海域天然气水合物勘测的地球物理方法
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摘要
到目前为止,已经探明的天然气水合物储量要远小于预测的水合物储量.这种现状不同程度地反映出我们对天然气水合物赋存规律认识不足,和对天然气水合物勘探方法认识不足.本文根据作者多次参加水合物地球物理调查国际航次的认识及文献资料,综述了海域天然气水合物勘探方面一些有效的地球物理技术方法,以利于我国海域天然气水合物的勘探工作以及勘探方法的创新.本文指出,地震勘探是目前进行天然气水合物勘探最常用、也是最重要的方法.地震方法主要包括传统的单道、多道地震方法、高分辨地震方法、深拖多道地震探测方法、海底地震仪方法、多道-多分量海底地震电缆方法、海底地震检波器方法等.此外,根据水合物发育区特有的海底地形地貌特征和水体异常特征,根据水合物发育所需要的温度-压力场特征、电磁特征和含水合物地层的剪切模量特征发展的多波束方法、旁扫声纳方法、海底热流探测方法、海底电磁方法以及海底重力测量方法等都在海域天然气水合物勘探中有着很好的效果.
Up to now,there are big different between the amount of gas hydrates explored and the amount of gas hydrates estimated.This situation clearly shows our short of understanding of formation mechanism of natural gas hydrates and also our short of understanding of gas hydrates exploration methods.Based on the experiences from international gas hydrates exploration cruises,and for short the different stated above,this paper review the geophysical methods used for gas hydrates exploration.The paper shows that seismic method including single channel,multi-channel,high frequency,deep tow multi-channel,OBS,OBC,OBH method,is the most popular and most important method used for gas hydrates exploration.Multibeam,side scan sonar,heat flow probe,electronic and magnetic observer,and sea bottom gravity meter also successfully used in the gas hydrates exploration.
Up to now,there are big different between the amount of gas hydrates explored and the amount of gas hydrates estimated.This situation clearly shows our short of understanding of formation mechanism of natural gas hydrates and also our short of understanding of gas hydrates exploration methods.Based on the experiences from international gas hydrates exploration cruises,and for short the different stated above,this paper review the geophysical methods used for gas hydrates exploration.The paper shows that seismic method including single channel,multi-channel,high frequency,deep tow multi-channel,OBS,OBC,OBH method,is the most popular and most important method used for gas hydrates exploration.Multibeam,side scan sonar,heat flow probe,electronic and magnetic observer,and sea bottom gravity meter also successfully used in the gas hydrates exploration.
引文
[1]Kvenvolden K A.Gas hydrates-geological perspective and glob-al change[J].Reviews of Geophysics,1993,31:173~187.
[2]王淑红,宋海斌,颜文.全球与区域天然气水合物中天然气资源量估算[J].地球物理学进展,2005,20(4):1145~1154.Wang S H,Song H B,Yan W.The global and regional esti-mation of gas resource quantity in gas hydrates[J].Progress inGeophysics(in Chinese),2005,20(4):1145~1154.
[3]陈祖安,白武明,徐文跃.多组分天然气水合物在海底沉积层中稳定区及存在区的预测[J].地球物理学报,2005,48(4):870~875.Chen Z A,Bai W M,Xu W Y.Predication of stability zonesand occurrence zones gas hydrate of multiple-composition natu-ral in seafloor sediments[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chi-nese),2005,48(4):870~875.
[4]牛滨华,文鹏飞,温宁,符溪,孙春岩,李佳,孙晟.基于BSR的AVO正演估算水合物含量方法的研究[J].地球物理学报,2006,49(1):143~152.Niu B H,Wen P F,Wen N,Fu X,Sun C Y,Li J,Sun S.Estimation of hydrate concentration based on AVO modeling ofBSR[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2006,49(1):143~152.
[5]阮爱国,李家彪,初凤友,李湘云.海底天然气水合物层界面反射AVO数值模拟[J].地球物理学报,2006,49(6):1826~1835.Ruan A G,Li J B,Chu F Y,Li X Y.AVO numerical simu-lation of gas hydrates reflectors beneath seafloor[J].ChineseJ.Geophys.(in Chinese),2006,49(6):1826~1835.
[6]沙志彬,张光学,杨木壮,等.波形曲线特征在天然气水合物资源量研究中的地质意义[J].地球物理学进展,2006,21(3):944~948.Sha Z B,Zhang G X,Yan M Z,et al.The geological mean-ing of wiggled trace character in study of gas hydrates resource[J].Progress in Geophysics(in Chinese),2006,21(3):944~948.
