1999年台湾集集地震震后地表变形的力学机制
|
摘要
1999年台湾集集地震震后450天的GPS观测资料显示了几十到几百毫米的地表位移.下地壳的震后黏性松弛和断层无震蠕变产生的震后滑动是用来解释地表震后变形的两个主要机制.本文利用接触问题的黏弹性有限元(LDDA)方法,以GPS观测数据作为约束,分别考察了黏性松弛和震后滑动机制对地表震后变形的影响.计算结果表明,黏性松弛机制产生的地表位移与观测数据吻合较好,通过试错法由震后GPS观测约束得到的下地壳黏度为1017Pa.s,而上地幔黏度对计算结果影响不大.考察震后滑动机制对地表变形的影响时,在LDDA方法中结合了速率状态摩擦定律,结果显示震后滑动机制不能很好地解释震后450天的观测数据,它产生的地表变形只在震后50天内与观测大致吻合,之后位移值基本不随时间变化.这些结果有助于增进对集集地震震后变形机制的认识.
GPS measurements of 450 days after the 1999 Chi-Chi,Taiwan,earthquake revealed large postseismic displacement from dozens to hundreds of millimeters.Two possible mechanisms responsible for the postseismic deformation of the surface are the viscous relaxation of the lower crust and the afterslip caused by the aseismic creep of the earthquake fault.In this study,the finite element method(LDDA) for the viscoelastic contact problems is used to simulate the postseismic deformation process of the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake with the GPS data as constraints.And the two possible mechanisms,viscous relaxation and afterslip,are discussed.The results indicate that the postseismic deformation observed by GPS can be well explained by the viscous relaxation mechanism.The viscosity of the lower crust below the Taiwan area is estimated as 1017 Pa·s by the trial and error method.The effect of afterslip mechanism on the postseismic deformation of the Chi-Chi earthquake is investigated by the numerical method with rate-and-state dependent frictional law.The results suggest that the GPS data cannot be explained by the afterslip mechanism alone,which only affects the postseismic deformation in the early 50 days after the mainshock.These studies will throw light on understanding the mechanism of the postseismic deformation of the 1999 Chi-Chi,Taiwan,earthquake.
GPS measurements of 450 days after the 1999 Chi-Chi,Taiwan,earthquake revealed large postseismic displacement from dozens to hundreds of millimeters.Two possible mechanisms responsible for the postseismic deformation of the surface are the viscous relaxation of the lower crust and the afterslip caused by the aseismic creep of the earthquake fault.In this study,the finite element method(LDDA) for the viscoelastic contact problems is used to simulate the postseismic deformation process of the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake with the GPS data as constraints.And the two possible mechanisms,viscous relaxation and afterslip,are discussed.The results indicate that the postseismic deformation observed by GPS can be well explained by the viscous relaxation mechanism.The viscosity of the lower crust below the Taiwan area is estimated as 1017 Pa·s by the trial and error method.The effect of afterslip mechanism on the postseismic deformation of the Chi-Chi earthquake is investigated by the numerical method with rate-and-state dependent frictional law.The results suggest that the GPS data cannot be explained by the afterslip mechanism alone,which only affects the postseismic deformation in the early 50 days after the mainshock.These studies will throw light on understanding the mechanism of the postseismic deformation of the 1999 Chi-Chi,Taiwan,earthquake.
引文
[1]Yu S B,Kuo L C,Hsu Y J,et al.Preseismic deformationand coseismic displacements associated with the 1999 Chi-Chi,Taiwan,earthquake.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,2001,91(5):995-1012.
[2]Yu S B,Hsu Y J,Kuo L C,et al.GPS measurement ofpostseismic deformation following the 1999Chi-Chi,Taiwan,earthquake.J.Geophys.Res.,2003,108,2520,doi:10.1029/2003JB002396.
[3]Smith S W,Wyss M.Displacement on the San Andreas faultsubsequent to the 1966Parkfield earthquake.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,1968,58(6):1955-1973.
