新疆阿尔泰山南部富蕴右旋走滑断裂带晚第四纪错断水系的遥感分析研究
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摘要
富蕴断裂带位于阿尔泰山南侧,横切阿尔泰山褶皱带南缘及额尔齐斯深断裂,是一条呈北北西向展布的右旋走滑断裂带。沿断裂带发育一系列错断水系、错断冲积扇、挤压脊、走滑拉分盆地等反映右旋走滑活动的典型构造地貌标志。本研究在高分辨率遥感图像和数字高程模型分析的基础上,结合野外实地构造地貌测量,对沿富蕴断裂带发育的系统错断水系特征进行了详细分析研究。研究结果表明,沿富蕴断裂带发育不同级别的错断水系,大致可划分为6级:1931年地震形成的冲沟;90m左右断距的错断水系;150m左右断距的错断水系;500m左右断距的错断水系;1500m左右断距的错断水系;2000m以上断距的错断水系。同时,结合研究区及邻区的第四纪冰川资料讨论了不同级别水系可能形成时间:恰尔沟三级支流可能形成时间为末次冰期Ⅲ阶段末期,约20ka;恰尔沟二级支流可能形成时间为末次冰期Ⅰ阶段末期,约120ka;恰尔沟一级支流可能形成于该地区冰川广泛消融的倒数第2次冰期的Ⅱ阶段末期,约为250ka;恰尔沟、水磨沟、白杨沟、乌铁布拉克河、卡布尔特河等可能形成于倒数第3次冰期Ⅱ阶段末期,约为360ka。最后,我们估算出富蕴断裂带晚第四纪以来的平均右旋走滑速率为1.46~4.99mm/a。
The Fuyun Fault Zone,a right-lateral strike-slip fault extending NNW,is located in the south of the Altay Mountains,Northeastern Xinjiang,China.Geomorphological features,such as offset streams,fluvial fans,terraces,pull-apart basins,and pressure ridges are well developed along the fault zone.These typical geomorphological features related to strike-slip fault are resulted from long term geomorphological growth,the dry and cold climate,as well as the little human activities in these mountain-regions.Our goal of this study is to document the Late Quaternary stream offsets along the Fuyun Fault Zone based on the analyses of high-resolution satellite images(Landsat TM,ASTER,ASTER DEM,and IKONOS data)as well as field observations.The result shows that offset streams along the Fuyun Fault Zone can be classified into six levels:8m,90m,150m,500m,1500m,and more than 2000m offsets.We inferred that these differently scaled stream offsets are likely formed in ca.1931A.D.,20ka,120ka,250ka,360ka,and Pliocene based on analyses of glacial data in the whole Altay Mountains.Finally,we estimate that a long-term slip rate is of 1.46～4.99mm/a since the Late Pleistocene(ca.360kaB.P.),which is a little higher than the slip rate(1mm/a)of strike-slip faults in the Mongolian Altay Mountains and the one measured from the geodetic measurements(0.86～2.00mm/a).But it is close to the result estimated from the geological data along the fault zone(4±2mm/a).
The Fuyun Fault Zone,a right-lateral strike-slip fault extending NNW,is located in the south of the Altay Mountains,Northeastern Xinjiang,China.Geomorphological features,such as offset streams,fluvial fans,terraces,pull-apart basins,and pressure ridges are well developed along the fault zone.These typical geomorphological features related to strike-slip fault are resulted from long term geomorphological growth,the dry and cold climate,as well as the little human activities in these mountain-regions.Our goal of this study is to document the Late Quaternary stream offsets along the Fuyun Fault Zone based on the analyses of high-resolution satellite images(Landsat TM,ASTER,ASTER DEM,and IKONOS data)as well as field observations.The result shows that offset streams along the Fuyun Fault Zone can be classified into six levels:8m,90m,150m,500m,1500m,and more than 2000m offsets.We inferred that these differently scaled stream offsets are likely formed in ca.1931A.D.,20ka,120ka,250ka,360ka,and Pliocene based on analyses of glacial data in the whole Altay Mountains.Finally,we estimate that a long-term slip rate is of 1.46～4.99mm/a since the Late Pleistocene(ca.360kaB.P.),which is a little higher than the slip rate(1mm/a)of strike-slip faults in the Mongolian Altay Mountains and the one measured from the geodetic measurements(0.86～2.00mm/a).But it is close to the result estimated from the geological data along the fault zone(4±2mm/a).
