中国现今地壳运动GPS速度场的连续变形分析
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摘要
利用中国大陆以及蒙古、缅甸、印度、尼泊尔和喜马拉雅等周边地区多年的GPS观测资料, 基于连续介质假设, 采用双三次样条函数模拟方法, 给出中国大陆整体水平位移速度,拟合精度优于3 mm/a, 获得了中国大陆的水平应变率场, 并分析了中国大陆现今构造变形、水平应变率场的空间分布特征. 结果表明: 对大范围、密集的GPS速度场的连续变形分析,既能揭示中国大陆现今构造变形的总体特征, 又能显示局部地区现今的构造活动特征. 总体上, 中国大陆构造的水平变形强度和变形速度在南北地震带产生突变, 呈西强东弱、南强北弱态势. 而昆仑山地块中部、鲜水河断裂带和云南中部地区, 其应变速率最大, 速度变化最快; 阿尔金断裂带现今处于其构造活动的平静期, 中天山东部地区具有拉张环境.
Assuming that the contemporary tectonic activity in China can be treated as continuous, we have simulated 1245 present day multiple epoch GPS velocity solutions in the range of Chinese mainland, Mongolia, Myanmar, India, Nepal and Himalayas with a bi cubic spline interpolation function to inverse the integral horizontal velocity with the fitting accuracy less than 3 mm and obtained the strain rate fields in Chinese mainland. We have also analyzed the characteristics of spatial distribution of horizontal deformation and strain rate fields in Chinese mainland. The result shows that the analysis on the continuous deformation in the large scale and dense GPS velocity fields can reveal not only the integral tectonic characters of Chinese mainland but also the tectonic characters in local regions. Generally, the magnitude and intensity of horizontal tectonic deformation have a mutation in the South North Seismic Belt, which is stronger in the west than the east and stronger in the south than the north. Large strain rates are found in the areas as Kunlun block, Xianshuihe fault zone and central Yunnan, and the variation of velocity is very rapid. At the same time, the tectonic activity is relatively calm on Altyn Tagh fault zone, and extensive strain is found in the eastern part of central Tianshan.
Assuming that the contemporary tectonic activity in China can be treated as continuous, we have simulated 1245 present day multiple epoch GPS velocity solutions in the range of Chinese mainland, Mongolia, Myanmar, India, Nepal and Himalayas with a bi cubic spline interpolation function to inverse the integral horizontal velocity with the fitting accuracy less than 3 mm and obtained the strain rate fields in Chinese mainland. We have also analyzed the characteristics of spatial distribution of horizontal deformation and strain rate fields in Chinese mainland. The result shows that the analysis on the continuous deformation in the large scale and dense GPS velocity fields can reveal not only the integral tectonic characters of Chinese mainland but also the tectonic characters in local regions. Generally, the magnitude and intensity of horizontal tectonic deformation have a mutation in the South North Seismic Belt, which is stronger in the west than the east and stronger in the south than the north. Large strain rates are found in the areas as Kunlun block, Xianshuihe fault zone and central Yunnan, and the variation of velocity is very rapid. At the same time, the tectonic activity is relatively calm on Altyn Tagh fault zone, and extensive strain is found in the eastern part of central Tianshan.
引文
程宗颐,朱文耀.2001.APRGP97APRGP99的GPS联测资料确定的亚太地区地壳形变[J].地震学报,23(3):258~279
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许忠淮.2001.东亚地区现今构造应力图的编制[J].地震学报,23(5):492~501
杨少敏,王琪.2001.用双三次样条函数和GPS资料反演现今中国大陆构造形变场[J].大地测量与地球动力学,22(3):68~75
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张培震,王琪,马宗晋.2002.青藏高原现今构造变形特征与GPS速度场[J].地学前缘,9(2):442~450
张培震,邓起东,张国民,等.2003.中国大陆的强震活动与活动地块[J].中国科学,D辑,33(增刊):12~20
BanerjeeP,BürgmannR.2002.Convergence across the northwestHimalaya fromGPS measurements[J].GeophysResLett,29(13):30-1~4