[4]Bucknam R C,Plafker G,Sharp R V.Fault movement(afterslip)following the Guatemala earthquake of February4,1976.Geology,1978,6(3):170-173.
[5]Harsh P W.Distribution of afterslip along the imperial fault.The Imperial Valley Earthquake of October 15,1979,USGeol.Surv.Prof.Pap.,1982,1254:193-203.
[6]Sharp R V,Budding K E,Boatwright J,et al.Surfacefaulting along the Superstition Hills fault zone and nearbyfaults associated with the earthquakes of 24November 1987.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,1989,79(2):252-281.
[7]Wahr J,Wyss M.Interpretation of postseismic deformationwith a viscoelastic relaxation model.J.Geophys.Res.,1980,85(B11):6471-6477.
[8]Deng J S,Gurnis M,Kanamori H,et al.Viscoelastic flow inthe lower crust after the 1992 Landers,California,earthquake.Science,1998,282(5394):1689-1692.
[9]Shen Z K,Jackson D D,Feng Y J,et al.Postseismicdeformation following the Landers earthquake,California,28June 1992.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,1994,84(3):780-791.
[10]Marone C J,Scholz C H,Bilham R.On the mechanics ofearthquake afterslip.J.Geophys.Res.,1991,96(B5):8441-8452.
[11]Hsu Y J,Bechor N,Segall P,et al.Rapid afterslip followingthe 1999Chi-Chi,Taiwan earthquake.Geophys.Res.Lett.,2002,29(16):1-4,doi:10.1029/2002GL014967.
[12]Savage J C,Svarc J L.Postseismic deformation associatedwith the 1992 Mw7.3 Landers earthquake,southernCalifornia.J.Geophys.Res.,1997,102(B4):7565-7577.
[13]Marone C.Laboratory-derived friction laws and theirapplication to seismic faulting.Ann.Revs.Earth Plant.Sci.,1998,26:643-696.
[14]Sheu S Y,Shieh C F.Viscoelastic-afterslip concurrence:apossible mechanism in the early post-seismic deformation ofthe Mw7.6,1999Chi-Chi(Taiwan)earthquake.Geophys.J.Int.,2004,159(3):1112-1124.
[15]Hsu Y J,Bechor N,Segall P,et al.Rapid afterslip followingthe 1999Chi-Chi,Taiwan earthquake.Geophys.Res.Lett.,2002,29(16):1-4,doi:10.1029/2002GL014967.
[16]Hsu Y J,Segall P,Yu S B,et al.Temporal and spatialvariations of post-seismic deformation following the 1999Chi-Chi,Taiwan earthquake.Geophys.J.Int.,2007,169(2):367-379.
[17]朱守彪,蔡永恩.利用GPS观测的时间序列资料反演地壳地幔黏性结构.地球物理学报,2006,49(3):771-777.Zhu S B,Cai Y E.Inversion of viscous properties of crustand mantle from the GPS temporal series measurements.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2006,49(3):771-777.
[18]Cai Y E,He T,Wang R.Numerical simulation of dynamicprocess of the Tangshan earthquake by a new method-LDDA.Pure Appl.Geophys.,2000,157(11):2083-2104.
[19]付真.接触问题的粘弹性LDDA方法及其在震后变形机制研究中的应用[博士论文].北京:北京大学,2008.Fu Z.Viscoelastic LDDA method for contact problems and itsapplications to studies on mechanism of postseismicdeformation[Ph.D.thesis](in Chinese).Beijing:PekingUniversity,2008.
[20]Shi G H,Goodman R E.Two-dimensional discontinuousdeformation analysis.Int.J.Numer.Anal.Meth.Geomech.,1985,9(6):541-556.
[21]Fu Z,Cai Y E.Numerical analysis on the influence of rockspecimen size on crack stress field.Acta SeismologicaSinica,2005,18(3):322-330.
[22]Ma K F,Wang J H,Zhao D P.Three-dimensional seismicvelocity structure of the crust and uppermost mantle beneathTaiwan.J.Phys.Earth,1996,44(2):85-105.
