库车坳陷—南天山盆山过渡带的收缩构造变形模式
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摘要
用地面露头、地震和CEMP(连续电磁剖面法)勘探资料揭示的库车坳陷—南天山盆山过渡带构造变形特征难以用经典的"A型俯冲"冲断褶皱楔变形模型来解释,因而文中提出一种"分层变形、垂向叠置"的"非俯冲"收缩构造解释模型。所谓分层变形是指受古近系膏盐岩层和侏罗系含煤地层等软弱岩层分隔,不同深度的岩层发育不同的收缩变形样式;所谓垂向叠置是指不同层次的强变形带在垂向上叠置,不存在区域性大位移的拆离断层。位于盐岩层之上的新生界以滑脱褶皱变形为主,而盐下层的中生界沉积层及盆地基底则以收缩断裂变形为主。浅部的滑脱褶皱表现出紧闭背斜和宽缓向斜组合,背斜具有不对称形态,其核部在古近系盐岩层或侏罗系含煤地层中滑脱,可在陡翼发育破冲断层或缓翼发育顺层滑脱逆冲断层。深层断裂变形以向山脉倾斜的高角度基底卷入逆冲断层为主干断层,断层上盘形成冲断隆起,次级断层相对较少,下盘则发育一系列同向倾斜的次级逆冲断层构成楔状叠瓦冲断构造。深层断层向上延伸在古近系盐岩层中尖灭,部分次级断层向下延伸并在侏罗系含煤地层中或盆地基底面滑脱,但是主干逆冲断层高角度切入基底,向上则对应于浅层背斜的核部。基底卷入的高角度主干逆冲断层可能利用了先存正断层发生反转位移,并成为控制局部构造变形的主要构造要素。天山上升引起的垂直剪切作用是导致库车坳陷—南天山盆山过渡带发育高角度逆冲断层或促成先存正断层的反转的可能原因。
The structural features of the Cenozoic contractional deformation in the transition belt between Kuche depression and southern Tianshan uplift have been revealed by geological outcrop,seismic data,well-log and CEMP(Continuous Electromagnetic Profile)data;it is found that these features are difficult to be interpreted by the typical "A-type" subduction model.This article advances a "non-subduction" contractional deformation model,i.e.,the "delaminating contraction and vertically stacking" model.The "delaminating contraction" means that different structural levels developed their own contractional structural style owing to the detachments caused by the salt rock of Paleocene-Eocene and the coal-bearing series of Jurassic.The "vertically stacking" means that the stronger deformation zones within various levels were stacked up vertically,and the thin-skin contractional deformation of cover detachment was stacked up on the top of the basement-involved contractional deformation,so that the detachment fault could not develop into a regional detachment fault with great horizontal displacement.Detachment folds were developed in the overlying sequence of Paleocene-Eocene salt rock,but a fault system assembled with basement-involved reverse fault,thrust,and inverse fault or normal fault was developed in the underlying sequence of Paleocene-Eocene salt rock or Jurassic coal-bearing series.The cover folds show the structural pattern with a closed anticline and an open syncline.The asymmetric anticline was detached within salt rock of Paleocene-Eocene or coal-bearing series of Jurassic and was cut off by a break thrust in the steep limb.A series of basement-involved thrust with high-angle dipping to southern Tianshan dominate the contractional deformation in the basement.A mini-scale imbricate wedge thrust system was developed in the footwall of basement-involved thrust with a high-angle dip,and a basement-cored faulted-anticline was developed in the hanging wall.Most of fault systems in the lower level probably vanished toward the salt rock of Paleocene-Eocene or coal-bearing series of Jurassic;the high-angle basement-involved thrust tipped upward to the core of detachment anticline in the shallower level,so that the salt rock or coal-bearing series was an important transfer level.The high-angle basement-involved thrust may have been formed by the reverse displacement of a pre-existing normal fault and led to the local structural deformations.The occurrence of the high-angle thrust or the reverse of the pre-existing normal fault may be attributed to the dynamics of vertical shearing caused by the uplift of southern Tianshan.