引文
1)张培震.中国新疆富蕴1931年地震地表地表破裂带研究.北京:中国科学技术大学硕士学位论文,1982
1 Molnor P,Tapponnier P.Cenozoic tectonics of Asian:Effect of a continental collision.Science,1975,189:419~426
2 新疆维吾尔自治区地震局编.富蕴地震断裂带.北京:地震出版,1985.1~206Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Seismological Bureau ed.Fuyun Earthquake Fault Zone in Xinjiang,China.Beijing:Seismological Press,1985.1~206
3 Tapponnier P,Molnar P.Active faulting in and Cenozoic tectonics of the Tien Shan,Mogolia,and Baykal regions.Journal ofGeophysical Researh,1979,84(B7):3425~3459
4 Baljinnyam I,Bayasgalan A,Borisov Bet al.Ruptures of major earthquakes and active deformation in Mongolia and its surroundings.Geological SocietyofAmerica Memoir,1994,181:1~62
5 Fu Bihong,Awata Yasuo,Du Jianguoet al.Complex geometry and segmentation of the surface rupture associated with the14November2001great Kunlun earthquake,Northern Tibet,China.Tectono-physics,2005,407(1~2):43~63
6 王盛泽,寇大兵,艾买提.1986年4月新疆富蕴两次5·4级地震概况及震后趋势判断.内陆地震,1989,3(3):264~268Wang Shengze,Kou Dabing,Ai Maiti.General survey of the two earthquakes with magnitude5·4occurred in June of1986in Fuyun and the ten dency judgment after the earthquake.Inland Earthquake,1989,3(3):264~268
7 付碧宏,张松林,谢小平等.阿尔金断裂系西段---康西瓦断裂晚第四纪构造地貌特征研究.第四纪研究,2006,26(2):228~235Fu Bihong,Zhang Songlin,Xie Xiaopinget al.Late Quaternary tectono-geomorphic features along the Kangxiwar Fault,Altyn Tagh Fault system,Northern Tibet.Quaternary Sciences,2006,26(2):228~235
8 李 勇,Densmore A L,周荣军等.青藏高原东缘数字高程剖面及其对晚新生代河流下切深度和下切速率的约束.第四纪研究,2006,26(2):236~243Li Yong,Densmore AL,Zhou Rongjunet al.Profiles of digital elevation models(DEM)crossing the eastern mergin of the Tibetan Plateau and their constraints on dissection depths and incision rates of Late Cenozoic rivers.QuaternarySciences,2006,26(2):236~243
9 李传友,张培震,张剑玺等.西秦岭北缘断裂带黄香沟段晚第四纪活动表现与滑动速率.第四纪研究,2007,27(1):54~63Li Chuanyou,Zhang Peizhen,Zhang Jianxiet al.Late-Quaternary activity and slip rate of the western Qinling Fault zone at Huangxianggou.Quaternary Sciences,2007,27(1):54~63
10 洪顺英,申旭辉,荆 凤等.基于SRTM-DEM的阿尔泰山构造地貌特征分析.国土资源遥感,2007,(3):62~66Hong Shunying,Shen Xuhui,Jing Fenget al.An analysis of geomorphology characteristics of the Altai Mountain based on DEM.Remote Sensing for Land&Resources,2007,(3):62~66
11 Fu Bihong,Awata Yasuo.Displacement and timing of left-lateral faulting in the Kunlun Fault Zone,Northern Tibet,inferred from geologic and geomorphic features.Journal ofAsian Earth Science,2007,29(2~3):253~265
12 Walker R T,Bayasgalan A,Carson Ret el.Geomorphology and structure of the Jid right-lateral strike-slip fault in the Mongolia Altay Mountains.Journal ofStructural Geology,2006,28(9):1607~1622
13 Fu Bihong,Awata Yasuo,Du Jianguoet al.Late Quaternary systematic stream offsets caused by repeated large seismic events along the Kunlun fault,Northern Tibet.Geomorphology,2005,71(3~4):278~292