[23]Shin T C,Teng T L.An overview of the 1999 Chi-Chi,Taiwan,Earthquake.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,2001,91(5):895-913.
[24]Tse S T,Rice J R.Crustal earthquake instability in relationto the depth variation of frictional slip properties.J.Geophys.Res.,1986,91(B9):9452-9472.
[25]Dieterich J H.Modeling of rock friction:1.Experimentalresults and constitutive equations.J.Geophys.Res.,1979,84(B5):2161-2168.
[26]Ruina A L.Slip instability and state variable friction laws.J.Geophys.Res.,1983,88(B12):10359-10370.
[27]Zhang W B,Iwata T,Irikura K,et al.Heterogeneousdistribution of the dynamic source parameters of the 1999Chi-Chi,Taiwan,earthquake.J.Geophys.Res.,2003,108(B5),2232,doi:10.1029/2002JB001889.
[28]Blanpied M L,Lockner D A,Byerlee J D.Frictional slip ofgranite at hydrothermal conditions.J.Geophys.Res.,1995,100(B7):13045-13064.
[29]Fukuda J,Johnson K M,Larson K M,et al.Fault frictionparameters inferred from the early stages of afterslipfollowing the 2003 Tokachi-Oki earthquake.J.Geophys.Res.,2009,114(B4):B04412,doi:10.1029/2008JB006166.
[30]Kato N,Yoshida S.A shallow strong patch model for the2011great Tohoku-Oki earthquake:A numerical simulation.Geophys.Res.Lett.,2011,38(7):L00G04,doi:10.1029/2011GL048565.
[31]Johnson K M,Segall P,Yu S B.A viscoelastic earthquakecycle model for Taiwan.J.Geophys.Res.,2005,110:B10404,doi:10.1029/2004JB003516.
[2]Yu S B,Hsu Y J,Kuo L C,et al.GPS measurement ofpostseismic deformation following the 1999Chi-Chi,Taiwan,earthquake.J.Geophys.Res.,2003,108,2520,doi:10.1029/2003JB002396.
[3]Smith S W,Wyss M.Displacement on the San Andreas faultsubsequent to the 1966Parkfield earthquake.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,1968,58(6):1955-1973.
[4]Bucknam R C,Plafker G,Sharp R V.Fault movement(afterslip)following the Guatemala earthquake of February4,1976.Geology,1978,6(3):170-173.
[5]Harsh P W.Distribution of afterslip along the imperial fault.The Imperial Valley Earthquake of October 15,1979,USGeol.Surv.Prof.Pap.,1982,1254:193-203.
[6]Sharp R V,Budding K E,Boatwright J,et al.Surfacefaulting along the Superstition Hills fault zone and nearbyfaults associated with the earthquakes of 24November 1987.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,1989,79(2):252-281.
[7]Wahr J,Wyss M.Interpretation of postseismic deformationwith a viscoelastic relaxation model.J.Geophys.Res.,1980,85(B11):6471-6477.
[8]Deng J S,Gurnis M,Kanamori H,et al.Viscoelastic flow inthe lower crust after the 1992 Landers,California,earthquake.Science,1998,282(5394):1689-1692.
[9]Shen Z K,Jackson D D,Feng Y J,et al.Postseismicdeformation following the Landers earthquake,California,28June 1992.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,1994,84(3):780-791.
[10]Marone C J,Scholz C H,Bilham R.On the mechanics ofearthquake afterslip.J.Geophys.Res.,1991,96(B5):8441-8452.
[11]Hsu Y J,Bechor N,Segall P,et al.Rapid afterslip followingthe 1999Chi-Chi,Taiwan earthquake.Geophys.Res.Lett.,2002,29(16):1-4,doi:10.1029/2002GL014967.
[12]Savage J C,Svarc J L.Postseismic deformation associatedwith the 1992 Mw7.3 Landers earthquake,southernCalifornia.J.Geophys.Res.,1997,102(B4):7565-7577.
[13]Marone C.Laboratory-derived friction laws and theirapplication to seismic faulting.Ann.Revs.Earth Plant.Sci.,1998,26:643-696.
