康西瓦断裂带晚新生代构造地貌特征及其构造意义
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摘要
文章详细调查了康西瓦断裂带发育的断层崖、断层陡坎、地震破裂带、错断山脊、拉分盆地、挤压脊、偏心洪积扇、错断水系等新构造运动形迹,这些新构造运动形迹表明了康西瓦断裂带在晚新生代以来发生了强烈的左旋走滑运动,并兼有正滑运动分量。数字地形高程模型(DEM)分析表明康西瓦断裂西端终止于塔什库尔干谷地东部的瓦恰河谷内,东端与著名的阿尔金断裂带相连。如果以喀拉喀什河和玉龙喀什河为参照系,康西瓦断裂晚新生代以来的左旋走滑累积位移量可达80～85km,根据断裂带8～12mm/a的长期走滑速率,推测康西瓦断裂带新生代以来的左旋走滑运动开始于约10Ma。结合我们获得的断裂带两侧岩浆岩的年龄,表明康西瓦断裂带左旋走滑运动的开始时代为晚中新世,现今康西瓦地区的构造地貌格局很可能是中新世晚期以来强烈的左旋走滑运动形成的。
The Kangxiwar (Karakax) Fault Zone, extending over 700kms on the northwestern margin of the Tibetan Plateau,is a boundary fault that separated Tianshuihai terrane and West Kunlun terrane. Previous studies show that the Kangxiwar Fault Zone is a fault with an active history from Late Cenozoic. In this paper we reported our systematical investigation of fault scarp, shutter ridge, pull-apart basin and pressure ridge, eccentric alluvial and diluvial fan, systematic offset streams and surface rupture Zone produced by neotectonic movements along the Kangxiwar Fault Zone. These neotectono-geomorphic features demonstrate left-lateral strike-slip movements with normal slip component of this fault occurred since Late Cenozoic. We estimate that the Kangxiwar Fault probably began left-lateral faulting at ca. 10Ma based on a total minimum displacement of 80 ～85km, and assuming a constant long-term slip rate of ca. 10mm/a in the past several millions years. Previous isotopic age of magmatic activity along this fault indicated an extensive movement initiated at 8 ～ 10Ma, and there is close relationship between the formation of tectono-geomorphic pattern and the left-lateral movement of the Kangxiwar Fault Zone since Late Miocene. In addition, according to Digital Elevation Model(DEM) of the Northern Tibetan Plateau, we suggest that the Kangxiwar Fault Zone terminated at Wuqa Valley near Tashkorgan Basin in the west end and connected to the Altyn Tagh Fault Zone in the east end.
The Kangxiwar (Karakax) Fault Zone, extending over 700kms on the northwestern margin of the Tibetan Plateau,is a boundary fault that separated Tianshuihai terrane and West Kunlun terrane. Previous studies show that the Kangxiwar Fault Zone is a fault with an active history from Late Cenozoic. In this paper we reported our systematical investigation of fault scarp, shutter ridge, pull-apart basin and pressure ridge, eccentric alluvial and diluvial fan, systematic offset streams and surface rupture Zone produced by neotectonic movements along the Kangxiwar Fault Zone. These neotectono-geomorphic features demonstrate left-lateral strike-slip movements with normal slip component of this fault occurred since Late Cenozoic. We estimate that the Kangxiwar Fault probably began left-lateral faulting at ca. 10Ma based on a total minimum displacement of 80 ～85km, and assuming a constant long-term slip rate of ca. 10mm/a in the past several millions years. Previous isotopic age of magmatic activity along this fault indicated an extensive movement initiated at 8 ～ 10Ma, and there is close relationship between the formation of tectono-geomorphic pattern and the left-lateral movement of the Kangxiwar Fault Zone since Late Miocene. In addition, according to Digital Elevation Model(DEM) of the Northern Tibetan Plateau, we suggest that the Kangxiwar Fault Zone terminated at Wuqa Valley near Tashkorgan Basin in the west end and connected to the Altyn Tagh Fault Zone in the east end.