14 新疆地质学会.新疆第四纪地质及冰川地质论文选集.乌鲁木齐:新疆人民出版社,1981.209~212Xinjiang Seismological Society.Quaternary Geology and Glaciation in Xinjiang,China.r櫣mqi:People s Press of Xinjiang,1981.209~212
15 徐 馨,袁方策.阿尔泰山友谊峰南坡冰川现象的初步观察.阿勒泰地区科学考察论丛.北京:科学出版社,1991.25~34Xu Xin,Yuan Fangce.The Mount Youyi Glaciation Study in the Altay Moutains.Beijing:Science Press,1991.25~34
16 施雅风,崔之久,苏 珍等.中国第四纪冰川与环境变化.河北:河北科学技术出版社,2006.503~517Shi Yafeng,Cui Zhijiu,Su Zhenet al.The Quarternery Glaciations and Enviromental Variations in China.Hebei:Hebei Science&Tecnology Publishing,2006.503~517
17 Vassallo R,Ritz J,Braucher Ret al.Dating faulted alluvial fans with cosmognic10Be in the Gurvan Bogd mountain range(Gobi-Altay,Mongolia):Climatic and tectonic implications.Terra Nova,2005,17(3):278~285
18 Imbrie J,Hays J D,Martinson D Get al.The orbital theory of Pleistocene climate:Support from a revised chronology of the marineδ18O record.Milankovitch and Climate·Hingham MA:D.Rieldel,1984.269~305
19 易朝路,崔之久,熊黑钢.中国第四纪冰期数值年表初步划分.第四纪研究,2005,25(5):609~619Yi Chaolu,Cui Zhijiu,Xiong Heigang.Numerical periods of Quaternary glaciations in China.QuaternarySciences,2005,25(5):609~619
20 常 宏,安芷生,强小科等.河流阶地的形成及其对构造与气候的意义.海洋地质动态,2005,21(2):8~11Chang Hong,An Zhisheng,Qiang Xiaokeet al.Formation of fluvial terrance and its and climate significance.Marine Geology Letters,2005,21(2):8~11
21 Pan Baotian,Burbank D,Wang Yixianget al.A900k.y.record of strath terrace formation during the glacial-interglacial transitions in Northwest China.Geology,2003,31(11):957~960
22 崔之久,易朝路,严竟浮.新疆阿尔泰山哈纳斯河流域及其邻域第四纪冰川作用.冰川冻土,1992,14(4):342~351Cui Zhijiu,Yi Chaolu,Yan Jingfu·Quaternary glaciations in the Halasi River catchment and its surroundings in the Altai Mountains in Xingjiang,China.Journal ofGlaciology and Geocryology,1992,14(4):342~351
23 丁国瑜.活动走滑断裂带的错断水系与地震.地震,1982,1(1):3~8Ding Guoyu.Offset streams along the active strike-slip fault zones.Earthquake,1982,1(1):3~8
24 周荣军,叶友清,李 勇等.理塘断裂带沙湾段的晚第四纪活动性.第四纪研究,2007,27(1):45~53Zhou Rongjun,Ye Youqing,Li Yonget al.Late-Quaternary activity of the Shawan segment of the Litang Faults.Quaternary Sciences,2007,27(1):45~53
25 邓起东,陈立春,冉勇康.活动构造定量研究与应用.地学前缘,2004,11(4):383~392Deng Qidong,Chen Lichun,Ran Yongkang.Quantitative studies and applications of active tectonics.Earth Science Frontiers,2004,11(4):383~392
26 王晓强,谭 凯,李 杰等.新疆富蕴地区近五十年变形场研究.大地测量与地球动力学,2006,26(3):10~15Wang Xiaoqiang,Tan Kai,Li Jieet al.Crustal deformation field in Fuyun area of Xinjiang in past50years.Journal ofGeodesy and Geodynamics,2006,26(3):10~15
27 Calais E,Vergnolle M,Sankov Vet al.GPS measurements of crustal deformation in the Baikal-Mongolia area(1994~2002):Implications for current kinematics of Asia.Journal of Geophysical Researh,2003,108(B10):2501
28 沈 军,李盈甄,汪一鹏等.阿尔泰山活动断裂.地学前缘,2003,10(Suppl.):132~141Shen Jun,Li Yingzhen,Wang Yipenget al.The active faults in Altai Mountains.Earth Science Frontiers,2003,10(Suppl.):132~141
