoseismal region of Wenchuan Earthquake.Seismology and Geology,(30):768-777(in Chinese with Englishabstract)
Newmark NM.1965.Effects of earthquakes on dams and embankments.Geotechnique,15(2):139-160
Qi SW,Wu FQ and Sun JZ.2003.Study on Dynamic Responses ofSlopes.Sci.China(Ser.E),33(Suppl.):28-40(in Chinesewith English abstract)
Qi SW,Xu Q,Liu CL et al.2009.Slope instabilities in the severestdisaster areas of5.12Wenchuan Earthquake.Journal of EngineeringGeology,17(1):39-49(in Chinese with English abstract)
Sarma SK.1975.Seismic stability of earth dams and embankments.Geotechnique,25(4):743-761
Seed HB.1979.Considerations in the earthquake-resistant design of earthand rockfill dams.Geotechnique,29(3):215-263
Shen ZK,Sun J,Zhang P et al.2009.Slip maxima at fault junctions andrupturing of barriers during the2008Wenchuan earthquake.NatureGeoscienc,2:718-724
Wang SJ and Zhang JM.1982.Dynamics analysis of rock slope stability.Scientia Geologica Sinica,(2):162-170(in Chinese with Englishabstract)
Wang YS,Luo YH,Ji F et al.2008.Analysis of the controlling factorson geo-hazards in mountainous epicenter zones of the WenchuanEarthquake.Journal of Engineering Geology,16(6):759-763(inChinese with English abstract)
Wilson RC and Keefer DK.1985.Predicting areal limits of earthquake-induced landsliding-In evaluating earthquake hazards in Los Angelesregion.U.S.Geological Survey,Professional Paper1360:317-345
Xu Q and Huang RQ.2008.Kinetics characteristics of large landslidestriggered by May12th Wenchuan Earthquake.Journal of EngineeringGeology,16(6):721-729(in Chinese with English abstract)
Xu XW,Wen XZ,Ye JQ et al.2008.The Ms8.0Wenchuan Earthquakesurface ruptures and its seismogenic structure.Seismology andGeology,30:597-629(in Chinese with English abstract)
Yin YP.2008.Research on the geo-hazards triggered by WenchuanEarthquake,Sichuan.Journal of Engineering Geology,16(4):433-444(in Chinese with English abstract)
Yin YP.2009.Rapid and long-run features of landslides triggered by theWenchuan Earthquake.Journal of Engineering Geology,17(2):153-166(in Chinese with English abstract)
Zhang ZY,Wang ST and Wang LS.1994.Principles of EngineeringGeological Analysis.Beijing:Geological Publishing House(inChinese)
薄景山,徐国栋,景立平.2001.土边坡地震反应及其动力稳定性分析.地震工程与工程振动,21(2):116-120
陈晓利,邓俭良,冉洪流.2011.汶川地震滑坡崩塌的空间分布特征.地震地质,33(1):191-202
陈顒,黄庭芳.2001.岩石物理学.北京:北京大学出版社
龚晓南.2000.土工计算机分析.北京:中国建筑工业出版社
何宏林,孙昭民,魏占玉等.2008.汶川Ms8.0级地震地表破裂带白沙河段破裂及其位移特征.地震地质,(30):658-673
何蕴龙,陆述远.1998.岩石边坡地震作用近似计算方法.岩土工程学报,20(2):66-68
黄润秋,李为乐.2008.“5.12”汶川大地震触发地质灾害的发育规律研究.岩石力学与工程学报,27(12):2585-2592
黄润秋,裴向军,李天斌.2009.汶川地震触发大光包巨型滑坡基本特征及形成机理分析.工程地质学报,16(6):730-741
蒋溥,戴丽思.1993.工程地震学概论.北京:地震出版社
李志强,袁一凡,李晓丽等.2008.对汶川地震宏观震中和极震区的认识.地震地质,30:768-777
祁生文,伍法权,孙进忠.2003.边坡动力响应规律研究.中国科学(E辑),33(增刊):28-40
祁生文,许强,刘春玲等.2009.汶川地震极重灾区地质背景及次生斜坡灾害空间发育规律.工程地质学报,17(1):39-49
王运生,罗永红,吉峰等.2008.汶川大地震山地灾害发育的控制因素分析.工程地质学报,16(6):759-763