The structural features of the Cenozoic contractional deformation in the transition belt between Kuche depression and southern Tianshan uplift have been revealed by geological outcrop,seismic data,well-log and CEMP(Continuous Electromagnetic Profile)data;it is found that these features are difficult to be interpreted by the typical "A-type" subduction model.This article advances a "non-subduction" contractional deformation model,i.e.,the "delaminating contraction and vertically stacking" model.The "delaminating contraction" means that different structural levels developed their own contractional structural style owing to the detachments caused by the salt rock of Paleocene-Eocene and the coal-bearing series of Jurassic.The "vertically stacking" means that the stronger deformation zones within various levels were stacked up vertically,and the thin-skin contractional deformation of cover detachment was stacked up on the top of the basement-involved contractional deformation,so that the detachment fault could not develop into a regional detachment fault with great horizontal displacement.Detachment folds were developed in the overlying sequence of Paleocene-Eocene salt rock,but a fault system assembled with basement-involved reverse fault,thrust,and inverse fault or normal fault was developed in the underlying sequence of Paleocene-Eocene salt rock or Jurassic coal-bearing series.The cover folds show the structural pattern with a closed anticline and an open syncline.The asymmetric anticline was detached within salt rock of Paleocene-Eocene or coal-bearing series of Jurassic and was cut off by a break thrust in the steep limb.A series of basement-involved thrust with high-angle dipping to southern Tianshan dominate the contractional deformation in the basement.A mini-scale imbricate wedge thrust system was developed in the footwall of basement-involved thrust with a high-angle dip,and a basement-cored faulted-anticline was developed in the hanging wall.Most of fault systems in the lower level probably vanished toward the salt rock of Paleocene-Eocene or coal-bearing series of Jurassic;the high-angle basement-involved thrust tipped upward to the core of detachment anticline in the shallower level,so that the salt rock or coal-bearing series was an important transfer level.The high-angle basement-involved thrust may have been formed by the reverse displacement of a pre-existing normal fault and led to the local structural deformations.The occurrence of the high-angle thrust or the reverse of the pre-existing normal fault may be attributed to the dynamics of vertical shearing caused by the uplift of southern Tianshan.
引文
[1]Sun L D,Li YJ,Song WJ,et al.Tectonics and oil-gas distri-butionin the north Tarim basin,NWChina[J].Chinese Journal of Geology,2002,37(Suppl):1-13(in Chinese).
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[6]Liu Z H,Lu HF,Li XJ,et al.Tectonic evolution of Kuqa re-juvenationforeland basin[J].Chinese Journal of Geology,200035(4):482-492(in Chinese).
[7]Jia D,Lu H F,Cai D S,et al.Structural analyses of Kuqa foreland fold-thrust belt alongthe northern margin of Tarim ba-sin[J].Geotectonica et Metallogenia,1997,21(1):1-8(in Chi-nese).
[8]Shi Z J,Zeng Q,Gou L,et al.Study on structural characteris-tics and amount of cross-section shorteningin Kuqa foreland ba-sin:Taking BC95-230profile as an example[J].Journal of Chengdu University of Technology,1999,26(4):402-406(in Chinese).
[9]Sun J Z,Li L B,Zhou X Y,et al.Analysis on the typical structural styles and deformation mechanismof the Kelasu tec-tonic zonein the Kuqa depression of the Tarim basin[J].Petro-leum Geology&Experiment,2003,25(3):247-251(in Chi-nese).
[10]Wei G Q,Jia C Z,Shi YS,et al.Tectonic characteristics and petroleum prospect of Cenozoic compound rejuvenated foreland basinsin Tarim[J].Acta Geologica Sinica,2000,74(2):123-133(in Chinese).
[11]Wang X,Jia C Z,Yang S F.Geometry and kinematics of the Kuqa fold-and-thrust belt in the southern Tianshan[J].Chinese Journal of Geology,2002,37(3):372-384(in Chinese).
[12]Fox F G.Structure and accumulation of hydrocarbonsin south-ernfoothills,Alberta,Canada[J].AAPG Bulletin,1959,43992-1025.
[13]Bally A W,Gordy P L,Stewart G A.Structure,seismic data,and orogenic evolution of southern Canadian Rocky Mountains[J].Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology,1966,14:337-381.
[14]DeCelles P G,Giles K A.Foreland basin system[J].Basin Re-search,1986,8(1):105-123.
[15]Qi J F,Lei GL,Li MG,et al.Analysis of structure model and formation mechanismof Kelasu play zone,Kuqa Depression[J].Geotectonica et Metallogenia,2009,33(1):51-58(in Chinese).
