东亚与全球地震分布分析
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摘要
现代地震学是一门年轻的学科,但人类对地震现象的观察、记录和思索已有数千年历史。特别是在中国,很早就有灾害性地震的详细历史记载。最近40多年,我国、东亚及世界其他大陆地区的多次大地震的发生,推动了地震构造研究的发展,加深了对地震分布规律性及其地球动力环境的认识。从地质背景和发生机制看,全球地震构造可分为三大类:第一是太平洋海底地壳与陆缘地壳浅、中、深俯冲构成的地震带;第二是南半球离散地壳块体对北半球大地块边缘碰撞浅俯冲带;第三是全球三大洋脊张裂转换构造带。地球北半部内陆的中纬度地带有4个多震密布区,它们都处于N25°～55°的纬向大陆带内,与大陆会聚所造成的陆内变形有关。4个多震密布区的东半部则是相对少震区,显示出相对稳定的地壳结构。全球表壳GPS矢量场和北南两个极区各有不同,北半球欧亚大陆是向北呈弓字形运动;南半球是南美、非洲、阿拉伯、印度、澳大利亚等5块离散的大陆块,除南美大陆,其他4块大陆都是向NE和NNE方向运动。这4块大陆都是依次运动加速,澳大利亚陆块运动最快,向NNE方向约10 cm/a;同时从南太平洋南部沿NWW方向左型转换断层的运动也是高速的,这两个方向运动的交叉相碰,现已处在全球最为强烈的地震活动区域。北冰洋内群岛GPS站点向阿留申岛弧推进;南极冰陆的9个GPS站点则呈现旋扭状彼此相差约90°,可能表明北/南半球彼此有明显的1/4左右表壳的扭动。从卫星重力数据推测的地球的形状、全球热流的和地内热散失量的分布、地球磁场的西漂以及大地震引起的地球振荡特征等证据推测,地球的内部结构具有一定程度的非对称性和非均匀性,它们对全球板块运动、板块变形以及大地震的空间分布可能有一定的控制作用。
Although seismology is a young science with respect to other disciplines such as physics and chemistry,human activities of observing,recording and speculating on earthquakes have already had a long history for thousands of years.In particular,destructive quakes were recorded in detail as early as 780 B.C.In last 40 years,many major and great quakes hit continental areas of China,East Asia and the rest of the world successively,which have promoted the research of seismotectonics and the understanding of rules of earthquake distribution and its dynamic settings.From geological backgrounds and mechanisms,global seismotectonics can be classified into three types.The first is seismic belts with shallow,intermediate and deep focal events associated with subduction of oceanic plates,such as in the circum-Pacific.The second is along continental collision zones where shallow quakes are dominant,for example,the Himalayas.And the third is the mid-ocean ridges and transform faults in oceans.In the North Hemisphere,there are four land regions of middle latitudes(25°55°N) with dense quake distributions,which are related with continental convergence,while the crust on their east side seems to be stable with low seismicity.GPS measurements in recent years show that the Eurasia continent is moving eastwards forming a trace convex to north.In the South Hemisphere,except the South America,all other continents,i.e.Africa,Arabia,India and Australia move toward NE or NNE.Among them,Australia moves at a rate as large as 10 cm/a.Meanwhile the southern Pacific moves along a left-slip transform fault at a high speed,converging with the Australia plate around Indonesia where seismicity is extremely high.In the Arctic Ocean,GPS sites move to the Aleutian Islands,while in the Antarctic ice land motions of 9 GPS sites exhibit a rotation style with difference about 90°,probably implying a shear between the North and South Hemisphere.From a series of evidence,such as the earth's shape derived from satellite gravity,distribution of global heat flow and heat loss from the interiors of the earth,westward drift of the geomagnetic field,and oscillation of the whole earth caused by great quakes,it is inferred that the inner structure of the earth is asymmetric and heterogeneous to some extent.Such a characteristic might govern the global plate motion,plate deformation and distribution of great earthquakes.