王思敬,张菊明.1982.边坡岩体滑动稳定的动力学分析.地质科学,2:162-170
许强,黄润秋.2009.5.12汶川大地震诱发大型崩滑灾害动力特征初探.工程地质学报,16(6):721-729
徐锡伟,闻学泽,叶建青等.2008.汶川Ms8.0级地震地表破裂带及其发震构造.地震地质,30:597-629
殷跃平.2008.汶川八级地震地质灾害研究.工程地质学报,16(4):433-444
殷跃平.2009.汶川8级地震滑坡高速远程特征分析.工程地质学报,17(2):153-166
张倬元,王士天,王兰生.1994.工程地质分析原理.北京:地质出版社
Chen XL,Deng JL and Ran HL.2011.Analysis of landslides triggeredby Wenchuan earthquake.Seismology and Geology,33(1):191-202(in Chinese with English abstract)
Chen Y and Huang TF.2001.Rock Physics.Beijing:Peking UniversityPress(in Chinese)
Chopra AK.1967.Earthquake response of earth dams.Journal of the SoilMechanics and Foundation Engineering.Division,ASCE,93(SM2):66-82
Clough RW and Chopra AK.1966.Earthquake stress analysis in earthdams.J.Engrg.Mech.,ASCE,92(EM2):197-211
Gazetas G.1987.Seismic response of earth dams some recentdevelopments.Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering,6(1):30-47
Gong XN.2000.Geotechnical Computer Analysis.Beijing:ChinaArchitecture&Building Press(in Chinese)
He HL,Sun ZM,Wei ZY et al.2008.Rupture of the Ms8.0WenchuanEarthquake along Baishahe river.Seismology and Geology,30:658-673(in Chinese with English abstract)
He YL and Lu SY.1998.A method for calculating the seismic action inrock slope.Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,20(2):66-68(in Chinese with English abstract)
Huang RQ and Li WL.2008.A study on the development anddistribution rules of geohazards triggered by“5.12”WenchuanEarthquake.Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,27(12):2585-2592(in Chinese with English abstract)
Huang RQ,Pei XJ and Li TB.2009.Basic characteristics and formationmechanism of the largest scale landslide at Daguangbao occurredduring the Wenchuan Earthquake.Journal of Engineering Geology,16(6):730-741(in Chinese with English abstract).
Jiang P and Dai LS.1993.Engineering Seismology.Beijing:SeismologyPress(in Chinese)
Jibson RW,Harp EL and Michael JA.2000.A method for producingdigital probabilistic seismic landslide.Engineering Geology,58:271-289
Kramer SL and Smith MW.1997.Modified new mark model for seismicdisplacements of compliant slopes.Journal of Geotechnical andGeoenvironmental Engineering,123(7):635-644
Lama RD and Vutukuri VS.1978.Handbook on Mechanical Properties ofBooks VolumeⅡ.USA:Trans.Tech.Publication
Li XJ,Zhou ZH,Huang M et al.2008.Preliminary analysis of strong-motion recordings from the magnitude8.0Wenchuan,China,Earthquake of12May2008.Seismological Research Letters,844-854
Li ZQ,Yuan YF,Li XL et al.2008.Some insights into the macro-epicenter and meizoseismal region of Wenchuan Earthquake.Seismology and Geology,(30):768-777(in Chinese with Englishabstract)
Newmark NM.1965.Effects of earthquakes on dams and embankments.Geotechnique,15(2):139-160
Qi SW,Wu FQ and Sun JZ.2003.Study on Dynamic Responses ofSlopes.Sci.China(Ser.E),33(Suppl.):28-40(in Chinesewith English abstract)