引文
1 Yin An,Rumelhart P E,Butler R et al.Tectonic history of the Altyn Tagh fault system in Northern Tibet inferred from Cenozoic sedimentation.Geological Society of America Bulletin,2002,114:1257-1295
2 Lin Aiming,Kano Ken-ichi,Guo Jianming et al.Late Quaternary activity and dextral strike-slip movement on the Karakax Fault Zone,north West Tibet.Tectonophysics,2008,453:44-62
3 Peltzer G,Tapponnier P,Armijo R.Magnitude of Late Quaternary left-lateral displacement along the north edge of Tibet.Science,1989,246:1285-1289
4 Wright T J,Parsons B,England P C et al.InSAR observations of low slip rates on the major faults of Western Tibet.Science,2004,305:236-239
5 张志德,李嵩龄,杨德朴.康西瓦断裂的地质特征及形成和发展.新疆地质,1987,5(3) :50-57
Zhang Zhide,Li Songling,Yang Depu.The geologic characteristics of Kangxiwar fault and its formation and development.Xinjiang Geology,1987,5(3) :50-57
6 李向东,王元龙,黄智龙.康西瓦走滑构造带及其大地构造意义.新疆地质,1996,14(3) :204-212 Li Xiangdong,Wang Yuanlong,Huang Zhilong.Kangxiwar Shove Tectonic Belt(KSTB)and its significance.Xinjiang Geology,1996, 14(3) :204-212
7 付碧宏,张松林,谢小平等.阿尔金断裂系西段--康西瓦断裂的晚第四纪构造地貌特征研究.第四纪地质,2006,26(2) :228-235 Fu Bihong,Zhang Songlin,Xie Xiaoping et al.Late Quaternary tectono-geomorphic features along the Kangxiwar fault,Altyn Tagh fault system,Northern Tibet.Quaternary Sciences,2006,26(2) :228-235
8 王元龙,李向东,黄智龙.新疆西昆仑康西瓦构造带地质特征及演化.地质地球化学,1996,(2) :48-54 Wang Yuanlong,Li Xiangdong,Huang Zhilong.The geologic characteristics of Kangxiwar fault,West Kunlun Mountain,Xinjiang Province.Geology-Geochemistry,1996,(2) :48-54
9 许志琴,戚学祥,刘福来等.西昆仑康西瓦加里东期孔兹岩系及地质意义.地质学报,2004,78(6) :733-743 Xu Zhiqin,Qi Xuexiang,Liu Fulai et al.The Kangxiwar Caledonian khondalite series in West Kunlun,China,and its geological significance.Acta Geologica Sinica,2004,78(6) :733-743
10 许志琴,戚学祥,杨经绥等.西昆仑康西瓦韧性走滑剪切带的两类剪切指向、形成时限及其构造意义.地质通报,2007,26(10) :1252-1261 Xu Zhiqin,Qi Xuexiang,Yang Jingsui et al.Senses and timings of two kinds of shear in the Kangxiwar strike-slip shear zone,West Kunlun,and their tectonic significance.Geological Bulletin of China,2007,26(10) :1252-1261
11 李海兵,杨经绥,许志琴等.阿尔金断裂带对青藏高原北部生长、隆升的制约.地学前缘,2006,13(4) :59-79 Li Haibing,Yang Jingsui,Xu Zhiqin et al.The constraint of the Altyn Tagh fault system to the growth and rise of the Northern Tibetan Plateau.Earth Science Frontiers,2006,13(4) :59-79
12 李海兵,许志琴,杨经绥等.阿尔金断裂带最大累积走滑位移--900 km?地质通报,2007,26(10) :1288-1298 Li Haibing,Xu Zhiqin,Yang Jingsui et al.The maximum cumulative strike-slip displacement of the Altyn Tagh fault--900km?Geological Bulletin of China,2007,26(10) :1288-1298
13 李海兵,Woerd Van der J,孙知明等.阿尔金断裂带康西瓦段晚第四纪以来的左旋滑移速率及其大地震复发周期的探讨.第四纪研究,2008,28(2) :197-213 Li Haibing,Woerd Van der J,Sun Zhiming et al.Late Quarternary left-slip rate and large earthquake recurrence time along the Kangxiwar(or Karakax)segment of the Altyn Tagh fault zone,Northern Tibet.Quaternary Sciences,2008 ,28(2) :197-213