[7]栾锡武,赵克斌,孙冬胜,岳保静.天然气水合物的开采——以马利克钻井为例[J].地球物理学进展,2007,22(4):1295~1304.Luan X W,Zhao K B,Sun D S,et al.Gas hydrates produc-tion—in case of mallik test well[J].Progress in Geophysics(in Chinese),2007,22(4):1295~1304.
[8]张光学,黄永样,陈邦彦.海域天然气水合物地震学[M].北京:海洋出版社,2003.
[9]吴志强,文丽,童思友,闫桂京.海域天然气水合物的地震研究进展[J].地球物理学进展,2007,22(1):218~227.Wu Z Q,Wen L,Tong S Y,Yan G J.Advances in seismicresearches on natural gas hydrate in ocean[J].Progress in Ge-ophysics(in Chinese),2007,22(1):218~227.
[10]Shipley T H,Houston M H,Buffler R T,Shaub F J,Mc-Millen K J,Ladd J W,Worzel J L.Seismic evidence for wide-spread possible gas hydrate horizons on continental slopes andrises[J].AAPG Bull.,1979,63:2204~2213.
[11]Paull C K,Dillon W P.Appearance and distribution of the gashydrate reflector in the Blake Ridge region,offshore south-eastern United States.USGS Misc[J].Field Studies Map,1981,1252.
[12]Vanneste M,Batist M D,Golmshtok A,Kremlev A,VersteegW.Multi-frequency seismic study of gas hydrate-bearing sedi-ments in Lake Baikal,Siberia[J].Marine Geology,2001,172:1~21.
[13]Berndt C,Mienert J,Vanneste M,Bünz S,Bryn P.Submarineslope-failure offshore Norway triggers rapid gas hydrate de-composition,in:4th int.conf.on gas hydrates proc[J].Yo-kohama,Japan,2002.71~74.
[14]NouzéH,Henry P,Noble M,Martin V,Pascal G.Large gashydrate accumulations on the eastern Nankai Trough inferredfrom new high-resolution 2-D seismic data[J].GeophysicalResearch Letters,2004,31,doi:10.1029/2004GL019848.
[15]Wood W T,Gettrust J F,Chapman N R,Spence G D,Hynd-man R D.Decreased stability of methane hydrates in marinesediments owing to phase-boundary roughness[J].NA-TURE,2002,420:656~660.
[16]Chapman N R,Gettrust J F,Walia R,David Hannay,SpenceG D,Wood W T,Hyndman R D.High-resolution,deep-towed,multichannel seismic survey of deep-sea gas hydratesoff western Canada[J].Geophysics,2002,67(4):1038~1047.
[17]Jaiswal,Priyank,Zelt,Colin A,Pecher,Ingo A.Seismic char-acterization of a gas hydrate system in the Gulf of Mexico u-sing wide-aperture data[J].Geophysical Journal Internation-al,2006,165(1):108~120.
[18]Paul E.Murray,Michael V D,Bob A.Hardage,Milo M B,Robert J G,Sergey F.Interpreting multicomponent seismicdata in the Gulf of Mexico for shallow sedimentary proper-ties:methodology and case history[J].Offshore TechnologyConference,2003,15118.
[19]DeAngelo M V,Remington,Randy,Murray P E,Hardage BA,Graebner R,Fouad K.Multicomponent seismic technologyfor imaging deep gas prospects[J].The Leading Edge,De-cember,2004,1270~1281.
[20]Posewang J,Mienert J.High-resolution seismic studies of gashydrates west of Svalbard[J].Geo-Marine Letters,1999,19:150~156.
[21]Kommedal A,Per G F.Processing the Hod multicomponentOBS survey,comparing parallel and orthogonal geometries[J].The Leading Edge,2002,21:795.
[22]Milkov A V,Claypool G E,Lee Y J,Xu W,Dickens G R,Borowski W S.ODP Leg 204 Scientific Party.In situ meth-ane concentrations at Hydrate Ridge,offshore Oregon:Newconstraints on the global gas hydrate inventory from an activemargin[J].Geology,2003,31(10):833~836.
[23]Mienert J,Posewang J.Evidence of shallow-and deep-watergas hydrate destabilizations in North Atlantic polar continen-tal margin sediments[J].Geo-Marine Letters,1999,19:143~149.
[24]Johnson J E,Goldfinger C,Suess E.Geophysical constraintson the surface distribution of authigenic carbonates across theHydrate Ridge region[J].Cascadia Margin.Marine Geology,2003,202(1):79~120.