BendickR,BilhamR,FreymuellerJ T, et al.2000.Geodetic evidence for a low slip rate in theAltynTagh fault system[J].Nature,404:69~72
BernardM,ShenTuB,HoltW E.2000.Kinematics of active deformation in theSulaimanLobe andRange[J].PakistanJ GeophysRes,105:13 253~13 279
CalaisE,VergnolleM,San′kovV, et al.2003.GPS measurements of crustal deformation in theBaikal-Mongolia area(1994~2002):Implications for current kinematics ofAsia[J].J GeophysRes,108(B10),2501 doi:10.1029/2002JB002373
EnglandP,MolnarP.1997a.The field of crustal velocity inAsia calculated fromQuaternary rates of slip on faults[J].GeophysJ Int,130:551~582
EnglandP,MolnarP.1997b.Active deformation ofAsia: from kinematics to dynamic[J].Science,278:647~650
HainesA J,HoltW E.1993.A procedure for obtaining the complete horizontal motions within zones of distributed de formation from the inversion of strain rate data[J].J GeophysRes,98:12057~12082
HainesA F,JacksonJ A,HoltW E, et al.1998.Representing distributed deformation by continuous velocity fields[A].Inst ofGeol andNuclSci[C].NewZealand:SciRep98/5,110
HoltW E,LiM ,HainesA J.1995.Earthquake strain rates and instantaneous relative motions within central and east ernAsia[J].GeophysJ Int,122:569~593
HoltE W,ChamotRookeN ,LePichonX.2000.Veolocity field inAsia inferred fromQuaternary fault slip rates andGlobalPositioningSystem observations[J].GeophysJ Res,105(B8):19185~19209
HoltW E,HahnB C,SilverP G, et al.2002.Lithosphere mantle coupling inferred from mantle seismic anisotropymeasurements and surface deformation rates[A].In:FallMeetingSupp1[C ].EOS Trans,AGU,83(47):T11D 1286
JacksonJ ,HainesA J,HoltW E.1995.The accommodation ofArabia-Eurasia plate convergence inIran[J].J Geo physRes,100:15205~15219
MolnorP.1990.A review of the seismicity and the rates of underthrusting and deformation at theHimalaya[J].J Hi malayanGeol,1(2):131~154
MolnarP,LyonCaenH.1989.Fault plane solutions of earthquakes and active tectonics of theTibetanPlateau and itsmargins[J].GeophysJ Int,99:123~153
PaulJ,BürgmannR,GaurV K, et al.2001.The motion and active deformation ofIndia[J].GeophysicalResearchLet ters,28(4):647~651
PeltzerG,SaucierF.1996.Present day kinematics ofAsia derived from geologic fault rates[J].J geophysRes,101:27943~27956
PeltzerG,TapponnierP,ArmijoR.1989.Magnitude of lateQuaternary left lateral displacements along the northernedge ofTibet[J].Science,246:1283~1289
Shen,Zhengkang,WangMin,LiYanxing, et al.2001.Crustal deformation along theAltynTagh fault system, westernChina, fromGPS[J].J GeophysRes,106(B12):30607~30622
VignyC,SocquetA,RanginC, et al.2003.Present day crustal deformation aroundSagaing fault,Myanmar[J].J Geo physRes,108(B11):2533 doi:10.10.102912002JB001999
WangQ,ZhangP Z,JeffreyT F, et al.2001.Present day crustal deformation inChina constrained byGlobalPositionSystem measurements[J].Science,294:574~577
ZobackM L.1992.First and second order pattern of stress in the lithosphere: the world stress project[J].J GeophsRes,97(B8):11703~11728
丁国瑜,卢演俦.1986.对我国现代板内运动状态的初步探讨[J].科学通报,31(18):1412~1415
丁国瑜,卢演俦.1989.板内块体的现代运动[A].见:马杏垣主编.中国岩石圈动力学地图集[M].北京:中国地图出版社,21
国家地震局阿尔金活动断裂课题组.1993.阿尔金活动断裂带[M].北京:地震出版社,17
洪汉净,汪一鹏,沈军,等.1998.我国大陆地壳块体运动的平均图像及其动力学意义[J].活动断裂研究理论与应用,6:17~29
江在森,张希,祝意青,等.2003a.昆仑山口西MS8.1地震前区域构造变形背景[J].中国科学(D),33:163~172
江在森,马宗晋,张希,等.2003b.GPS初步结果揭示的中国大陆水平应变场与构造变形[J].地球物理学报,46(3):352~358
牛之俊,游新兆,王琪,等.2003.中国地壳运动速度场GAMIT和GISPY解算结果比对研究[J].大地测量与地球动力学,23(3):4~8
牛之俊,马宗晋,陈鑫连,等.2002.中国地壳运动观测网络[J].大地测量与地球动力学,22(3):88~93
乔学军,王琪,杜瑞林,等.2002.昆仑山口西MS8.1地震的地壳变形特征[J].大地测量与地球动力学,22(4):6~11
乔学军,王琪,吴云,等.2003.中国大陆GPS基准站的时间序列特征[J].武汉大学学报(信息科学版),28(4):413~416
任金卫,HoltW,炳明申屠.1999.中亚及东南亚变形运动及其动力学问题[A].见:汪一鹏主编.活动断裂研究(7)[C].北京:地震出版社,109~146
