石英-柯石英相变研究中若干问题的讨论
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摘要
本文针对"机械球磨能使α-石英转变成柯石英的压力和温度大大降低"的认识以及以此为基础的相关观点——"地表柯石英无需经过板块折返,而可以通过强地震波和/或较大的局域应力作用于地表石英而形成"做些讨论,指出上述观点无法解释柯石英的寄生岩石——榴辉岩相超高压变质岩的成因,这些岩石中矿物晶粒之间并不存在像在球磨罐里石英颗粒与钢球之间那种松散的空间关系、巨大的活动空间以及长时不断地彼此高速碰撞的剧动过程.迄今没有任何证据证明地震包括≥8.0级特大地震能使地表岩石中的石英转变成柯石英.本文还对"差应力的存在使得α-石英向柯石英转变的相边界向低压迁移"的现象作出更为合理的、新的解释.
引文
1苏文辉,刘曙娥,许大鹏,等.一种由α-石英到柯石英转变的新途径.自然科学进展,2005,15:1217—1222
2苏文辉,刘曙娥,许大鹏,等.柯石英最小静态形成压力与地表柯石英形成新机制及其地学意义.自然科学进展,2009,159:730—745
3孙敬姝,刘晓梅,许大鹏,等.高压变质二氧化硅矿物的合成及表征.高等学校化学学报,2006,27:2011—2025
4池顺良.苏文辉挑战“大陆深俯冲”表明:科学研究已进入大综合时代.科学时报,2010,http://www.sciencenet.cn/htmlnews/2010/1/226791.shtm
5刘忠奎,好诚.地表柯石英形成新机制获实证.科学时报,2009,http://news.sciencenet.cn/dz/dznews_photo.aspx?id=7737
6Chao E C,Shoemaker E M,Madsen B M.First natural occurrence of coesite.Science,1960,132:220—222
7Carter N L,Officer C B,Drake C L.Dynamic deformation of quartz and feldspar:Clues to cause of some natural crises.Tectonophysics,1990,171:373—391
8Goltrant O,Doukhan J C,Cordier P,et al.An investigation by transmission electron microscopy of planar deformation features in naturally shocked quartz.Terra Nova,1992,4:405—412
9Koeberl C.Mineralogical and geochemical aspects of impact craters.Mineral Mag,2002,66:745—768
10Ostroumov M,Faulques E,Lounejeva E.Raman spectroscopy of natural silica in Chicxulub impactite,Mexico.Comptes Rendus Geosci,2002,334:21—26
11Stoffler D R,Hornemann U.Quartz and feldspar glasses produced by natural and experimental shock.Meteoritics,1972,7:371—394
12von Engelhardt W,Bertsch W.Shock induced planar deformation structures in quartz from the Ries crater,Germany.Contrib Mineral Petrol,1969,20:203—234
13Chopin C.Coesite and pure pyrope in high-grade blueschists of the western Alps:A first record and some consequences.Contrib.Mineral Petrol,1984,86:107—118
14Xu Z Q.Etude Tectonique et Microtectonique de la Chaine Paleozoique et Triasique de Qinling(Chine).Montpellier:Univ Sci Tech Languedoc,1987.250
15Ji S C,Saruwatari K,Mainprice D,et al.Microstructures,petrofabrics and seismic properties of ultra high-pressure eclogites from Sulu region,China:Implications for rheology of subducted continental crust and origin of mantle reflections.Tectonophysics,2003,370:49—76
16Xu Z Q,Yang W C,Ji S C,et al.Deep root of the continental-continental collision belt:Evidence from the CCSD-MH and the Sulu HP-UHP metamorphic terrane.Tectonophysics,2009,475:204—219
17Wu T C,Bassett W A.Deviatoric stress in a diamond anvil cell using synchrotron radiation with two diffraction geometries.Pure Appl Geophys,1993,141:509—519
18Palmeri R,Frezzotti M L,Godard G,et al.Pressure-induced incipient amorphization ofα-quartz and transition to coesite in an eclogite from Antarctica:A first record and some consequences.J Metamorph Geol,2009,27:685—705
19Coes L.A new dense crystalline silica.Science,1953,18:131—132
20Akella J.Quartz-coesite transition and the comparative friction measurements in the piston-cylinder apparatus using talc-alsimag-glass(TAG)and NaCl high-pressure cells.Neues Jahrb.Mineral Monatsh,1979,5:217—224
21Bohlen S R,Boettcher A L.The quartz-coesite transformation:A precise determination and the effects of other components.J Geophys Res,1982,87(B8):7073—7078
22Bose K,Ganguly J.Quartz-coesite transition revisted:Reversed experimental determination at500—1200oC and retrieved thermochemical properties.Am Mineral,1995,80:231—238
