全球表层系统研究的思考
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摘要
1900年前后,以徐士、阿尔冈、魏格纳、李四光等为代表的先驱们从不同视角开始了对地球表层的整体性研究。20世纪人造卫星的应用和板块理论的建立,推动了全球整体观思想的发展。进入21世纪后,伴随社会全球化进程,地球整体观在科学前沿领域显示出极为重要的导向作用。在这个思想引导下的广义地球系统科学是关于地球多圈层的整体研究,但由于涉及人类生存的资源、环境、灾害问题的紧迫性,在未来10至20年内地球系统科学的优先领域之一应是整体观指导下的地球表层系统的研究,它涉及大气层、海洋、地壳、生物和人类。目前可列举出4个重大问题:(1)全球变暖引起的大范围灾害与环境变化;(2)以SARS和禽流感为代表的全球性生物病毒传播灾患;(3)影响人类生存的全球性水资源短缺;(4)导致严重损失和全球性影响的大地震的频繁发生。厄尔尼诺现象与地震的相关性,全球大地震十几年尺度的幕式活动与区域间交替变换,十几年尺度的大范围旱、涝交替变换,表明上述全球性异常变化都是地球表层系统整体性动力过程的表现。应从全球尺度研究包含气体、液体、固体的地球表层系统的微动态变化,分析它们与地、水、大气和生物各圈层之间的相互作用及物质与能量交换的关系,加深对地球表层相互联系的系统过程的理解。
Around 1900, several pioneers of earth science such as Suess, Argand, Wegner, and Lee J S began to study the earth surface from different view angles. Their efforts represent a new approach to study earth processes, in which the earth is viewed as an integrated, dynamic system rather than a collection of isolated components. During the 20th century, this integrated approach has developed with applications of satellites and establishment of the plate tectonics theory. When entering the 21st century, this method is playing an important role of guidance in frontiers of earth science under the background of globalization of the society. Based on this approach, the generalized earth system science is to perform an integrated study on the multi-sphere of the Earth. Because of the urgent problems such as resources, environments, and hazards which involve the living of the humankind, one of priority themes for the earth system science should be the research of the earth outermost sphere by the integrated approach, which is concerning with the atmosphere, ocean, crust, biosphere, and humankind. Currently the following four major issues are mostly concerned in the world: (1) large-scale natural disasters and environmental variations caused by global warming of weather; (2) threat of global spreading of virus represented by SARS and bird flu; (3) global shortage of water resource influencing life of people; and (4) frequent occurrence of large earthquakes producing serious losses and global impact. These global-scale anomalous changes are expressions of the integrated dynamic processes in the earth outermost sphere system, as indicated by the correlation between El Nino and earthquake, episodic activities and their alternative transformation between regions in the world on a scale of ten odd years, and alternative occurrence of large-scale drought and excessive rain in ten odd years. It is suggested that micro-dynamic variations of a global scale should be a priority issue for the research of the earth outermost sphere system which contains solid, liquid, and gas. The goal is to analyze the relationship between these variations and interaction as well as exchange of materials and energy between the crust and its fluid envelopes, and to promote the understanding of the system processes in the outermost sphere of the earth.
Around 1900, several pioneers of earth science such as Suess, Argand, Wegner, and Lee J S began to study the earth surface from different view angles. Their efforts represent a new approach to study earth processes, in which the earth is viewed as an integrated, dynamic system rather than a collection of isolated components. During the 20th century, this integrated approach has developed with applications of satellites and establishment of the plate tectonics theory. When entering the 21st century, this method is playing an important role of guidance in frontiers of earth science under the background of globalization of the society. Based on this approach, the generalized earth system science is to perform an integrated study on the multi-sphere of the Earth. Because of the urgent problems such as resources, environments, and hazards which involve the living of the humankind, one of priority themes for the earth system science should be the research of the earth outermost sphere by the integrated approach, which is concerning with the atmosphere, ocean, crust, biosphere, and humankind. Currently the following four major issues are mostly concerned in the world: (1) large-scale natural disasters and environmental variations caused by global warming of weather; (2) threat of global spreading of virus represented by SARS and bird flu; (3) global shortage of water resource influencing life of people; and (4) frequent occurrence of large earthquakes producing serious losses and global impact. These global-scale anomalous changes are expressions of the integrated dynamic processes in the earth outermost sphere system, as indicated by the correlation between El Nino and earthquake, episodic activities and their alternative transformation between regions in the world on a scale of ten odd years, and alternative occurrence of large-scale drought and excessive rain in ten odd years. It is suggested that micro-dynamic variations of a global scale should be a priority issue for the research of the earth outermost sphere system which contains solid, liquid, and gas. The goal is to analyze the relationship between these variations and interaction as well as exchange of materials and energy between the crust and its fluid envelopes, and to promote the understanding of the system processes in the outermost sphere of the earth.