王琪,牛之俊,石俊成.2003.中国地壳运动观测网络基本网观测精度研究速度场[J].大地测量与地球动力学,23(3):9~13
王琪,张培震,牛之俊,等.2001.中国大陆现今地壳变动与构造变形[J].中国科学,31(7):529~536
王敏,沈正康,牛之俊,等.2003.现今中国大陆地壳运动与活动块体模型[J].中国科学(D辑),33(增刊):21~32
许忠淮.2001.东亚地区现今构造应力图的编制[J].地震学报,23(5):492~501
杨少敏,王琪.2001.用双三次样条函数和GPS资料反演现今中国大陆构造形变场[J].大地测量与地球动力学,22(3):68~75
杨少敏.2002.双三次样条函数拟合法和中国大陆构造形变场研究[D]:[学位论文].武汉:中国地震局地震研究所,1~64
张培震,王琪,马宗晋.2002.青藏高原现今构造变形特征与GPS速度场[J].地学前缘,9(2):442~450
张培震,邓起东,张国民,等.2003.中国大陆的强震活动与活动地块[J].中国科学,D辑,33(增刊):12~20
BanerjeeP,BürgmannR.2002.Convergence across the northwestHimalaya fromGPS measurements[J].GeophysResLett,29(13):30-1~4
BendickR,BilhamR,FreymuellerJ T, et al.2000.Geodetic evidence for a low slip rate in theAltynTagh fault system[J].Nature,404:69~72
BernardM,ShenTuB,HoltW E.2000.Kinematics of active deformation in theSulaimanLobe andRange[J].PakistanJ GeophysRes,105:13 253~13 279
CalaisE,VergnolleM,San′kovV, et al.2003.GPS measurements of crustal deformation in theBaikal-Mongolia area(1994~2002):Implications for current kinematics ofAsia[J].J GeophysRes,108(B10),2501 doi:10.1029/2002JB002373
EnglandP,MolnarP.1997a.The field of crustal velocity inAsia calculated fromQuaternary rates of slip on faults[J].GeophysJ Int,130:551~582
EnglandP,MolnarP.1997b.Active deformation ofAsia: from kinematics to dynamic[J].Science,278:647~650
HainesA J,HoltW E.1993.A procedure for obtaining the complete horizontal motions within zones of distributed de formation from the inversion of strain rate data[J].J GeophysRes,98:12057~12082
HainesA F,JacksonJ A,HoltW E, et al.1998.Representing distributed deformation by continuous velocity fields[A].Inst ofGeol andNuclSci[C].NewZealand:SciRep98/5,110
HoltW E,LiM ,HainesA J.1995.Earthquake strain rates and instantaneous relative motions within central and east ernAsia[J].GeophysJ Int,122:569~593
HoltE W,ChamotRookeN ,LePichonX.2000.Veolocity field inAsia inferred fromQuaternary fault slip rates andGlobalPositioningSystem observations[J].GeophysJ Res,105(B8):19185~19209
HoltW E,HahnB C,SilverP G, et al.2002.Lithosphere mantle coupling inferred from mantle seismic anisotropymeasurements and surface deformation rates[A].In:FallMeetingSupp1[C ].EOS Trans,AGU,83(47):T11D 1286
JacksonJ ,HainesA J,HoltW E.1995.The accommodation ofArabia-Eurasia plate convergence inIran[J].J Geo physRes,100:15205~15219
MolnorP.1990.A review of the seismicity and the rates of underthrusting and deformation at theHimalaya[J].J Hi malayanGeol,1(2):131~154
MolnarP,LyonCaenH.1989.Fault plane solutions of earthquakes and active tectonics of theTibetanPlateau and itsmargins[J].GeophysJ Int,99:123~153
PaulJ,BürgmannR,GaurV K, et al.2001.The motion and active deformation ofIndia[J].GeophysicalResearchLet ters,28(4):647~651
PeltzerG,SaucierF.1996.Present day kinematics ofAsia derived from geologic fault rates[J].J geophysRes,101:27943~27956
PeltzerG,TapponnierP,ArmijoR.1989.Magnitude of lateQuaternary left lateral displacements along the northernedge ofTibet[J].Science,246:1283~1289
Shen,Zhengkang,WangMin,LiYanxing, et al.2001.Crustal deformation along theAltynTagh fault system, westernChina, fromGPS[J].J GeophysRes,106(B12):30607~30622
VignyC,SocquetA,RanginC, et al.2003.Present day crustal deformation aroundSagaing fault,Myanmar[J].J Geo physRes,108(B11):2533 doi:10.10.102912002JB001999
WangQ,ZhangP Z,JeffreyT F, et al.2001.Present day crustal deformation inChina constrained byGlobalPositionSystem measurements[J].Science,294:574~577
ZobackM L.1992.First and second order pattern of stress in the lithosphere: the world stress project[J].J GeophsRes,97(B8):11703~11728
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