1 Molnor P,Tapponnier P.Cenozoic tectonics of Asian:Effect of a continental collision.Science,1975,189:419~426
2 新疆维吾尔自治区地震局编.富蕴地震断裂带.北京:地震出版,1985.1~206Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Seismological Bureau ed.Fuyun Earthquake Fault Zone in Xinjiang,China.Beijing:Seismological Press,1985.1~206
3 Tapponnier P,Molnar P.Active faulting in and Cenozoic tectonics of the Tien Shan,Mogolia,and Baykal regions.Journal ofGeophysical Researh,1979,84(B7):3425~3459
4 Baljinnyam I,Bayasgalan A,Borisov Bet al.Ruptures of major earthquakes and active deformation in Mongolia and its surroundings.Geological SocietyofAmerica Memoir,1994,181:1~62
5 Fu Bihong,Awata Yasuo,Du Jianguoet al.Complex geometry and segmentation of the surface rupture associated with the14November2001great Kunlun earthquake,Northern Tibet,China.Tectono-physics,2005,407(1~2):43~63
6 王盛泽,寇大兵,艾买提.1986年4月新疆富蕴两次5·4级地震概况及震后趋势判断.内陆地震,1989,3(3):264~268Wang Shengze,Kou Dabing,Ai Maiti.General survey of the two earthquakes with magnitude5·4occurred in June of1986in Fuyun and the ten dency judgment after the earthquake.Inland Earthquake,1989,3(3):264~268
7 付碧宏,张松林,谢小平等.阿尔金断裂系西段---康西瓦断裂晚第四纪构造地貌特征研究.第四纪研究,2006,26(2):228~235Fu Bihong,Zhang Songlin,Xie Xiaopinget al.Late Quaternary tectono-geomorphic features along the Kangxiwar Fault,Altyn Tagh Fault system,Northern Tibet.Quaternary Sciences,2006,26(2):228~235
8 李 勇,Densmore A L,周荣军等.青藏高原东缘数字高程剖面及其对晚新生代河流下切深度和下切速率的约束.第四纪研究,2006,26(2):236~243Li Yong,Densmore AL,Zhou Rongjunet al.Profiles of digital elevation models(DEM)crossing the eastern mergin of the Tibetan Plateau and their constraints on dissection depths and incision rates of Late Cenozoic rivers.QuaternarySciences,2006,26(2):236~243
9 李传友,张培震,张剑玺等.西秦岭北缘断裂带黄香沟段晚第四纪活动表现与滑动速率.第四纪研究,2007,27(1):54~63Li Chuanyou,Zhang Peizhen,Zhang Jianxiet al.Late-Quaternary activity and slip rate of the western Qinling Fault zone at Huangxianggou.Quaternary Sciences,2007,27(1):54~63
10 洪顺英,申旭辉,荆 凤等.基于SRTM-DEM的阿尔泰山构造地貌特征分析.国土资源遥感,2007,(3):62~66Hong Shunying,Shen Xuhui,Jing Fenget al.An analysis of geomorphology characteristics of the Altai Mountain based on DEM.Remote Sensing for Land&Resources,2007,(3):62~66
11 Fu Bihong,Awata Yasuo.Displacement and timing of left-lateral faulting in the Kunlun Fault Zone,Northern Tibet,inferred from geologic and geomorphic features.Journal ofAsian Earth Science,2007,29(2~3):253~265
12 Walker R T,Bayasgalan A,Carson Ret el.Geomorphology and structure of the Jid right-lateral strike-slip fault in the Mongolia Altay Mountains.Journal ofStructural Geology,2006,28(9):1607~1622
13 Fu Bihong,Awata Yasuo,Du Jianguoet al.Late Quaternary systematic stream offsets caused by repeated large seismic events along the Kunlun fault,Northern Tibet.Geomorphology,2005,71(3~4):278~292