[25]栾锡武,秦蕴珊.冲绳海槽宫古段西部槽底海底气泉的发现[J].科学通报,2005,50(8):802~810.Luan X W,Qin Y S.Gas seepage on the sea floor of OkinawaTrough Miyko Section[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2005,50(13):1358~1365].
[26]陈多福,黄永样,冯东,苏正,陈光谦.南海北部冷泉碳酸盐岩和石化微生物细菌及地质意义[J].矿物岩石地球化学通报,2005,24(3):185~189.Chen D F,Huang Y Y,Feng D,Su Z,Chen G Q.Seep car-bonate and preserved bacteria fossils in the northern of theSouth China Sea and their geological implications[J].Bulle-tin of Mineralogy,Petrology and Geochemistry,2005,24(3):185~189.
[27]Mills H J,Hodges C,Wilson K,MacDonald I R,Sobecky PA.Microbial diversity in sediments associated with surface-breaching gas hydrate mounds in the Gulf of Mexico[J].Mi-crobiology Ecology,2003,46(1):39~52.
[28]Ginsburg G D,Milkov A V,Soloviev V A,Egorov A V,Cherkashev G A,Vogt P R,Crane K,Lorenson T D,Khutor-skoy M D.Gas hydrate accumulation at the Hakon MosbyMud Volcano[J].Geo-Marine Letters,1999,19(1):57~67.
[29]Clague D,Maher N,Paull C K.High-resolution multibeamsurvey of Hydrate Ridge,offshore Oregon,in:Paull C K,Dil-lon W P(Eds.),Natural Gas Hydrates:Occurrence,Distri-bution and Detection,Am[J].Geophys.Union Geophys.Monogr.2001,124:297~306.
[30]Greinert J,Bollwerk S M,Derkachev A,Bohrmann G,SuessE.Massive barite deposits and carbonate mineralization in theDerugin Basin,Sea of Okhotsk:precipitation processes atcold seep sites[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2002,203:165~180.
[31]Grevemeyer I,Villinger H.Gas hydrate stability and the as-sessment of heat flow through continental margins[J].Geo-physical Journal International,2001,145(3):647~660.
[32]李官保,裴彦良,刘保华.海底热流探测技术综述[J].地球物理学进展,2005,20(3):611~619.Li G B,Pei Y L,Liu B H.Review of measurement tech-niques of seafloor heat flow[J].Progress in Geophysics(inChinese),2005,20(3):611~619.
[33]Lüdmann T,Wong H,Konerding P,Zillmer M,Petersen J andFlüh E.Heat flow and quantity of methane deduced from agas hydrate field in the vicinity of the Dnieper Canyon,north-western Black Sea[J].Geo-Marine Letters,2004,24(3):182~193.
[34]Hyndman R D,Spence G D,Chapman R.Geophysical studiesof marine gas hydrate northern cascadia.Natural gas hy-drates:Occurrence,Distribution,and Detection[J].Geophysi-cal Monograph,2001,124:273~295.
[35]Vanneste M,Guidard S,Mienert J.Bottom-simulating reflec-tions and geothermal gradients across the western Svalbardmargin[J].Terra Nova,2005,17(6):510~516.
[36]Edwards R N.On the resource evaluation of marine gas hy-drate deposits using sea floor transient electric dipole-dipolemethods[J].Geophysics,1997,62(1):63~74.
[37]Edwards R N.Marine controlled source electromagnetics:principles,methodologies,future commercial application[J].Surveys in Geophysics,2005,26(6):675~700.
[38]Latychev K,Edwards R N.On the compliance method and theassessment of three-dimensional seafloor gas hydrate deposits[J].Geophysical Journal International,2003,155(3):923~952.
[2]王淑红,宋海斌,颜文.全球与区域天然气水合物中天然气资源量估算[J].地球物理学进展,2005,20(4):1145~1154.Wang S H,Song H B,Yan W.The global and regional esti-mation of gas resource quantity in gas hydrates[J].Progress inGeophysics(in Chinese),2005,20(4):1145~1154.
[3]陈祖安,白武明,徐文跃.多组分天然气水合物在海底沉积层中稳定区及存在区的预测[J].地球物理学报,2005,48(4):870~875.Chen Z A,Bai W M,Xu W Y.Predication of stability zonesand occurrence zones gas hydrate of multiple-composition natu-ral in seafloor sediments[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chi-nese),2005,48(4):870~875.
[4]牛滨华,文鹏飞,温宁,符溪,孙春岩,李佳,孙晟.基于BSR的AVO正演估算水合物含量方法的研究[J].地球物理学报,2006,49(1):143~152.Niu B H,Wen P F,Wen N,Fu X,Sun C Y,Li J,Sun S.Estimation of hydrate concentration based on AVO modeling ofBSR[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2006,49(1):143~152.
