5·12汶川地震对磨子沟的影响及震后泥石流活动状况
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摘要
磨子沟位于四川省汶川县银杏乡,属岷江上游右岸支流,5·12汶川地震对其造成了严重影响。地震引发了大量的崩塌、滑坡,其中8处大型崩塌和滑坡对沟道造成了严重堵塞,并为泥石流活动提供了良好的条件。地震后磨子沟泥石流十分活跃,仅2008年7-9月就暴发了75阵阵流,3次堵断岷江并形成堰塞湖,淹没了岷江左岸村庄;2009-2011年又多次暴发泥石流并堵塞岷江。持续的降雨监测数据表明,震后初期磨子沟发生泥石流的日雨量条件急剧降低,目前有逐步回升的趋势。通过对比磨子沟流域震前(2005年6月)、震后(2008年6月)及泥石流事件后(2010年12月)等不同时段的遥感影像,结合实地调查和震后高分辨率航空影像的解译,分析了地震对磨子沟的影响,估算出地震形成的崩塌和滑坡方量超过3 000×104m3;根据不同暴雨频率下的泥石流流量计算,得出2008年7月14日最大一场堵江泥石流的规模为2.57×105m3,其峰值流量为541 m3/s,为50年一遇的规模;已发生的泥石流仅从沟道内带走约2.5×106m3的固体松散物质,沟内剩余的巨量固体松散物质将使磨子沟的泥石流活动持续相当长的时间,并具有再次堵断岷江的风险。
The Mozi gully,located in Yinxing,Wenchuan County of Sichuan province,is a tributary of Minjiang River at the right bank.This gully was seriously affected by the Wenchuan earthquake on May 12,2008.Numerous collapses and landslides triggered by the earthquake provided abundant materials for debris flow,and eight of them blocked Mozi gully.Debris flows had occurred many times in this gully from July to September in 2008 and 2010,and blocked the Minjiang River for 3 times and inundated villages on the left bank.Similar situations happened in 2009,2010 and 2011.According to field investigation and interpretation of remote sensing images and aerial images in different periods,there are more than 3 000×104 m3 solid loose materials in Mozi gully after the earthquake.According to debris flows in different rainstorm frequencies,the biggest debris flow on July 14,2008 is calculated to be 257 000 m3,with a peak discharge of 541 m3/s,once in half a century.The sediment volume carried out from the gully is only 2.5×106 m3,and the left materials are still of high risk of triggering debris flows and blocking the Minjiang River.
The Mozi gully,located in Yinxing,Wenchuan County of Sichuan province,is a tributary of Minjiang River at the right bank.This gully was seriously affected by the Wenchuan earthquake on May 12,2008.Numerous collapses and landslides triggered by the earthquake provided abundant materials for debris flow,and eight of them blocked Mozi gully.Debris flows had occurred many times in this gully from July to September in 2008 and 2010,and blocked the Minjiang River for 3 times and inundated villages on the left bank.Similar situations happened in 2009,2010 and 2011.According to field investigation and interpretation of remote sensing images and aerial images in different periods,there are more than 3 000×104 m3 solid loose materials in Mozi gully after the earthquake.According to debris flows in different rainstorm frequencies,the biggest debris flow on July 14,2008 is calculated to be 257 000 m3,with a peak discharge of 541 m3/s,once in half a century.The sediment volume carried out from the gully is only 2.5×106 m3,and the left materials are still of high risk of triggering debris flows and blocking the Minjiang River.
引文
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[2]YIN Yue-ping,WANG Fa-wu,SUN Ping.Landslide Haz-ards Triggered by the 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake,Si-chuan,China[J].Landslides,2009,(6):139-151.