23Gasparik T.Phase Diagrams for Geoscientists.An Atlas of the Earth's Interior.Berlin:Springer-Verlag,2003.462
24Hemingway B S,Bohlen S R,Hankins W B,et al.Heat capacity and thermodynamic properties for coesite and jadeite,reexamination of the quartz-coesite equilibrium boundary.Am Mineral,1998,83:409—418
25Kitahara S,Kennedy G C.The quartz-coesite transition.J Geophys Res,1964,69:5395—5400
26Mirwald P W,Massonne H J.The low-high quartz and quartz-coesite transition to40kbar between600oC and1600oC and some reconnaissance data on the effect of NaAlO2component on the low quartz-coesite transition.J Geophys Res,1980,85(B12):6983—6990
27Hirth G,Tullis J.The brittle-plastic transition in experimentally deformed quartz aggregates.J Geophys Res,1994,99(B6):11731—11747
28Green H W.Metastable growth of coesite in highly strained quartz.J Geophys Res,1972,77:2478—2482
29王清晨,刘景波,从柏林.构造超压能引起超高压变质作用吗?科学通报,1999,44:2346—2350
30章军锋,金振民.超高压变质岩中柯石英-石英相变动力学研究的评述.地质科技情报,1999,18:6—10
31Kato M,Sawamoto H,Kumazawa M,et al.Synthesis of coesite from ultra fine particles.Jpn J Appl Phys,1975,14:181—183
32Naka S,Ito S,Inagaki M.Kinetic studies of transitions from amorphous silica and quartz to coesite.J Am Ceram Soc,1974,57:217—219
33Kingma K J,Meade C,Hemley R J,et al.Microstructural observations ofα-quartz amorphization.Science,1993,259:666—669
34Hemley R J,Prewitt C T,Kingma K J.High-pressure behaviour of silica.In:Heaney P J,Prewitt C T,Gibbs G V,eds.Silica Physical Behaviour,Geochemistry and Materials Applications.Review Mineral No.29.Washington D C:Mineralogical Society of America,1994
35Sharma S M,Sikka S K.Pressure induced amorphization of materials.Prog Mater Sci,1996,40:1—77
36Richet P,Gillet P.Pressure-induced amorphization of minerals:A review.Eur J Mineral,1997,9:907—933
37Mashimo T,Nishii K,Soma T,et al.Some physical properties of amorphous SiO2synthetized by shock compression ofα-quartz.Phys Chem Minerals,1980,5:367—377
38Hazen R M,Finger L W,Hemley R J,et al.High-pressure crystal chemistry and amorphization ofα-quartz.Solid State Commun,1989,72:507—511
39Ponyatovsky E G,Barkalov O I.Pressure-induced amorphous phases.Mater Sci Reports,1992,8:147—191
40Hemley R J,Jephcoat A P,Mao H K,et al.Pressure-induced amorphization of crystalline silica.Nature,1988,334:52—54
41Austreheim H,Boundy T M.Pseudotachylytes generated during seismic faulting and elogitization of the deep crust.Science,265:82—83
42Austreheim H,Erambert M,Boundy T M.Garnets recording deep crustal earthquakes.Earth Planet Sci Lett,139:223—238
43Smyth J R.Quartz pseudomorphs after coesite.Am Mineral,1977,62:828—830
44周永胜,何昌荣,宋娟,等.在差应力条件下石英-柯石英转化的实验研究.科学通报,2005,50:565—570
45Unksov E P.An Engineering Theory of Plasticity.London:Butterworths,1961
46Dieter G E.Mechanical Metallurgy.New York:McGraw Hill,1986
47Ji S C,Wirth R,Rybacki E,et al.High temperature plastic deformation of quartz-plagioclase multilayers by layer-normal compression.J Geophys Res,2000,105(B7):16651—16664
48Paterson M S,Wong T F.Experimental Rock Deformation—The Brittle Field.New York:Springer,2005
49Green H W.Psychology of a Changing paradigm:40+years of high-pressure metamorphism.Inter Geol Rev,2005,47:439—456
50Vaughan P J,Green H W,Coe R S.Anisotropic growth in the olivine-spinel transformation of Mg2GeO4under nonhydrostatic stress.Tectonophysics,1984,108:299—322