[5]阮爱国,李家彪,初凤友,李湘云.海底天然气水合物层界面反射AVO数值模拟[J].地球物理学报,2006,49(6):1826~1835.Ruan A G,Li J B,Chu F Y,Li X Y.AVO numerical simu-lation of gas hydrates reflectors beneath seafloor[J].ChineseJ.Geophys.(in Chinese),2006,49(6):1826~1835.
[6]沙志彬,张光学,杨木壮,等.波形曲线特征在天然气水合物资源量研究中的地质意义[J].地球物理学进展,2006,21(3):944~948.Sha Z B,Zhang G X,Yan M Z,et al.The geological mean-ing of wiggled trace character in study of gas hydrates resource[J].Progress in Geophysics(in Chinese),2006,21(3):944~948.
[7]栾锡武,赵克斌,孙冬胜,岳保静.天然气水合物的开采——以马利克钻井为例[J].地球物理学进展,2007,22(4):1295~1304.Luan X W,Zhao K B,Sun D S,et al.Gas hydrates produc-tion—in case of mallik test well[J].Progress in Geophysics(in Chinese),2007,22(4):1295~1304.
[8]张光学,黄永样,陈邦彦.海域天然气水合物地震学[M].北京:海洋出版社,2003.
[9]吴志强,文丽,童思友,闫桂京.海域天然气水合物的地震研究进展[J].地球物理学进展,2007,22(1):218~227.Wu Z Q,Wen L,Tong S Y,Yan G J.Advances in seismicresearches on natural gas hydrate in ocean[J].Progress in Ge-ophysics(in Chinese),2007,22(1):218~227.
[10]Shipley T H,Houston M H,Buffler R T,Shaub F J,Mc-Millen K J,Ladd J W,Worzel J L.Seismic evidence for wide-spread possible gas hydrate horizons on continental slopes andrises[J].AAPG Bull.,1979,63:2204~2213.
[11]Paull C K,Dillon W P.Appearance and distribution of the gashydrate reflector in the Blake Ridge region,offshore south-eastern United States.USGS Misc[J].Field Studies Map,1981,1252.
[12]Vanneste M,Batist M D,Golmshtok A,Kremlev A,VersteegW.Multi-frequency seismic study of gas hydrate-bearing sedi-ments in Lake Baikal,Siberia[J].Marine Geology,2001,172:1~21.
[13]Berndt C,Mienert J,Vanneste M,Bünz S,Bryn P.Submarineslope-failure offshore Norway triggers rapid gas hydrate de-composition,in:4th int.conf.on gas hydrates proc[J].Yo-kohama,Japan,2002.71~74.
[14]NouzéH,Henry P,Noble M,Martin V,Pascal G.Large gashydrate accumulations on the eastern Nankai Trough inferredfrom new high-resolution 2-D seismic data[J].GeophysicalResearch Letters,2004,31,doi:10.1029/2004GL019848.
[15]Wood W T,Gettrust J F,Chapman N R,Spence G D,Hynd-man R D.Decreased stability of methane hydrates in marinesediments owing to phase-boundary roughness[J].NA-TURE,2002,420:656~660.
[16]Chapman N R,Gettrust J F,Walia R,David Hannay,SpenceG D,Wood W T,Hyndman R D.High-resolution,deep-towed,multichannel seismic survey of deep-sea gas hydratesoff western Canada[J].Geophysics,2002,67(4):1038~1047.
[17]Jaiswal,Priyank,Zelt,Colin A,Pecher,Ingo A.Seismic char-acterization of a gas hydrate system in the Gulf of Mexico u-sing wide-aperture data[J].Geophysical Journal Internation-al,2006,165(1):108~120.
[18]Paul E.Murray,Michael V D,Bob A.Hardage,Milo M B,Robert J G,Sergey F.Interpreting multicomponent seismicdata in the Gulf of Mexico for shallow sedimentary proper-ties:methodology and case history[J].Offshore TechnologyConference,2003,15118.
[19]DeAngelo M V,Remington,Randy,Murray P E,Hardage BA,Graebner R,Fouad K.Multicomponent seismic technologyfor imaging deep gas prospects[J].The Leading Edge,De-cember,2004,1270~1281.
[20]Posewang J,Mienert J.High-resolution seismic studies of gashydrates west of Svalbard[J].Geo-Marine Letters,1999,19:150~156.