[16]Qi J F,Chen S P,Yang Q,et al.Characteristics of tectonic de-formation withintransitional belt betweenthe Junggar basin and the northern Tianshan mountain[J].Oil&Gas Geology,2008,29(2):252-260(in Chinese).
[17]Wu G H,Luo C S,Hu T P,et al.Fold-related faulting:An example fromthe Cenozoic salt-overlying beds in the Kuqa de-pression[J].Chinese Journal of Geology,2007,42(3):496-505(in Chinese).
[18]Hubert F A,Suppe J,Wang X,et al.Yakeng detachment fold,South Tianshan,China[M]∥ShawJ H,Connors C,Suppe J.Seismic Interpretation of Contractional Fault-related Folds.An AAPG Seismic Atlas,2005:110-102
[19]Ren J S,Wang Z X,Chen B W,et al.Geotectonic Brief Map of Chinese and Its Neighbourhood—See Chinese Geostructure From Whole World[M].Beijing:Geological Publishing House,1999:50.
[20]Jia C Z,Chen HL,Yang S F,et al.Late Cretaceous uplifting process andits geological response in Kuqa Depression[J].Acta Petrolei Sinica,2003,24(3):1-5(in Chinese).
[21]Wang X,Jia C Z,Yang S F,et al.The time of deformation on the Kuqafold-and-thrust belt inthe southern Tianshan-based on the Kuqa river area[J].Acta Geologica Sinica,2002,76(1):55-63(in Chinese).
[22]Xu C M,Zhou X Y.Seismicinterpretation of the Kelasutrian-gle zoneinthe southern Tianshanfoothills,Northwestern China[J].AAPG Bulletin,2007,91(2):161-171.
[23]Zhao R B,Yang Z E,Zhou W X,et al.Mesozoic-Cenozoic structural characteristics and seismicity of the depressions onthe south and north sides of the Tianshan mountain[J].Seismology and Geology,2000,22(3):295-304(in Chinese).
[24]Costa E,Vendeville B C.The control of pre-existingextensional structures on the evolution of the southern sector of the Acon-cagua fold andthrust belt,Southern Andes[J].Journal of Struc-tural Geology,2002,24(11):1729-1739.
[25]Laura B,Giambiagi P,Alvarez P,et al,et al.The control of pre-existing extensional structures onthe evolution of the south-ern sector of the Aconcagua fold and thrust belt,southern An-des[J].Tectonophysics,2003,369(1-2,3):1-19.
[26]Zanchi A,Berra F,Mattei M,et al.Inversiontectonicsin cen-tral Alborz,Iran[J].Journal of Structural Geology,2006,28(10):2023-2037.
[27]Allen MB,Vincent S J.Structural features of northern Tarim Basin:Implications for regional tectonics and petroleum traps[J].AAPG Bulletin,1999,83:1279-1283.
[28]Wang Q C,Zhang Z P,Lin W.Neogene fault active character-istics and stress condition in Kuche Depression-Tianshan boundary[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2003,48(24):2553-2559(in Chinese).
[29]Wang Q C,Zhang Z P,Lin W.Neogene deformation fea-ture of Kuche Depression-Tianshan system[J].Science in China,2004,34(SupplⅠ):45-55(in Chinese).
[1]孙龙德,李曰俊,宋文杰,等.塔里木盆地北部构造与油气分布规律[J].地质科学,2002,37(增刊):1-13.
[2]贾承造,魏国齐.“九五”期间塔里木盆地构造研究成果概述[J].石油勘探与开发,2003,30(1):11-14.
[3]卢华复,贾东,陈楚铭,等.库车新生代构造性质和变形时间[J].地学前缘,1999,6(4):215-221.
[4]卢华复,陈楚铭,刘志宏,等.库车再生前陆逆冲带的构造特征与成因[J].石油学报,2000,21(3):18-24.
[5]卢华复,贾承造,贾东,等.库车再生前陆盆地冲断构造楔特征[J].高校地质学报,2001,7(3):257-271.
[6]刘志宏,卢华复,李西建,等.库车再生前陆盆地的构造演化[J].地质科学,2000,35(4):482-492.
[7]贾东,卢华夏,蔡东升,等.塔里木盆地北缘库车前陆褶皱冲断构造分析[J].大地构造与成矿学,1997,21(1):1-8.
[8]施泽进,曾庆,苟量,等.库车前陆盆地构造特征及缩短量研究——以BC952230剖面为例[J].成都理工学院学报,1999,26(4):402-406.