14 刘强,杨坤光,张传林等.西昆仑康西瓦断裂显微构造特征及其地质意义.矿物岩石,2003,23(3) :26-30 Liu Qiang,Yang Kunguang,Zhang Chuanlin et al.The microstructure feature and its geological significiance of Kangxiwar fracture zone,West Kunlun.Journal of Mineralogy and Petrology,2003,23(3) :26-30
15 Gaudemer Y,Tapponnier P,Turcotte D L.River offsets across active strike-slip faults.Annales Tectonicae,1989,3:55-76
16 刘嘉麒,买买提·依明.西昆仑山第四纪火山的分布与K-Ar年龄中国科学(B辑),1990,(2) :180-187 Liu Jiaqi,Maimai T Yiming.Distribution and K-Ar age of Quaternary volcano in the West Kunlun Mountains.Science in China(Series B),1990,(2) :180-187
17 万渝生,罗照华,李莉.3． 8Ma:青藏高原年轻碱性玄武岩锆石离子探针U-Pb年龄测定.地球化学,2004,33(5) :442-446 Wan Yusheng,Luo Zhaohua,Li Li.3． 8Ma:SHRIMP U-Pb zircon dating of the younger alkali basalt in the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau.Geochimica,2004,33(5) :442-446
18 Molnar P,Tapponnier P.Active tectonics of Tibet.Journal of Geophysical Research,1978 ,83:5361-5376
19 Fu Bihong,Awata Y.Displacement and timing of left-lateral faulting in the Kunlun Fault Zone,Northern T ibet,inferred geologic and geomorphic features.Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,2007,29:253-265
20 Robinson A C,Yin An,Manning C E et al.Cenozoic evolution of the Eastern Pamir:Implications for strain-accommodation mechanisms at the western end of the Himalayan-Tibetan orogen.Geological Society of America Bulletin,2007 ,119(7-8) :882-896
21 鲁如魁,张国伟,钟华明等.从郭扎错断裂构造特征探讨阿尔金断裂带西延问题.中国地质,2007 ,34(2) :229-239 Lu Rukui,Zhang Guowei,Zhong Huaming et al.Problem of westward extension of the Altyn Tagh fault belt discussed from the structural characteristics of the Gozha Co fault.Geology in China,2007,34(2) :229-239
22 刘刚,李述靖,赵福岳等.阿尔金-康西瓦剪切-推覆系统和帕米尔推覆构造的遥感解析.地球学报,2006,27(1) :31-34 Liu Gang,Li Shujing,Zhao Fuyue et al.A remote sensing analysis of Altun-Kangxiwa shear-thrust system and Pamir Nappestructure.Acta Geoscientica Sinica,2006 ,27(1) :31-34
23 杨万志,张维洲,屈迅.西昆仑山东段库牙克断裂与康西瓦断裂、阿尔金断裂关系的地球化学证据.地质通报,2005,24(4) :317-320 Yang Wanzhi,Zhang Weizhou,Qu Xun.Geochemical evidence of the relation between the Kuyake fault of east part of West Kunlun Mountains and the Kangxiwar and Altyn Tagh faults.Geological Bulletin of China,2005,24(4) :317-320
24 Wang Erchie.Displacement and timing along the northern strand of the Altyn Tagh fault zone,Northern Tibet.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,1997 ,150:55-64
25 Cowgill E.Impact of riser reconstructions on estimation of secular variation in rates of strike slip faulting:Revisiting the Cherchen River site along the Altyn Tagh Fault,NW China.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2007,254(3-4) :239-255
26 Woerd Van der J,Topponnier P,Ryerson F J et al.Uniform postglacial slip-rate along the central 600km of the Kunlun fault(Tibet),from ~(26) Al,~(10) Be,and ~(14) C dating of riser offsets,and climatic origin of the regional morphology.Geophysical Journal International,2002,148:356-388
27 Fu Bihong,Awata Y,Du Jianguo et al.Late Quaternary systematic stream offsets caused by repeated large seismic events along the Kunlun Fault,Northern Tibet.Geornorphology,2005,71:278-292