Although seismology is a young science with respect to other disciplines such as physics and chemistry,human activities of observing,recording and speculating on earthquakes have already had a long history for thousands of years.In particular,destructive quakes were recorded in detail as early as 780 B.C.In last 40 years,many major and great quakes hit continental areas of China,East Asia and the rest of the world successively,which have promoted the research of seismotectonics and the understanding of rules of earthquake distribution and its dynamic settings.From geological backgrounds and mechanisms,global seismotectonics can be classified into three types.The first is seismic belts with shallow,intermediate and deep focal events associated with subduction of oceanic plates,such as in the circum-Pacific.The second is along continental collision zones where shallow quakes are dominant,for example,the Himalayas.And the third is the mid-ocean ridges and transform faults in oceans.In the North Hemisphere,there are four land regions of middle latitudes(25°55°N) with dense quake distributions,which are related with continental convergence,while the crust on their east side seems to be stable with low seismicity.GPS measurements in recent years show that the Eurasia continent is moving eastwards forming a trace convex to north.In the South Hemisphere,except the South America,all other continents,i.e.Africa,Arabia,India and Australia move toward NE or NNE.Among them,Australia moves at a rate as large as 10 cm/a.Meanwhile the southern Pacific moves along a left-slip transform fault at a high speed,converging with the Australia plate around Indonesia where seismicity is extremely high.In the Arctic Ocean,GPS sites move to the Aleutian Islands,while in the Antarctic ice land motions of 9 GPS sites exhibit a rotation style with difference about 90°,probably implying a shear between the North and South Hemisphere.From a series of evidence,such as the earth's shape derived from satellite gravity,distribution of global heat flow and heat loss from the interiors of the earth,westward drift of the geomagnetic field,and oscillation of the whole earth caused by great quakes,it is inferred that the inner structure of the earth is asymmetric and heterogeneous to some extent.Such a characteristic might govern the global plate motion,plate deformation and distribution of great earthquakes.
引文
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[12]Lemoine F G,Pavlis N K,Kenyou S C,et al.Newhigh-res-olution model developed for Earth s gravitational field[J].EOS,Trans Am Geophys Un,1998,136:113-118.
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[21]An Z C,Wang Y H.Global variations of the non-dipole mag-netic field during 1900-2000[J].Chinese Journal of Geophys-ics,1999,42:169-177(in Chinese).
[22]Xu W Y,Wei Z G,Ma S Z.Dramatic variations in theEarth s main magnetic field during the 20th century[J].Chi-nese Science Bulletin,2000,45(14):1563-1566(in Chi-nese).
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[25]Fedotov S A.The seismic cycle,quantitative seismic zoning,and long-termseismic forecasting[M]∥Medvedev S V.Seis-mic Zoning in the USSR.Izdatel stvo Nauka,1968:133-166.
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[27]Ma ZJ.On global tectonic systems[J].Earth Science:Bulle-tin of Wuhan Institute of Geology,1982,3:23-38(in Chi-nese).
[28]Ma Z J,Jiang M.Periods and episodes of major earthquakesin China[J].Earthquake Researchin China,1987,3(1):47-51(in Chinese).
[29]Ma Z J,Gao X L,Ren J W.Characters of present-day globaltectonics and dynamic interpretation[J].Quaternary Re-search,1992(4):293-305(in Chinese).
[30]Ma Z J,Zhang J S,Wang Y P.Ti me period division of 3Ddeformation kinematic and neotectonic zonationinthe TibetanPlateau[J].Acta Geologica Sinica,1998,72(3):211-227(inChinese).
[31]Ma Z J,Du P R,Ren J W,et al.Aglobal shear zone at lowlatitudes and episodal great earthquakes in the circum-Pacificbelt[J].Science in China:Series D,2006,36:326-331(inChinese).
[32]Tani moto T.Long-wave length S-wave velocity structurethroughout the mantle[J].Geophys J Int,1990,100:327-336.
[33]Su WJ,Woodward R L,Dziewonski A M.Degree 12 modelof shear velocity heterogeneity in the mantle[J].J GeophysRes,1994,99:6945-6980.