51Rutland R W R.Tectonic overpressure.In:Pitcher,W S,Flinn G W,eds.Controls of Metamorphism.Edinburgh:Oliver&Boyd,1965.119—139
52Mancktelow N S.Tectonic overpressure in competent mafic layers and the development of isolated eclogites.J Metamorph Geol,1993,11:801—812
53Mancktelow N S.Tectonic pressure:Theoretical concepts and modeled examples.Lithos,2008,103:149—177
54吕古贤,陈晶,李晓波.构造附加静水压力研究与含柯石英榴辉岩成岩深度测算.科学通报,1998,43:2590—2602
55Brace W F,Kohlstedt D L.Limits on lithopsheric stress imposed by laboratory experiements.J Geophys Res,1980,85:6248—6252
56Ji S C,Xia B.Rheology of Polyphase Earth Materials.Montreal:Polytechnic International Press,2002.260
57Renner J,Stockhert B,Zerbian A,et al.An experimental study into the rheology of synthetic polycrystalline coesite aggregates.J Geophys Res,2004,106:19411—19429
58Weinstein S A,Olson P L.Thermal convection with non-Newtonian plates.Geophys J Int,1992,111:515—530
59Solomatov V S.Scaling of temperature-and stress-dependent viscosity convection.Phys Fluids,1995,7:266—274
60Moresi L,Solomatov V.Mantle convection with a brittle lithosphere:Thoughts on the global tectonic style of the Earth and Venus.Geophys J,1998,133:669—682
61Richards M A,Yang W S,Baumgardner J R,et al.Role of a low-viscosity zone in stabilizing plate tectonics:Implications for comparative terrestrial planetology.Geochem.Geophys Geosyst,2001,2:2000GC000115
62Bercovici D.The generation of plate tectonics from mantle convection.Earth Planet Sci Lett,2003,205:107—121
63Bercovici D,Ricard Y.Tectonic plate generation and two-phase damage:Void growth versus grain-size reduction.J Geophys Res,2005,110,doi:10.1029/2004JB003181
64Korenaga J.Thermal cracking and the deep hydration of oceanic lithosphere:A key to the generation of plate tectonics?J Geophys Res,2007,112,doi:10.1029/2006JB004502
2苏文辉,刘曙娥,许大鹏,等.柯石英最小静态形成压力与地表柯石英形成新机制及其地学意义.自然科学进展,2009,159:730—745
3孙敬姝,刘晓梅,许大鹏,等.高压变质二氧化硅矿物的合成及表征.高等学校化学学报,2006,27:2011—2025
4池顺良.苏文辉挑战“大陆深俯冲”表明:科学研究已进入大综合时代.科学时报,2010,http://www.sciencenet.cn/htmlnews/2010/1/226791.shtm
5刘忠奎,好诚.地表柯石英形成新机制获实证.科学时报,2009,http://news.sciencenet.cn/dz/dznews_photo.aspx?id=7737
6Chao E C,Shoemaker E M,Madsen B M.First natural occurrence of coesite.Science,1960,132:220—222
7Carter N L,Officer C B,Drake C L.Dynamic deformation of quartz and feldspar:Clues to cause of some natural crises.Tectonophysics,1990,171:373—391
8Goltrant O,Doukhan J C,Cordier P,et al.An investigation by transmission electron microscopy of planar deformation features in naturally shocked quartz.Terra Nova,1992,4:405—412
9Koeberl C.Mineralogical and geochemical aspects of impact craters.Mineral Mag,2002,66:745—768
10Ostroumov M,Faulques E,Lounejeva E.Raman spectroscopy of natural silica in Chicxulub impactite,Mexico.Comptes Rendus Geosci,2002,334:21—26
11Stoffler D R,Hornemann U.Quartz and feldspar glasses produced by natural and experimental shock.Meteoritics,1972,7:371—394
12von Engelhardt W,Bertsch W.Shock induced planar deformation structures in quartz from the Ries crater,Germany.Contrib Mineral Petrol,1969,20:203—234
13Chopin C.Coesite and pure pyrope in high-grade blueschists of the western Alps:A first record and some consequences.Contrib.Mineral Petrol,1984,86:107—118
14Xu Z Q.Etude Tectonique et Microtectonique de la Chaine Paleozoique et Triasique de Qinling(Chine).Montpellier:Univ Sci Tech Languedoc,1987.250