[9]孙家振,李兰斌,周新源,等.塔里木盆地库车凹陷克拉苏构造带典型构造样式与变形机理分析[J].石油实验地质,2003,25(3):247-251.
[10]魏国齐,贾承造,施央申,等.塔里木新生代复合再生前陆盆地构造特征与油气[J].地质学报,2000,74(2):123-133.
[11]汪新,贾承造,杨树锋.南天山库车褶皱冲断带构造几何学和运动学[J].地质科学,2002,37(3):372-384.
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[21]汪新,贾承造,杨树锋,等.南天山库车冲断褶皱带构造变形时间——以库车河地区为例[J].地质学报,2002,76(1):55-63.
[23]赵瑞斌,杨主恩,周伟新,等.天山南北两侧山前拗陷带中新生代构造特征与地震[J].地震地质,2000,22(3):295-304.
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[2]Jia C Z,Wei G Q.The summary of the achievements on the tectonic researchesin Tarim basin during the period of9thFive-year plan[J].Petroleum Exploration and Development,200330(1):11-14(in Chinese).
[3]Lu HF,Jia D,Chen C M,et al.Nature andtiming of the Ku-qa Cenozoic structures[J].Earth Science Frontiers,1999,6(4)215-221(in Chinese).
[4]Lu H F,Chen C M,Liu Z H,et al.The structural features and origin of the Kuqa rejuvenationforelandthrust belt[J].Acta Petrolei Sinica,2000,21(3):18-24(in Chinese).
[5]Lu HF,Jia C Z,Jia D,et al.Features of thrust wedge of de-formation belt in Kuqa rejuvenationforeland basin[J].Geological Journal of China Universities,2001,7(3):257-271(in Chi-nese).
[6]Liu Z H,Lu HF,Li XJ,et al.Tectonic evolution of Kuqa re-juvenationforeland basin[J].Chinese Journal of Geology,200035(4):482-492(in Chinese).
[7]Jia D,Lu H F,Cai D S,et al.Structural analyses of Kuqa foreland fold-thrust belt alongthe northern margin of Tarim ba-sin[J].Geotectonica et Metallogenia,1997,21(1):1-8(in Chi-nese).
[8]Shi Z J,Zeng Q,Gou L,et al.Study on structural characteris-tics and amount of cross-section shorteningin Kuqa foreland ba-sin:Taking BC95-230profile as an example[J].Journal of Chengdu University of Technology,1999,26(4):402-406(in Chinese).
[9]Sun J Z,Li L B,Zhou X Y,et al.Analysis on the typical structural styles and deformation mechanismof the Kelasu tec-tonic zonein the Kuqa depression of the Tarim basin[J].Petro-leum Geology&Experiment,2003,25(3):247-251(in Chi-nese).
[10]Wei G Q,Jia C Z,Shi YS,et al.Tectonic characteristics and petroleum prospect of Cenozoic compound rejuvenated foreland basinsin Tarim[J].Acta Geologica Sinica,2000,74(2):123-133(in Chinese).
[11]Wang X,Jia C Z,Yang S F.Geometry and kinematics of the Kuqa fold-and-thrust belt in the southern Tianshan[J].Chinese Journal of Geology,2002,37(3):372-384(in Chinese).
[12]Fox F G.Structure and accumulation of hydrocarbonsin south-ernfoothills,Alberta,Canada[J].AAPG Bulletin,1959,43992-1025.
[13]Bally A W,Gordy P L,Stewart G A.Structure,seismic data,and orogenic evolution of southern Canadian Rocky Mountains[J].Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology,1966,14:337-381.
[14]DeCelles P G,Giles K A.Foreland basin system[J].Basin Re-search,1986,8(1):105-123.
[15]Qi J F,Lei GL,Li MG,et al.Analysis of structure model and formation mechanismof Kelasu play zone,Kuqa Depression[J].Geotectonica et Metallogenia,2009,33(1):51-58(in Chinese).
[16]Qi J F,Chen S P,Yang Q,et al.Characteristics of tectonic de-formation withintransitional belt betweenthe Junggar basin and the northern Tianshan mountain[J].Oil&Gas Geology,2008,29(2):252-260(in Chinese).