[34]Grand S P,Van der Hilst R D,Widiyantoro S.Global seis-mic tomography:Asnapshot of convectioninthe Earth[J].JGeophys Res,1996,101:20053-20082.
[35]Vasco D W,Johnson L R.Whole Earth structure esti matedfromseismic arrival ti mes[J].J Geophys Res,1998,103:2633-2671.
[36]Van der Hilst R D,Widiyantoro S,Creager K C,et al.Deepsubduction and aspherical variations in P-wave speed at thebase of the Earth s mantle[J].Geodynamics,1998,28:5-20.
[37]Zheng Y,Fu R S,Li Z N,et al.Asymmetric structure de-rived fromseismic tomography[J].Geodesy and Geodynam-ics,2002,22(1):87-91(in Chinese).
[2]刘德麟.中国通史[M].北京:科学出版社,2000.
[3]汪素云,吴戈,时振梁.中国近代地震目录(1912—1990)[M].北京:中国科学技术出版社,1999.
[4]国家地震局震害防御司.中国历史强震目录(公元前23世纪—公元1911年)[M].北京:地震出版社,1995.
[5]马宗晋,杜品仁.地球的非对称性[M].合肥:安徽教育出版社,2007:1-443.
[7]黄立人.地壳运动的参考框架[J].大地测量与地球动力学,2002,22(3):102-108.
[8]金双根,朱文耀.全球地壳运动的背景场及其研究进展[J].地球科学进展,2002,17(5):782-786.
[9]马宗晋,张进,任金卫,等.全球GPS矢量场的分区描述及规律性分析[J].地质学报,2006,80(8):1089-1100.
[10]曾融生.固体地球物理学导论[M].北京:科学出版社,1984.
[13]孙付平,赵铭,宁津生,等.用空间大地测量数据检测地球的非对称性全球构造变化[J].科学通报,1999,43(11):1191-1194.
[14]金双根,朱文耀.全球构造非对称性的定量分析[J].天文学报,2003,44(2):180-188.
[15]金双根,朱文耀.北半球压缩的空间大地测量技术检测[J].地震学报,2003,25(3):89-95.
[16]金双根,朱文耀.南半球减速膨胀的定量分析[J].地球物理学报,2003,46(6):760-766.
[20]汪洋,汪集?,马宗晋.地球内部热散失量分布的非对称性[J].科学通报,1998,43(11):1191-1194.
[21]安振昌,王月华.1900—2000年非偶极子磁场的全球变化[J].地球物理学报,1999,42:169-177.
[22]徐文耀,魏自刚,马石庄.20世纪地磁场的剧烈变化[J].科学通报,2000,45(14):1563-1566.
[23]徐文耀,魏自刚.核幔界面反极性磁斑区和地磁场倒转[J].中国科学:D辑,2001,31:617-625.
[27]马宗晋.论全球构造系统[J].地球科学:武汉地质学院院报,1982,3:23-38.
[28]马宗晋,蒋铭.中国的强震期和强震幕[J].中国地震,1987,3(1):47-51.
[29]马宗晋,高祥林,任金卫.现今全球构造特征及其动力学解释[J].第四纪研究,1992(4):293-305.
[30]马宗晋,张家声,汪一鹏.青藏高原三维变形运动学的时段划分和新构造分区[J].地质学报,1998,72(3):211-227.
[31]马宗晋,杜品仁,任金卫,等.低纬度环球剪切带及其与环太平洋带大地震的幕式活动[J].中国科学:D辑,2006,36:326-331.
[37]郑勇,傅容珊,李祖宁,等.利用地震层析成像研究地幔非对称结构[J].大地测量与地球动力学,2002,22(1):87-91.
[2]Liu D L.General History of China[M].Beijing:SciencePress,2000(in Chinese).
[3]Wang S Y,Wu G,Shi Z L.Catalogue of Recent Earthquakesin China(1912-1990)[M].Beijing:China Science and Tech-nology Press,1999(in Chinese).