14 新疆地质学会.新疆第四纪地质及冰川地质论文选集.乌鲁木齐:新疆人民出版社,1981.209~212Xinjiang Seismological Society.Quaternary Geology and Glaciation in Xinjiang,China.r櫣mqi:People s Press of Xinjiang,1981.209~212
15 徐 馨,袁方策.阿尔泰山友谊峰南坡冰川现象的初步观察.阿勒泰地区科学考察论丛.北京:科学出版社,1991.25~34Xu Xin,Yuan Fangce.The Mount Youyi Glaciation Study in the Altay Moutains.Beijing:Science Press,1991.25~34
16 施雅风,崔之久,苏 珍等.中国第四纪冰川与环境变化.河北:河北科学技术出版社,2006.503~517Shi Yafeng,Cui Zhijiu,Su Zhenet al.The Quarternery Glaciations and Enviromental Variations in China.Hebei:Hebei Science&Tecnology Publishing,2006.503~517
17 Vassallo R,Ritz J,Braucher Ret al.Dating faulted alluvial fans with cosmognic10Be in the Gurvan Bogd mountain range(Gobi-Altay,Mongolia):Climatic and tectonic implications.Terra Nova,2005,17(3):278~285
18 Imbrie J,Hays J D,Martinson D Get al.The orbital theory of Pleistocene climate:Support from a revised chronology of the marineδ18O record.Milankovitch and Climate·Hingham MA:D.Rieldel,1984.269~305
19 易朝路,崔之久,熊黑钢.中国第四纪冰期数值年表初步划分.第四纪研究,2005,25(5):609~619Yi Chaolu,Cui Zhijiu,Xiong Heigang.Numerical periods of Quaternary glaciations in China.QuaternarySciences,2005,25(5):609~619
20 常 宏,安芷生,强小科等.河流阶地的形成及其对构造与气候的意义.海洋地质动态,2005,21(2):8~11Chang Hong,An Zhisheng,Qiang Xiaokeet al.Formation of fluvial terrance and its and climate significance.Marine Geology Letters,2005,21(2):8~11
21 Pan Baotian,Burbank D,Wang Yixianget al.A900k.y.record of strath terrace formation during the glacial-interglacial transitions in Northwest China.Geology,2003,31(11):957~960
22 崔之久,易朝路,严竟浮.新疆阿尔泰山哈纳斯河流域及其邻域第四纪冰川作用.冰川冻土,1992,14(4):342~351Cui Zhijiu,Yi Chaolu,Yan Jingfu·Quaternary glaciations in the Halasi River catchment and its surroundings in the Altai Mountains in Xingjiang,China.Journal ofGlaciology and Geocryology,1992,14(4):342~351
23 丁国瑜.活动走滑断裂带的错断水系与地震.地震,1982,1(1):3~8Ding Guoyu.Offset streams along the active strike-slip fault zones.Earthquake,1982,1(1):3~8
24 周荣军,叶友清,李 勇等.理塘断裂带沙湾段的晚第四纪活动性.第四纪研究,2007,27(1):45~53Zhou Rongjun,Ye Youqing,Li Yonget al.Late-Quaternary activity of the Shawan segment of the Litang Faults.Quaternary Sciences,2007,27(1):45~53
25 邓起东,陈立春,冉勇康.活动构造定量研究与应用.地学前缘,2004,11(4):383~392Deng Qidong,Chen Lichun,Ran Yongkang.Quantitative studies and applications of active tectonics.Earth Science Frontiers,2004,11(4):383~392
26 王晓强,谭 凯,李 杰等.新疆富蕴地区近五十年变形场研究.大地测量与地球动力学,2006,26(3):10~15Wang Xiaoqiang,Tan Kai,Li Jieet al.Crustal deformation field in Fuyun area of Xinjiang in past50years.Journal ofGeodesy and Geodynamics,2006,26(3):10~15
27 Calais E,Vergnolle M,Sankov Vet al.GPS measurements of crustal deformation in the Baikal-Mongolia area(1994~2002):Implications for current kinematics of Asia.Journal of Geophysical Researh,2003,108(B10):2501
28 沈 军,李盈甄,汪一鹏等.阿尔泰山活动断裂.地学前缘,2003,10(Suppl.):132~141Shen Jun,Li Yingzhen,Wang Yipenget al.The active faults in Altai Mountains.Earth Science Frontiers,2003,10(Suppl.):132~141
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