引文
[1]SUESS E.The face of the Earth[M].Oxford:Clarendon Press,1909:673.
[2]ARGAND E.La tectonique de l Asie[C].Thirteenth Inter-national Geological Congress,Comptes Rendus1,1922:171-372.
[3]WEGNER A L.The origin of continents and oceans[M].London:Methuen,1924:148.
[4]LEE J S.Pri mary causes for pattern changes of the face of the Earth[J].Bulletin of Geological Society of China,1926,5(3/4):209-262(in Chinese).
[5]Committee on Earth System Science,National Aeronautics and Space Administration.Earth systemscience[M].Wash-ington D C:National Academy Press,1988.
[6]WANG Pinxian.Earth systemsciencein China quo vadis[J]?Advances in Earth Science,2003,18(6):837-851(in Chi-nese).
[7]GE Quansheng,CHENPanqin,FANG Xiuqi,et al.Adapta-tion to global change:challenge and research strategy[J].Advances in Earth Science,2004,19(4):516-523(in Chi-nese).
[8]IPCC,WGI.The third assessment report:summary for poli-cy-makers[EB/OL].http:∥www.rivin.nl/evn/int/ipcc,2001.
[9]IGBP.Global change and Earth system:a planet under pres-sure[C]∥IGBP Science Series4.2001.
[10]ZHOU Xiuji.Several points of understanding to Earth sys-temscience[J].Advances in Earth Science,2004,19(4):513-515(in Chinese).
[11]MA Fuchen,LI N Hai,HUANG Dingcheng,et al.From Earth processes to human-Earth relationship in harmony:a vision on the strategy of Earth systemresearchin China[J].Advances in Earth Science,2005,20(5):490-498(in Chi-nese).
[12]LEE J S.On crustal motions[M]∥Methods of geomechanics(outlines for discussion).Beijing:Science Press,1976:237-246(in Chinese).
[13]PITMAN WCⅢ,LAVSON R L,HERRON E M.Magnet-ic lineations of the oceans[M]∥Map Chart Ser,Vol.Me-6.Boulder,Colorado:Geol Soc Am,1974.
[14]WALKER D A.More evidence indicates link between El Ni o and seismicity[J].EOS,1995,76(4):33-36.
[15]LI U Qinyu,LI U Zhengyu,PAN Aijun.Aconceptual model for interaction between the El Ni o-Southern Oscillation and the quasi-two-year period oscillation at the equator in the far western Pacific[J].Sciencein China:Series D,2006,36(1):90-97(in Chinese).
[16]MA Zongjin,DU Pinren.The problems on recent crustal movement[M].Beijing:Geological Publishing House,1995(in Chinese).
[17]MA Zongjin,FUZhenxiang,ZHNAG Yingzhen,et al.Nine great earthquakes of China in1966-1976[M].Beijing:Seis-mological Press,1982(in Chinese).
[4]李四光.地球表面形象变迁之主因[J].中国地质学会会志,1926,5(3/4):209-262.
[5]美国国家航空和宇航局地球系统科学委员会.地球系统科学[M].陈泮勤,等译.北京:地震出版社,1992.
[6]汪品先.我国的地球系统科学研究向何处去[J].地球科学进展,2003,18(6):837-851.
[7]葛全胜,陈泮勤,方修琦,等.全球变化的区域适应研究:挑战与研究对策[J].地球科学进展,2004,19(4):516-523.
[10]周秀骥.对地球系统科学的几点认识[J].地球科学进展,2004,19(4):513-515.
[11]马福臣,林海,黄鼎成,等.从地球过程到人地和谐——关于地球系统研究科学战略的思考[J].地球科学进展,2005,20(5):490-498.
[12]李四光.地质力学方法(讨论提纲)[M]∥地壳运动问题.北京:科学出版社,1976:237-246.
[15]刘秦玉,LI U Zhengyu,潘爱军.厄尔尼诺-南方涛动与赤道远西太平洋准两年周期振荡之间相互作用的概念模型[J].中国科学:D辑,2006,36(1):90-97.