[4]Division of Seismic Hazard Prevention,State SeismologicalBureau.Catalogue of Historical Major Earthquakes in China(2300 B.C.-1911 A.D.)[M].Beijing:Seismological Press,1995(in Chinese).
[5]Ma Z J,Du P R.Asymmetry of the Earth[M].Hefei:An-hui Education Press,2007:1-443(in Chinese).
[6]Mckenzie D P.Plate tectonics of the Mediterranean region[J].Nature,1970,226:239-243.
[7]Huang L R.Reference frame of crustal movement[J].Jour-nal of Geodesy and Geodynamics,2002,22(3):102-108(inChinese).
[8]Jin S G,Zhu W Y.The background field of global crustalmotions andits studying progress[J].Advancesin Earth Sci-ence,2002,17(5):782-786(in Chinese).
[9]Ma Z J,Zhang J,Ren J W,et al.Sub-regional descriptionsof global GPS vector field andits geodynamic significance[J].Acta Geologica Sinica,2006,80(8):1089-1100(in Chinese).
[10]Zeng R S.Introduction to Solid Earth Geophysics[M].Bei-jing:Science Press,1984(in Chinese).
[11]Pavlis N K.EGM96:The NASA GSFC and NI-MA JointGeopotential Model[EB/OL].http:∥cd-dis.gsfc.nasa.gov/926/egm926/emg96.ht ml.(1998-07-14)[2010-06-08].
[12]Lemoine F G,Pavlis N K,Kenyou S C,et al.Newhigh-res-olution model developed for Earth s gravitational field[J].EOS,Trans Am Geophys Un,1998,136:113-118.
[13]Sun F P,Zhao M,Ning J S,et al.Test to asymmetry ofglobal tectonics using space geodetic data[J].Chinese ScienceBulletin,1999,43(11):1191-1194(in Chinese).
[14]Jin S G,Zhu W Y.Quantitative analysis on asymmetry ofglobal tectonics[J].Journal of Astronomy,2003,44(2):180-188(in Chinese).
[15]Jin S G,Zhu W Y.Test to compression of the North Hemi-sphere by space geodesy[J].Acta Seismologica Sinica,2003,25(3):89-95(in Chinese).
[16]Jin S G,Zhu W Y.Quantitative analysis of deceleration anddelation of the South Hemisphere[J].Chinese Journal of Ge-ophysics,2003,46(6):760-766(in Chinese).
[17]Sclater J G,Jaupart,Galson D.The heat flowthrough oce-anic and continental crust and the heat loss of the Earth[J].Rev Geophys,1980,18:269-311.
[18]Malamud B,Turcotte D.How many plumes are there[J]?Earth Planet Sci Lett,1999,174:113-124.
[19]Pollack H N,Hunter S J,Johnson T R.Heat flowfromtheEarth s interior:Analysis of the global data set[J].Rev ofGeophys,1993,31:267-280.
[20]Wang Y,Wang J Y,Ma Z J.Asymmetry of heat loss fromEarth s interiors[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,1998,43(11):1191-1194(in Chinese).
[21]An Z C,Wang Y H.Global variations of the non-dipole mag-netic field during 1900-2000[J].Chinese Journal of Geophys-ics,1999,42:169-177(in Chinese).
[22]Xu W Y,Wei Z G,Ma S Z.Dramatic variations in theEarth s main magnetic field during the 20th century[J].Chi-nese Science Bulletin,2000,45(14):1563-1566(in Chi-nese).
[23]Xu W Y,Wei Z G.Reverse polarity magnetic spots on thecore-mantle interface and inversion of the geomagnetic field[J].Science in China:Series D,2001,31:617-625(in Chi-nese).
[24]Fedotov S A.On distribution patterns for strong earthquakesin Kamchatka,the Kurile Islands and northeastern Japan[J].Trudy Inst Fir Zemli Akad,Nauk SSSR,1965,36:66-93.
[25]Fedotov S A.The seismic cycle,quantitative seismic zoning,and long-termseismic forecasting[M]∥Medvedev S V.Seis-mic Zoning in the USSR.Izdatel stvo Nauka,1968:133-166.