15Ji S C,Saruwatari K,Mainprice D,et al.Microstructures,petrofabrics and seismic properties of ultra high-pressure eclogites from Sulu region,China:Implications for rheology of subducted continental crust and origin of mantle reflections.Tectonophysics,2003,370:49—76
16Xu Z Q,Yang W C,Ji S C,et al.Deep root of the continental-continental collision belt:Evidence from the CCSD-MH and the Sulu HP-UHP metamorphic terrane.Tectonophysics,2009,475:204—219
17Wu T C,Bassett W A.Deviatoric stress in a diamond anvil cell using synchrotron radiation with two diffraction geometries.Pure Appl Geophys,1993,141:509—519
18Palmeri R,Frezzotti M L,Godard G,et al.Pressure-induced incipient amorphization ofα-quartz and transition to coesite in an eclogite from Antarctica:A first record and some consequences.J Metamorph Geol,2009,27:685—705
19Coes L.A new dense crystalline silica.Science,1953,18:131—132
20Akella J.Quartz-coesite transition and the comparative friction measurements in the piston-cylinder apparatus using talc-alsimag-glass(TAG)and NaCl high-pressure cells.Neues Jahrb.Mineral Monatsh,1979,5:217—224
21Bohlen S R,Boettcher A L.The quartz-coesite transformation:A precise determination and the effects of other components.J Geophys Res,1982,87(B8):7073—7078
22Bose K,Ganguly J.Quartz-coesite transition revisted:Reversed experimental determination at500—1200oC and retrieved thermochemical properties.Am Mineral,1995,80:231—238
23Gasparik T.Phase Diagrams for Geoscientists.An Atlas of the Earth's Interior.Berlin:Springer-Verlag,2003.462
24Hemingway B S,Bohlen S R,Hankins W B,et al.Heat capacity and thermodynamic properties for coesite and jadeite,reexamination of the quartz-coesite equilibrium boundary.Am Mineral,1998,83:409—418
25Kitahara S,Kennedy G C.The quartz-coesite transition.J Geophys Res,1964,69:5395—5400
26Mirwald P W,Massonne H J.The low-high quartz and quartz-coesite transition to40kbar between600oC and1600oC and some reconnaissance data on the effect of NaAlO2component on the low quartz-coesite transition.J Geophys Res,1980,85(B12):6983—6990
27Hirth G,Tullis J.The brittle-plastic transition in experimentally deformed quartz aggregates.J Geophys Res,1994,99(B6):11731—11747
28Green H W.Metastable growth of coesite in highly strained quartz.J Geophys Res,1972,77:2478—2482
29王清晨,刘景波,从柏林.构造超压能引起超高压变质作用吗?科学通报,1999,44:2346—2350
30章军锋,金振民.超高压变质岩中柯石英-石英相变动力学研究的评述.地质科技情报,1999,18:6—10
31Kato M,Sawamoto H,Kumazawa M,et al.Synthesis of coesite from ultra fine particles.Jpn J Appl Phys,1975,14:181—183
32Naka S,Ito S,Inagaki M.Kinetic studies of transitions from amorphous silica and quartz to coesite.J Am Ceram Soc,1974,57:217—219
33Kingma K J,Meade C,Hemley R J,et al.Microstructural observations ofα-quartz amorphization.Science,1993,259:666—669
34Hemley R J,Prewitt C T,Kingma K J.High-pressure behaviour of silica.In:Heaney P J,Prewitt C T,Gibbs G V,eds.Silica Physical Behaviour,Geochemistry and Materials Applications.Review Mineral No.29.Washington D C:Mineralogical Society of America,1994
35Sharma S M,Sikka S K.Pressure induced amorphization of materials.Prog Mater Sci,1996,40:1—77
36Richet P,Gillet P.Pressure-induced amorphization of minerals:A review.Eur J Mineral,1997,9:907—933