[16]马宗晋,杜品仁.现今地壳运动问题[M].北京:地质出版社,1995.
[17]马宗晋,傅征祥,张郢珍,等.1966—1976年中国九大地震[M].北京:地震出版社,1982.
[2]ARGAND E.La tectonique de l Asie[C].Thirteenth Inter-national Geological Congress,Comptes Rendus1,1922:171-372.
[3]WEGNER A L.The origin of continents and oceans[M].London:Methuen,1924:148.
[4]LEE J S.Pri mary causes for pattern changes of the face of the Earth[J].Bulletin of Geological Society of China,1926,5(3/4):209-262(in Chinese).
[5]Committee on Earth System Science,National Aeronautics and Space Administration.Earth systemscience[M].Wash-ington D C:National Academy Press,1988.
[6]WANG Pinxian.Earth systemsciencein China quo vadis[J]?Advances in Earth Science,2003,18(6):837-851(in Chi-nese).
[7]GE Quansheng,CHENPanqin,FANG Xiuqi,et al.Adapta-tion to global change:challenge and research strategy[J].Advances in Earth Science,2004,19(4):516-523(in Chi-nese).
[8]IPCC,WGI.The third assessment report:summary for poli-cy-makers[EB/OL].http:∥www.rivin.nl/evn/int/ipcc,2001.
[9]IGBP.Global change and Earth system:a planet under pres-sure[C]∥IGBP Science Series4.2001.
[10]ZHOU Xiuji.Several points of understanding to Earth sys-temscience[J].Advances in Earth Science,2004,19(4):513-515(in Chinese).
[11]MA Fuchen,LI N Hai,HUANG Dingcheng,et al.From Earth processes to human-Earth relationship in harmony:a vision on the strategy of Earth systemresearchin China[J].Advances in Earth Science,2005,20(5):490-498(in Chi-nese).
[12]LEE J S.On crustal motions[M]∥Methods of geomechanics(outlines for discussion).Beijing:Science Press,1976:237-246(in Chinese).
[13]PITMAN WCⅢ,LAVSON R L,HERRON E M.Magnet-ic lineations of the oceans[M]∥Map Chart Ser,Vol.Me-6.Boulder,Colorado:Geol Soc Am,1974.
[14]WALKER D A.More evidence indicates link between El Ni o and seismicity[J].EOS,1995,76(4):33-36.
[15]LI U Qinyu,LI U Zhengyu,PAN Aijun.Aconceptual model for interaction between the El Ni o-Southern Oscillation and the quasi-two-year period oscillation at the equator in the far western Pacific[J].Sciencein China:Series D,2006,36(1):90-97(in Chinese).
[16]MA Zongjin,DU Pinren.The problems on recent crustal movement[M].Beijing:Geological Publishing House,1995(in Chinese).
[17]MA Zongjin,FUZhenxiang,ZHNAG Yingzhen,et al.Nine great earthquakes of China in1966-1976[M].Beijing:Seis-mological Press,1982(in Chinese).
[4]李四光.地球表面形象变迁之主因[J].中国地质学会会志,1926,5(3/4):209-262.
[5]美国国家航空和宇航局地球系统科学委员会.地球系统科学[M].陈泮勤,等译.北京:地震出版社,1992.
[6]汪品先.我国的地球系统科学研究向何处去[J].地球科学进展,2003,18(6):837-851.
[7]葛全胜,陈泮勤,方修琦,等.全球变化的区域适应研究:挑战与研究对策[J].地球科学进展,2004,19(4):516-523.
[10]周秀骥.对地球系统科学的几点认识[J].地球科学进展,2004,19(4):513-515.
[11]马福臣,林海,黄鼎成,等.从地球过程到人地和谐——关于地球系统研究科学战略的思考[J].地球科学进展,2005,20(5):490-498.
[12]李四光.地质力学方法(讨论提纲)[M]∥地壳运动问题.北京:科学出版社,1976:237-246.
[15]刘秦玉,LI U Zhengyu,潘爱军.厄尔尼诺-南方涛动与赤道远西太平洋准两年周期振荡之间相互作用的概念模型[J].中国科学:D辑,2006,36(1):90-97.
[16]马宗晋,杜品仁.现今地壳运动问题[M].北京:地质出版社,1995.
[17]马宗晋,傅征祥,张郢珍,等.1966—1976年中国九大地震[M].北京:地震出版社,1982.
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