[3]唐川.汶川地震区暴雨滑坡泥石流活动趋势预测[J].山地学报,2010,28(3):341-349.(TANG Chuan.Activity Tendency Prediction of Rainfall Induced Land-slides and Debris Flows in the Wenchuan Earthquake Ar-eas[J].Journal of Mountain Science,2010,28(3):341-349.(in Chinese))
[4]唐川,梁京涛.汶川震区北川9.24暴雨泥石流特征研究[J].工程地质学报,2008,16(6):751-758.(TANG Chuan,LIANG Jing-tao.Characteristics of Deb-ris Flows in Beichuan Epicenter of the Wenchuan Earth-quake Triggered by Rainstorm on September 24,2008[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,2008,16(6):751-758.(in Chinese))
[5]谢洪,钟敦伦,矫震,等.2008年汶川地震重灾区的泥石流[J].山地学报,2009,27(4):501-509.(XIE Hong,ZHONG Dun-lun,JIAO Zhen,et al.DebrisFlow in Wenchuan Quake-Hit Area in 2008[J].Journalof Mountain Science,2009,27(4):501-509.(in Chi-nese))
[6]苏鹏程,韦方强,冯汉中,等.8.13四川清平群发性泥石流灾害成因及其影响[J].山地学报,2011,29(3):337-347.(SU Peng-cheng,WEI Fang-qiang,FENGHan-zhong,et al.Causes and Effects of Group-OccurringDebris Flow Disasters in Qingping Town,Mianyuan RiverUpstream,Sichuan[J].Journal of Mountain Science,2011,29(3):337-347.(in Chinese))
[7]四川省阿坝藏族羌族自治州汶川县志编纂委员会.汶川县志[M].北京:民族出版社,1992.(Committee ofChorography of Wenchuan County in Aba Zang and QiangNationality Autonomous District of Sichuan Province.Chorography of Wenchuan County[M].Beijing:TheEthnic Publishing House,1992.(in Chinese))
[8]谭万沛.中国暴雨泥石流预报研究基本理论与现状[J].土壤侵蚀与水土保持学报,1996,2(1):88-95.(TAN Wan-pei.Basic Theory and Study Situation ofRainstorm Debris Flow Forecast in China[J].Journal ofSoil Erosion and Soil Conservation,1996,2(1):88-95.(in Chinese))
[9]朱平一,程尊兰.川藏公路培龙沟泥石流输沙堵江成因探讨[J].自然灾害学报,2002,9(1):80-83.(ZHUPing-yi,CHENG Zun-lan.Research on Causes of RiverBlocking by Sediment Delivery of Peilonggou Gully DebrisFlow in the Sichuan-Xizang Highway[J].Journal of Nat-ural Disasters,2002,9(1):80-83.(in Chinese))
[10]郭志学,曹叔尤,刘兴年,等.泥石流堵江影响因素试验研究[J].水利学报,2004,(11):1-8.(GUO Zhi-xue,CAO Shu-you,LIU Xing-nian,et al.ExperimentalStudy on Parameters Affecting the River Blocking Due toDebris Flow[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2004,(11):1-8.(in Chinese))
[11]吴积善,程尊兰,耿学勇.西藏东南部泥石流堵塞坝的形成机理[J].山地学报,2005,23(4):399-405.(WUJi-shan,CHENG Zun-lan,GENG Xue-yong.Formationof Dam from Debris Flow in the Southeast Tibet[J].Journal of Mountain Science,2005,23(4):399-405.(in Chinese))
[12]胡卸文,吕小平,黄润秋,等.唐家山堰塞湖大水沟泥石流发育特征及堵江危害性评价[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2009,28(4):850-858.(HU Xie-wen,LV Xi-ao-ping,HUANG Run-qiu,et al.Developmental Fea-tures and Evaluation of Blocking Dangers Dashui DitchDebris Flow in Tangjiashan Dammed Lake[J].ChineseJournal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2009,28(4):850-858.(in Chinese))
[13]吴积善,康志成,田连权,等.云南蒋家沟泥石流观测研究[M].北京:科学出版社,1990.(WU Ji-shan,KANG Zhi-cheng,TIAN Lian-quan,et al.Observationand Research on Debris Flows in Jiangjia Gully in Yunnan[M].Beijing:Science Press,1990.(in Chinese))
[14]陈德明.泥石流与主河水流交汇机理及其河床响应特征[D].北京:中国水利水电科学研究院,2000.(CHENDe-ming.Mechanisms of Confluence between Debris flowand the Main River[D].Beijing:The Institute of WaterResources and Hydropower Research,2000.(in Chi-nese))
[15]韦方强,胡凯衡,崔鹏,等.蒋家沟泥石流堵江成因与特征[J].水土保持学报,2002,16(6):71-75.(WEI Fang-qiang,HU Kai-heng,CUI Peng,et al.Characteristics and Origin of Debris Flow of JiangjiagouValley Blocking[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conserva-tion,2002,16(6):71-75.(in Chinese))
[16]聂高众,高建国,邓砚.地震诱发的堰塞湖初步研究[J].第四纪研究,2004,24(3):293-301.(NIE Gao-zhong,GAO Jian-guo,DENG Yan.Preliminary Study onEarthquake-Induced Dammed Lake[J].Quaternary Sci-ence,2004,24(3):293-301.(in Chinese))
[17]周必凡,李德基,罗德富,等.泥石流防治指南[M].北京:科学出版社,1991.(ZHOU Bi-fan,LI De-ji,LUODe-fu,et al.Guide to Prevention of Debris Flow[M].Beijing:Science Press,1991.(in Chinese))
[18]陈光曦,王继康,王林海.泥石流防治[M].北京:中国铁道出版社,1983.(CHEN Guang-xi,WANG Ji-kang,WANG Lin-hai.The Prevention of Debris Flow[M].Beijing:China Railway Publishing House,1983.(in Chi-nese))
[19]四川省水文水资源勘测局.四川省水资源质量通报[EB/OL].2008.http://www.schwr.com/Otype.asp?newid=(Hydrology and Water Resources Survey Bureauof Sichuan Province.Report of Water Resources Qualityin Sichuan Province[EB/OL].2008.http://www.schwr.com/Otype.asp?newid=(in Chinese))
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