Qi SW,Xu Q,Liu CL et al.2009.Slope instabilities in the severestdisaster areas of5.12Wenchuan Earthquake.Journal of EngineeringGeology,17(1):39-49(in Chinese with English abstract)
Sarma SK.1975.Seismic stability of earth dams and embankments.Geotechnique,25(4):743-761
Seed HB.1979.Considerations in the earthquake-resistant design of earthand rockfill dams.Geotechnique,29(3):215-263
Shen ZK,Sun J,Zhang P et al.2009.Slip maxima at fault junctions andrupturing of barriers during the2008Wenchuan earthquake.NatureGeoscienc,2:718-724
Wang SJ and Zhang JM.1982.Dynamics analysis of rock slope stability.Scientia Geologica Sinica,(2):162-170(in Chinese with Englishabstract)
Wang YS,Luo YH,Ji F et al.2008.Analysis of the controlling factorson geo-hazards in mountainous epicenter zones of the WenchuanEarthquake.Journal of Engineering Geology,16(6):759-763(inChinese with English abstract)
Wilson RC and Keefer DK.1985.Predicting areal limits of earthquake-induced landsliding-In evaluating earthquake hazards in Los Angelesregion.U.S.Geological Survey,Professional Paper1360:317-345
Xu Q and Huang RQ.2008.Kinetics characteristics of large landslidestriggered by May12th Wenchuan Earthquake.Journal of EngineeringGeology,16(6):721-729(in Chinese with English abstract)
Xu XW,Wen XZ,Ye JQ et al.2008.The Ms8.0Wenchuan Earthquakesurface ruptures and its seismogenic structure.Seismology andGeology,30:597-629(in Chinese with English abstract)
Yin YP.2008.Research on the geo-hazards triggered by WenchuanEarthquake,Sichuan.Journal of Engineering Geology,16(4):433-444(in Chinese with English abstract)
Yin YP.2009.Rapid and long-run features of landslides triggered by theWenchuan Earthquake.Journal of Engineering Geology,17(2):153-166(in Chinese with English abstract)
Zhang ZY,Wang ST and Wang LS.1994.Principles of EngineeringGeological Analysis.Beijing:Geological Publishing House(inChinese)
薄景山,徐国栋,景立平.2001.土边坡地震反应及其动力稳定性分析.地震工程与工程振动,21(2):116-120
陈晓利,邓俭良,冉洪流.2011.汶川地震滑坡崩塌的空间分布特征.地震地质,33(1):191-202
陈顒,黄庭芳.2001.岩石物理学.北京:北京大学出版社
龚晓南.2000.土工计算机分析.北京:中国建筑工业出版社
何宏林,孙昭民,魏占玉等.2008.汶川Ms8.0级地震地表破裂带白沙河段破裂及其位移特征.地震地质,(30):658-673
何蕴龙,陆述远.1998.岩石边坡地震作用近似计算方法.岩土工程学报,20(2):66-68
黄润秋,李为乐.2008.“5.12”汶川大地震触发地质灾害的发育规律研究.岩石力学与工程学报,27(12):2585-2592
黄润秋,裴向军,李天斌.2009.汶川地震触发大光包巨型滑坡基本特征及形成机理分析.工程地质学报,16(6):730-741
蒋溥,戴丽思.1993.工程地震学概论.北京:地震出版社
李志强,袁一凡,李晓丽等.2008.对汶川地震宏观震中和极震区的认识.地震地质,30:768-777
祁生文,伍法权,孙进忠.2003.边坡动力响应规律研究.中国科学(E辑),33(增刊):28-40
祁生文,许强,刘春玲等.2009.汶川地震极重灾区地质背景及次生斜坡灾害空间发育规律.工程地质学报,17(1):39-49
王运生,罗永红,吉峰等.2008.汶川大地震山地灾害发育的控制因素分析.工程地质学报,16(6):759-763
王思敬,张菊明.1982.边坡岩体滑动稳定的动力学分析.地质科学,2:162-170
许强,黄润秋.2009.5.12汶川大地震诱发大型崩滑灾害动力特征初探.工程地质学报,16(6):721-729
徐锡伟,闻学泽,叶建青等.2008.汶川Ms8.0级地震地表破裂带及其发震构造.地震地质,30:597-629
殷跃平.2008.汶川八级地震地质灾害研究.工程地质学报,16(4):433-444
殷跃平.2009.汶川8级地震滑坡高速远程特征分析.工程地质学报,17(2):153-166
张倬元,王士天,王兰生.1994.工程地质分析原理.北京:地质出版社
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