37Mashimo T,Nishii K,Soma T,et al.Some physical properties of amorphous SiO2synthetized by shock compression ofα-quartz.Phys Chem Minerals,1980,5:367—377
38Hazen R M,Finger L W,Hemley R J,et al.High-pressure crystal chemistry and amorphization ofα-quartz.Solid State Commun,1989,72:507—511
39Ponyatovsky E G,Barkalov O I.Pressure-induced amorphous phases.Mater Sci Reports,1992,8:147—191
40Hemley R J,Jephcoat A P,Mao H K,et al.Pressure-induced amorphization of crystalline silica.Nature,1988,334:52—54
41Austreheim H,Boundy T M.Pseudotachylytes generated during seismic faulting and elogitization of the deep crust.Science,265:82—83
42Austreheim H,Erambert M,Boundy T M.Garnets recording deep crustal earthquakes.Earth Planet Sci Lett,139:223—238
43Smyth J R.Quartz pseudomorphs after coesite.Am Mineral,1977,62:828—830
44周永胜,何昌荣,宋娟,等.在差应力条件下石英-柯石英转化的实验研究.科学通报,2005,50:565—570
45Unksov E P.An Engineering Theory of Plasticity.London:Butterworths,1961
46Dieter G E.Mechanical Metallurgy.New York:McGraw Hill,1986
47Ji S C,Wirth R,Rybacki E,et al.High temperature plastic deformation of quartz-plagioclase multilayers by layer-normal compression.J Geophys Res,2000,105(B7):16651—16664
48Paterson M S,Wong T F.Experimental Rock Deformation—The Brittle Field.New York:Springer,2005
49Green H W.Psychology of a Changing paradigm:40+years of high-pressure metamorphism.Inter Geol Rev,2005,47:439—456
50Vaughan P J,Green H W,Coe R S.Anisotropic growth in the olivine-spinel transformation of Mg2GeO4under nonhydrostatic stress.Tectonophysics,1984,108:299—322
51Rutland R W R.Tectonic overpressure.In:Pitcher,W S,Flinn G W,eds.Controls of Metamorphism.Edinburgh:Oliver&Boyd,1965.119—139
52Mancktelow N S.Tectonic overpressure in competent mafic layers and the development of isolated eclogites.J Metamorph Geol,1993,11:801—812
53Mancktelow N S.Tectonic pressure:Theoretical concepts and modeled examples.Lithos,2008,103:149—177
54吕古贤,陈晶,李晓波.构造附加静水压力研究与含柯石英榴辉岩成岩深度测算.科学通报,1998,43:2590—2602
55Brace W F,Kohlstedt D L.Limits on lithopsheric stress imposed by laboratory experiements.J Geophys Res,1980,85:6248—6252
56Ji S C,Xia B.Rheology of Polyphase Earth Materials.Montreal:Polytechnic International Press,2002.260
57Renner J,Stockhert B,Zerbian A,et al.An experimental study into the rheology of synthetic polycrystalline coesite aggregates.J Geophys Res,2004,106:19411—19429
58Weinstein S A,Olson P L.Thermal convection with non-Newtonian plates.Geophys J Int,1992,111:515—530
59Solomatov V S.Scaling of temperature-and stress-dependent viscosity convection.Phys Fluids,1995,7:266—274
60Moresi L,Solomatov V.Mantle convection with a brittle lithosphere:Thoughts on the global tectonic style of the Earth and Venus.Geophys J,1998,133:669—682
61Richards M A,Yang W S,Baumgardner J R,et al.Role of a low-viscosity zone in stabilizing plate tectonics:Implications for comparative terrestrial planetology.Geochem.Geophys Geosyst,2001,2:2000GC000115
62Bercovici D.The generation of plate tectonics from mantle convection.Earth Planet Sci Lett,2003,205:107—121
63Bercovici D,Ricard Y.Tectonic plate generation and two-phase damage:Void growth versus grain-size reduction.J Geophys Res,2005,110,doi:10.1029/2004JB003181
64Korenaga J.Thermal cracking and the deep hydration of oceanic lithosphere:A key to the generation of plate tectonics?J Geophys Res,2007,112,doi:10.1029/2006JB004502
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