[21]Kommedal A,Per G F.Processing the Hod multicomponentOBS survey,comparing parallel and orthogonal geometries[J].The Leading Edge,2002,21:795.
[22]Milkov A V,Claypool G E,Lee Y J,Xu W,Dickens G R,Borowski W S.ODP Leg 204 Scientific Party.In situ meth-ane concentrations at Hydrate Ridge,offshore Oregon:Newconstraints on the global gas hydrate inventory from an activemargin[J].Geology,2003,31(10):833~836.
[23]Mienert J,Posewang J.Evidence of shallow-and deep-watergas hydrate destabilizations in North Atlantic polar continen-tal margin sediments[J].Geo-Marine Letters,1999,19:143~149.
[24]Johnson J E,Goldfinger C,Suess E.Geophysical constraintson the surface distribution of authigenic carbonates across theHydrate Ridge region[J].Cascadia Margin.Marine Geology,2003,202(1):79~120.
[25]栾锡武,秦蕴珊.冲绳海槽宫古段西部槽底海底气泉的发现[J].科学通报,2005,50(8):802~810.Luan X W,Qin Y S.Gas seepage on the sea floor of OkinawaTrough Miyko Section[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2005,50(13):1358~1365].
[26]陈多福,黄永样,冯东,苏正,陈光谦.南海北部冷泉碳酸盐岩和石化微生物细菌及地质意义[J].矿物岩石地球化学通报,2005,24(3):185~189.Chen D F,Huang Y Y,Feng D,Su Z,Chen G Q.Seep car-bonate and preserved bacteria fossils in the northern of theSouth China Sea and their geological implications[J].Bulle-tin of Mineralogy,Petrology and Geochemistry,2005,24(3):185~189.
[27]Mills H J,Hodges C,Wilson K,MacDonald I R,Sobecky PA.Microbial diversity in sediments associated with surface-breaching gas hydrate mounds in the Gulf of Mexico[J].Mi-crobiology Ecology,2003,46(1):39~52.
[28]Ginsburg G D,Milkov A V,Soloviev V A,Egorov A V,Cherkashev G A,Vogt P R,Crane K,Lorenson T D,Khutor-skoy M D.Gas hydrate accumulation at the Hakon MosbyMud Volcano[J].Geo-Marine Letters,1999,19(1):57~67.
[29]Clague D,Maher N,Paull C K.High-resolution multibeamsurvey of Hydrate Ridge,offshore Oregon,in:Paull C K,Dil-lon W P(Eds.),Natural Gas Hydrates:Occurrence,Distri-bution and Detection,Am[J].Geophys.Union Geophys.Monogr.2001,124:297~306.
[30]Greinert J,Bollwerk S M,Derkachev A,Bohrmann G,SuessE.Massive barite deposits and carbonate mineralization in theDerugin Basin,Sea of Okhotsk:precipitation processes atcold seep sites[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2002,203:165~180.
[31]Grevemeyer I,Villinger H.Gas hydrate stability and the as-sessment of heat flow through continental margins[J].Geo-physical Journal International,2001,145(3):647~660.
[32]李官保,裴彦良,刘保华.海底热流探测技术综述[J].地球物理学进展,2005,20(3):611~619.Li G B,Pei Y L,Liu B H.Review of measurement tech-niques of seafloor heat flow[J].Progress in Geophysics(inChinese),2005,20(3):611~619.
[33]Lüdmann T,Wong H,Konerding P,Zillmer M,Petersen J andFlüh E.Heat flow and quantity of methane deduced from agas hydrate field in the vicinity of the Dnieper Canyon,north-western Black Sea[J].Geo-Marine Letters,2004,24(3):182~193.
[34]Hyndman R D,Spence G D,Chapman R.Geophysical studiesof marine gas hydrate northern cascadia.Natural gas hy-drates:Occurrence,Distribution,and Detection[J].Geophysi-cal Monograph,2001,124:273~295.
[35]Vanneste M,Guidard S,Mienert J.Bottom-simulating reflec-tions and geothermal gradients across the western Svalbardmargin[J].Terra Nova,2005,17(6):510~516.
[36]Edwards R N.On the resource evaluation of marine gas hy-drate deposits using sea floor transient electric dipole-dipolemethods[J].Geophysics,1997,62(1):63~74.
[37]Edwards R N.Marine controlled source electromagnetics:principles,methodologies,future commercial application[J].Surveys in Geophysics,2005,26(6):675~700.
[38]Latychev K,Edwards R N.On the compliance method and theassessment of three-dimensional seafloor gas hydrate deposits[J].Geophysical Journal International,2003,155(3):923~952.
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