28 Clark D H,Gillespie A R,Keck W M et al.Glacial asynchrony in the Kunlun Shan,North Western T ibet.Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs,2001 ,32(7) :A-441
29 Bendick R,Bilham R,Freymueller J et al.Geodetic evidence for a low slip rate in the Altyn Tagh fault system.Nature,2000,404:69-72
30 Zhang Peizhen,Molnar P,Xu Xiwei.Late Quaternary and presentday rates of slip along the Altyn Tagh Fault,northern margin of the Tibetan Plateau.Tectonics,2007,26:TC5010,doi:10． 1029/2006TC002014
31黎敦朋.青藏高原西北缘上新世-早更新世构造变形与高原隆升.北京:中国地质科学院博士学位论文,2008． 1-199 Li Dunpeng.Tectonic Deformation on North Western Margin of Tibetan Plateau during Pliocene-Pleistocene and Uplift of the Tibetan Plateau.Beijing:Ph.D Thesis,Institute of Geomechanics,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,2008． 1-199
32 Yue Yongjun,Liou J G.Two-stage evolution model for the Altyn Tagh fault.China.Geolo,gw.1999,27:227-230
33 陈正乐,万景林,王小凤等.阿尔金断裂带8Ma左右的快速走滑及其地质意义.地球学报,2002 ,23(4) :295-300 Chen Zhengle,Wan Jinglin,Wang Xiaofeng et al.Rapid strike-slip of the Altyn Tagh Fault at 8Ma and its geological implications.Acta Geoscientia Sinica,2002 ,23(4) :295-300
34 Ding G,Chen J,Tian Q et al.Active faults and magnitudes of leftlateral displacement along the northern margin of the Tibetan Plateau.Tectonophysics,2004 ,380:243-260
35 Sun JM,Zhu R X,An Z S.Tectonic uplift in the Northern Tibetan Plateau since 13． 7 Ma ago inferred from molasse deposits along the Altyn Tagh Fault.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2005 ,235:641-653
36 赵越,黎敦朋,刘 健等.构造地貌--认识高原历史的钥匙.地质通报,2008,28(12) :1961-1967 Zhao Yue,Li Dunpeng,Liu Jian et al.Tectonic geomorphology:A key to understanding of the history of the plateau.Geological Bulletiu of China,2008,28(12) :1961-1967
2 Lin Aiming,Kano Ken-ichi,Guo Jianming et al.Late Quaternary activity and dextral strike-slip movement on the Karakax Fault Zone,north West Tibet.Tectonophysics,2008,453:44-62
3 Peltzer G,Tapponnier P,Armijo R.Magnitude of Late Quaternary left-lateral displacement along the north edge of Tibet.Science,1989,246:1285-1289
4 Wright T J,Parsons B,England P C et al.InSAR observations of low slip rates on the major faults of Western Tibet.Science,2004,305:236-239
5 张志德,李嵩龄,杨德朴.康西瓦断裂的地质特征及形成和发展.新疆地质,1987,5(3) :50-57
Zhang Zhide,Li Songling,Yang Depu.The geologic characteristics of Kangxiwar fault and its formation and development.Xinjiang Geology,1987,5(3) :50-57
6 李向东,王元龙,黄智龙.康西瓦走滑构造带及其大地构造意义.新疆地质,1996,14(3) :204-212 Li Xiangdong,Wang Yuanlong,Huang Zhilong.Kangxiwar Shove Tectonic Belt(KSTB)and its significance.Xinjiang Geology,1996, 14(3) :204-212
7 付碧宏,张松林,谢小平等.阿尔金断裂系西段--康西瓦断裂的晚第四纪构造地貌特征研究.第四纪地质,2006,26(2) :228-235 Fu Bihong,Zhang Songlin,Xie Xiaoping et al.Late Quaternary tectono-geomorphic features along the Kangxiwar fault,Altyn Tagh fault system,Northern Tibet.Quaternary Sciences,2006,26(2) :228-235