[17]Wu G H,Luo C S,Hu T P,et al.Fold-related faulting:An example fromthe Cenozoic salt-overlying beds in the Kuqa de-pression[J].Chinese Journal of Geology,2007,42(3):496-505(in Chinese).
[18]Hubert F A,Suppe J,Wang X,et al.Yakeng detachment fold,South Tianshan,China[M]∥ShawJ H,Connors C,Suppe J.Seismic Interpretation of Contractional Fault-related Folds.An AAPG Seismic Atlas,2005:110-102
[19]Ren J S,Wang Z X,Chen B W,et al.Geotectonic Brief Map of Chinese and Its Neighbourhood—See Chinese Geostructure From Whole World[M].Beijing:Geological Publishing House,1999:50.
[20]Jia C Z,Chen HL,Yang S F,et al.Late Cretaceous uplifting process andits geological response in Kuqa Depression[J].Acta Petrolei Sinica,2003,24(3):1-5(in Chinese).
[21]Wang X,Jia C Z,Yang S F,et al.The time of deformation on the Kuqafold-and-thrust belt inthe southern Tianshan-based on the Kuqa river area[J].Acta Geologica Sinica,2002,76(1):55-63(in Chinese).
[22]Xu C M,Zhou X Y.Seismicinterpretation of the Kelasutrian-gle zoneinthe southern Tianshanfoothills,Northwestern China[J].AAPG Bulletin,2007,91(2):161-171.
[23]Zhao R B,Yang Z E,Zhou W X,et al.Mesozoic-Cenozoic structural characteristics and seismicity of the depressions onthe south and north sides of the Tianshan mountain[J].Seismology and Geology,2000,22(3):295-304(in Chinese).
[24]Costa E,Vendeville B C.The control of pre-existingextensional structures on the evolution of the southern sector of the Acon-cagua fold andthrust belt,Southern Andes[J].Journal of Struc-tural Geology,2002,24(11):1729-1739.
[25]Laura B,Giambiagi P,Alvarez P,et al,et al.The control of pre-existing extensional structures onthe evolution of the south-ern sector of the Aconcagua fold and thrust belt,southern An-des[J].Tectonophysics,2003,369(1-2,3):1-19.
[26]Zanchi A,Berra F,Mattei M,et al.Inversiontectonicsin cen-tral Alborz,Iran[J].Journal of Structural Geology,2006,28(10):2023-2037.
[27]Allen MB,Vincent S J.Structural features of northern Tarim Basin:Implications for regional tectonics and petroleum traps[J].AAPG Bulletin,1999,83:1279-1283.
[28]Wang Q C,Zhang Z P,Lin W.Neogene fault active character-istics and stress condition in Kuche Depression-Tianshan boundary[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2003,48(24):2553-2559(in Chinese).
[29]Wang Q C,Zhang Z P,Lin W.Neogene deformation fea-ture of Kuche Depression-Tianshan system[J].Science in China,2004,34(SupplⅠ):45-55(in Chinese).
[1]孙龙德,李曰俊,宋文杰,等.塔里木盆地北部构造与油气分布规律[J].地质科学,2002,37(增刊):1-13.
[2]贾承造,魏国齐.“九五”期间塔里木盆地构造研究成果概述[J].石油勘探与开发,2003,30(1):11-14.
[3]卢华复,贾东,陈楚铭,等.库车新生代构造性质和变形时间[J].地学前缘,1999,6(4):215-221.
[4]卢华复,陈楚铭,刘志宏,等.库车再生前陆逆冲带的构造特征与成因[J].石油学报,2000,21(3):18-24.
[5]卢华复,贾承造,贾东,等.库车再生前陆盆地冲断构造楔特征[J].高校地质学报,2001,7(3):257-271.
[6]刘志宏,卢华复,李西建,等.库车再生前陆盆地的构造演化[J].地质科学,2000,35(4):482-492.
[7]贾东,卢华夏,蔡东升,等.塔里木盆地北缘库车前陆褶皱冲断构造分析[J].大地构造与成矿学,1997,21(1):1-8.
[8]施泽进,曾庆,苟量,等.库车前陆盆地构造特征及缩短量研究——以BC952230剖面为例[J].成都理工学院学报,1999,26(4):402-406.
[9]孙家振,李兰斌,周新源,等.塔里木盆地库车凹陷克拉苏构造带典型构造样式与变形机理分析[J].石油实验地质,2003,25(3):247-251.
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