[14]Sheu S Y,Shieh C F.Viscoelastic-afterslip concurrence:apossible mechanism in the early post-seismic deformation ofthe Mw7.6,1999Chi-Chi(Taiwan)earthquake.Geophys.J.Int.,2004,159(3):1112-1124.
[15]Hsu Y J,Bechor N,Segall P,et al.Rapid afterslip followingthe 1999Chi-Chi,Taiwan earthquake.Geophys.Res.Lett.,2002,29(16):1-4,doi:10.1029/2002GL014967.
[16]Hsu Y J,Segall P,Yu S B,et al.Temporal and spatialvariations of post-seismic deformation following the 1999Chi-Chi,Taiwan earthquake.Geophys.J.Int.,2007,169(2):367-379.
[17]朱守彪,蔡永恩.利用GPS观测的时间序列资料反演地壳地幔黏性结构.地球物理学报,2006,49(3):771-777.Zhu S B,Cai Y E.Inversion of viscous properties of crustand mantle from the GPS temporal series measurements.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2006,49(3):771-777.
[18]Cai Y E,He T,Wang R.Numerical simulation of dynamicprocess of the Tangshan earthquake by a new method-LDDA.Pure Appl.Geophys.,2000,157(11):2083-2104.
[19]付真.接触问题的粘弹性LDDA方法及其在震后变形机制研究中的应用[博士论文].北京:北京大学,2008.Fu Z.Viscoelastic LDDA method for contact problems and itsapplications to studies on mechanism of postseismicdeformation[Ph.D.thesis](in Chinese).Beijing:PekingUniversity,2008.
[20]Shi G H,Goodman R E.Two-dimensional discontinuousdeformation analysis.Int.J.Numer.Anal.Meth.Geomech.,1985,9(6):541-556.
[21]Fu Z,Cai Y E.Numerical analysis on the influence of rockspecimen size on crack stress field.Acta SeismologicaSinica,2005,18(3):322-330.
[22]Ma K F,Wang J H,Zhao D P.Three-dimensional seismicvelocity structure of the crust and uppermost mantle beneathTaiwan.J.Phys.Earth,1996,44(2):85-105.
[23]Shin T C,Teng T L.An overview of the 1999 Chi-Chi,Taiwan,Earthquake.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,2001,91(5):895-913.
[24]Tse S T,Rice J R.Crustal earthquake instability in relationto the depth variation of frictional slip properties.J.Geophys.Res.,1986,91(B9):9452-9472.
[25]Dieterich J H.Modeling of rock friction:1.Experimentalresults and constitutive equations.J.Geophys.Res.,1979,84(B5):2161-2168.
[26]Ruina A L.Slip instability and state variable friction laws.J.Geophys.Res.,1983,88(B12):10359-10370.
[27]Zhang W B,Iwata T,Irikura K,et al.Heterogeneousdistribution of the dynamic source parameters of the 1999Chi-Chi,Taiwan,earthquake.J.Geophys.Res.,2003,108(B5),2232,doi:10.1029/2002JB001889.
[28]Blanpied M L,Lockner D A,Byerlee J D.Frictional slip ofgranite at hydrothermal conditions.J.Geophys.Res.,1995,100(B7):13045-13064.
[29]Fukuda J,Johnson K M,Larson K M,et al.Fault frictionparameters inferred from the early stages of afterslipfollowing the 2003 Tokachi-Oki earthquake.J.Geophys.Res.,2009,114(B4):B04412,doi:10.1029/2008JB006166.
[30]Kato N,Yoshida S.A shallow strong patch model for the2011great Tohoku-Oki earthquake:A numerical simulation.Geophys.Res.Lett.,2011,38(7):L00G04,doi:10.1029/2011GL048565.
[31]Johnson K M,Segall P,Yu S B.A viscoelastic earthquakecycle model for Taiwan.J.Geophys.Res.,2005,110:B10404,doi:10.1029/2004JB003516.
版权所有：© 2023 中国地质图书馆 中国地质调查局地学文献中心