8 王元龙,李向东,黄智龙.新疆西昆仑康西瓦构造带地质特征及演化.地质地球化学,1996,(2) :48-54 Wang Yuanlong,Li Xiangdong,Huang Zhilong.The geologic characteristics of Kangxiwar fault,West Kunlun Mountain,Xinjiang Province.Geology-Geochemistry,1996,(2) :48-54
9 许志琴,戚学祥,刘福来等.西昆仑康西瓦加里东期孔兹岩系及地质意义.地质学报,2004,78(6) :733-743 Xu Zhiqin,Qi Xuexiang,Liu Fulai et al.The Kangxiwar Caledonian khondalite series in West Kunlun,China,and its geological significance.Acta Geologica Sinica,2004,78(6) :733-743
10 许志琴,戚学祥,杨经绥等.西昆仑康西瓦韧性走滑剪切带的两类剪切指向、形成时限及其构造意义.地质通报,2007,26(10) :1252-1261 Xu Zhiqin,Qi Xuexiang,Yang Jingsui et al.Senses and timings of two kinds of shear in the Kangxiwar strike-slip shear zone,West Kunlun,and their tectonic significance.Geological Bulletin of China,2007,26(10) :1252-1261
11 李海兵,杨经绥,许志琴等.阿尔金断裂带对青藏高原北部生长、隆升的制约.地学前缘,2006,13(4) :59-79 Li Haibing,Yang Jingsui,Xu Zhiqin et al.The constraint of the Altyn Tagh fault system to the growth and rise of the Northern Tibetan Plateau.Earth Science Frontiers,2006,13(4) :59-79
12 李海兵,许志琴,杨经绥等.阿尔金断裂带最大累积走滑位移--900 km?地质通报,2007,26(10) :1288-1298 Li Haibing,Xu Zhiqin,Yang Jingsui et al.The maximum cumulative strike-slip displacement of the Altyn Tagh fault--900km?Geological Bulletin of China,2007,26(10) :1288-1298
13 李海兵,Woerd Van der J,孙知明等.阿尔金断裂带康西瓦段晚第四纪以来的左旋滑移速率及其大地震复发周期的探讨.第四纪研究,2008,28(2) :197-213 Li Haibing,Woerd Van der J,Sun Zhiming et al.Late Quarternary left-slip rate and large earthquake recurrence time along the Kangxiwar(or Karakax)segment of the Altyn Tagh fault zone,Northern Tibet.Quaternary Sciences,2008 ,28(2) :197-213
14 刘强,杨坤光,张传林等.西昆仑康西瓦断裂显微构造特征及其地质意义.矿物岩石,2003,23(3) :26-30 Liu Qiang,Yang Kunguang,Zhang Chuanlin et al.The microstructure feature and its geological significiance of Kangxiwar fracture zone,West Kunlun.Journal of Mineralogy and Petrology,2003,23(3) :26-30
15 Gaudemer Y,Tapponnier P,Turcotte D L.River offsets across active strike-slip faults.Annales Tectonicae,1989,3:55-76
16 刘嘉麒,买买提·依明.西昆仑山第四纪火山的分布与K-Ar年龄中国科学(B辑),1990,(2) :180-187 Liu Jiaqi,Maimai T Yiming.Distribution and K-Ar age of Quaternary volcano in the West Kunlun Mountains.Science in China(Series B),1990,(2) :180-187
17 万渝生,罗照华,李莉.3． 8Ma:青藏高原年轻碱性玄武岩锆石离子探针U-Pb年龄测定.地球化学,2004,33(5) :442-446 Wan Yusheng,Luo Zhaohua,Li Li.3． 8Ma:SHRIMP U-Pb zircon dating of the younger alkali basalt in the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau.Geochimica,2004,33(5) :442-446
18 Molnar P,Tapponnier P.Active tectonics of Tibet.Journal of Geophysical Research,1978 ,83:5361-5376
19 Fu Bihong,Awata Y.Displacement and timing of left-lateral faulting in the Kunlun Fault Zone,Northern T ibet,inferred geologic and geomorphic features.Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,2007,29:253-265
20 Robinson A C,Yin An,Manning C E et al.Cenozoic evolution of the Eastern Pamir:Implications for strain-accommodation mechanisms at the western end of the Himalayan-Tibetan orogen.Geological Society of America Bulletin,2007 ,119(7-8) :882-896