[26]Mogi K.Active periods in the world s chief seismic belts[J].Tectonophysics,1974,22:265-282.
[27]Ma ZJ.On global tectonic systems[J].Earth Science:Bulle-tin of Wuhan Institute of Geology,1982,3:23-38(in Chi-nese).
[28]Ma Z J,Jiang M.Periods and episodes of major earthquakesin China[J].Earthquake Researchin China,1987,3(1):47-51(in Chinese).
[29]Ma Z J,Gao X L,Ren J W.Characters of present-day globaltectonics and dynamic interpretation[J].Quaternary Re-search,1992(4):293-305(in Chinese).
[30]Ma Z J,Zhang J S,Wang Y P.Ti me period division of 3Ddeformation kinematic and neotectonic zonationinthe TibetanPlateau[J].Acta Geologica Sinica,1998,72(3):211-227(inChinese).
[31]Ma Z J,Du P R,Ren J W,et al.Aglobal shear zone at lowlatitudes and episodal great earthquakes in the circum-Pacificbelt[J].Science in China:Series D,2006,36:326-331(inChinese).
[32]Tani moto T.Long-wave length S-wave velocity structurethroughout the mantle[J].Geophys J Int,1990,100:327-336.
[33]Su WJ,Woodward R L,Dziewonski A M.Degree 12 modelof shear velocity heterogeneity in the mantle[J].J GeophysRes,1994,99:6945-6980.
[34]Grand S P,Van der Hilst R D,Widiyantoro S.Global seis-mic tomography:Asnapshot of convectioninthe Earth[J].JGeophys Res,1996,101:20053-20082.
[35]Vasco D W,Johnson L R.Whole Earth structure esti matedfromseismic arrival ti mes[J].J Geophys Res,1998,103:2633-2671.
[36]Van der Hilst R D,Widiyantoro S,Creager K C,et al.Deepsubduction and aspherical variations in P-wave speed at thebase of the Earth s mantle[J].Geodynamics,1998,28:5-20.
[37]Zheng Y,Fu R S,Li Z N,et al.Asymmetric structure de-rived fromseismic tomography[J].Geodesy and Geodynam-ics,2002,22(1):87-91(in Chinese).
[2]刘德麟.中国通史[M].北京:科学出版社,2000.
[3]汪素云,吴戈,时振梁.中国近代地震目录(1912—1990)[M].北京:中国科学技术出版社,1999.
[4]国家地震局震害防御司.中国历史强震目录(公元前23世纪—公元1911年)[M].北京:地震出版社,1995.
[5]马宗晋,杜品仁.地球的非对称性[M].合肥:安徽教育出版社,2007:1-443.
[7]黄立人.地壳运动的参考框架[J].大地测量与地球动力学,2002,22(3):102-108.
[8]金双根,朱文耀.全球地壳运动的背景场及其研究进展[J].地球科学进展,2002,17(5):782-786.
[9]马宗晋,张进,任金卫,等.全球GPS矢量场的分区描述及规律性分析[J].地质学报,2006,80(8):1089-1100.
[10]曾融生.固体地球物理学导论[M].北京:科学出版社,1984.
[13]孙付平,赵铭,宁津生,等.用空间大地测量数据检测地球的非对称性全球构造变化[J].科学通报,1999,43(11):1191-1194.
[14]金双根,朱文耀.全球构造非对称性的定量分析[J].天文学报,2003,44(2):180-188.
[15]金双根,朱文耀.北半球压缩的空间大地测量技术检测[J].地震学报,2003,25(3):89-95.
[16]金双根,朱文耀.南半球减速膨胀的定量分析[J].地球物理学报,2003,46(6):760-766.
[20]汪洋,汪集?,马宗晋.地球内部热散失量分布的非对称性[J].科学通报,1998,43(11):1191-1194.
[21]安振昌,王月华.1900—2000年非偶极子磁场的全球变化[J].地球物理学报,1999,42:169-177.
[22]徐文耀,魏自刚,马石庄.20世纪地磁场的剧烈变化[J].科学通报,2000,45(14):1563-1566.
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