21 鲁如魁,张国伟,钟华明等.从郭扎错断裂构造特征探讨阿尔金断裂带西延问题.中国地质,2007 ,34(2) :229-239 Lu Rukui,Zhang Guowei,Zhong Huaming et al.Problem of westward extension of the Altyn Tagh fault belt discussed from the structural characteristics of the Gozha Co fault.Geology in China,2007,34(2) :229-239
22 刘刚,李述靖,赵福岳等.阿尔金-康西瓦剪切-推覆系统和帕米尔推覆构造的遥感解析.地球学报,2006,27(1) :31-34 Liu Gang,Li Shujing,Zhao Fuyue et al.A remote sensing analysis of Altun-Kangxiwa shear-thrust system and Pamir Nappestructure.Acta Geoscientica Sinica,2006 ,27(1) :31-34
23 杨万志,张维洲,屈迅.西昆仑山东段库牙克断裂与康西瓦断裂、阿尔金断裂关系的地球化学证据.地质通报,2005,24(4) :317-320 Yang Wanzhi,Zhang Weizhou,Qu Xun.Geochemical evidence of the relation between the Kuyake fault of east part of West Kunlun Mountains and the Kangxiwar and Altyn Tagh faults.Geological Bulletin of China,2005,24(4) :317-320
24 Wang Erchie.Displacement and timing along the northern strand of the Altyn Tagh fault zone,Northern Tibet.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,1997 ,150:55-64
25 Cowgill E.Impact of riser reconstructions on estimation of secular variation in rates of strike slip faulting:Revisiting the Cherchen River site along the Altyn Tagh Fault,NW China.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2007,254(3-4) :239-255
26 Woerd Van der J,Topponnier P,Ryerson F J et al.Uniform postglacial slip-rate along the central 600km of the Kunlun fault(Tibet),from ~(26) Al,~(10) Be,and ~(14) C dating of riser offsets,and climatic origin of the regional morphology.Geophysical Journal International,2002,148:356-388
27 Fu Bihong,Awata Y,Du Jianguo et al.Late Quaternary systematic stream offsets caused by repeated large seismic events along the Kunlun Fault,Northern Tibet.Geornorphology,2005,71:278-292
28 Clark D H,Gillespie A R,Keck W M et al.Glacial asynchrony in the Kunlun Shan,North Western T ibet.Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs,2001 ,32(7) :A-441
29 Bendick R,Bilham R,Freymueller J et al.Geodetic evidence for a low slip rate in the Altyn Tagh fault system.Nature,2000,404:69-72
30 Zhang Peizhen,Molnar P,Xu Xiwei.Late Quaternary and presentday rates of slip along the Altyn Tagh Fault,northern margin of the Tibetan Plateau.Tectonics,2007,26:TC5010,doi:10． 1029/2006TC002014
31黎敦朋.青藏高原西北缘上新世-早更新世构造变形与高原隆升.北京:中国地质科学院博士学位论文,2008． 1-199 Li Dunpeng.Tectonic Deformation on North Western Margin of Tibetan Plateau during Pliocene-Pleistocene and Uplift of the Tibetan Plateau.Beijing:Ph.D Thesis,Institute of Geomechanics,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,2008． 1-199
32 Yue Yongjun,Liou J G.Two-stage evolution model for the Altyn Tagh fault.China.Geolo,gw.1999,27:227-230
33 陈正乐,万景林,王小凤等.阿尔金断裂带8Ma左右的快速走滑及其地质意义.地球学报,2002 ,23(4) :295-300 Chen Zhengle,Wan Jinglin,Wang Xiaofeng et al.Rapid strike-slip of the Altyn Tagh Fault at 8Ma and its geological implications.Acta Geoscientia Sinica,2002 ,23(4) :295-300
34 Ding G,Chen J,Tian Q et al.Active faults and magnitudes of leftlateral displacement along the northern margin of the Tibetan Plateau.Tectonophysics,2004 ,380:243-260
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