基于地层力学结构的三维构造恢复及其地质意义
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摘要
三维构造恢复不仅可以验证构造解释在三维空间的一致性,也可用于计算构造内部的应变状态,确定构造位移变化路径及地层力学结构对构造生长过程的影响。在Gocad三维平台上综合遥感、地震和钻井等资料,建立准噶尔盆地南缘主要勘探目的层古近系古新统—始新统紫泥泉子组(E1-2z)的面模型和霍尔果斯深层背斜的体模型,并在体模型的三维域中设置剪切模量、拉梅常数以及岩层密度,以求真实反映实际地层力学结构。在此基础上利用基于Gocad平台开发的三维构造恢复插件对两者开展恢复试验。面模型恢复结果表明,准噶尔盆地南缘山前逆冲断层上盘的恢复应变椭球长轴多呈北西方向,与该位置天山山体和山前断裂带走向斜交,这一特征印证了晚新生代以来的斜向挤压作用。但在山前第二排背斜带东西300km的范围内,恢复应变椭球长轴由霍尔果斯背斜处的近南北逐渐向东西两侧的北北东向和北西向过渡,揭示出深部隐伏断裂可能具有前陆地区典型的弧形冲断特征。体模型恢复结果表明,霍尔果斯深层背斜内部的应变状态与其所经历的运动学过程并没有显著的对应关系,恢复应变分布主要受相邻地层之间力学结构的差异控制,这就导致同一断块不同地层内部的应变状态具有不同的分布特征。在石油勘探开发领域,针对圈闭范围小尺度构造的恢复应变计算可用于构造裂缝性质、方位和分布的预测。
Three-dimensional (3-D) restoration may help to validate volumetric consistency of structural interpretations; moreover,it is increasingly used as a means to address effects of mechanical properties in structural growth,and to estimate strain distribution within structures. We have constructed the tsurfs model of the Paleocene-Eocene Ziniquanzi Formation and the solid model of Huoerguosi deep anticline in the Southern Junggar Basin based on the interpretation of depth converted,two-and three-dimensional seismic data,with stratigraphic horizons by well control and surface geology defined by remote sensing data. In order to truly represent mechanical properties of rock units,shear module,Lame's constants and density were specified in the three-dimensional regions of the solid model. Then,we used a combination of horizon-based and volumetric restoration techniques,implemented in Gocad's structural restoration plug-in unit,to restore these two types of models. The axes of maximum principal strain,derived from the restoration of tsurfs model of Paleocene-Eocene Ziniquanzi formation in hanging wall of mountain front thrust faults,mostly extend north-west direction,which are obliquely intersecting with the Tianshan and the mountain front thrust belts. This characteristic may verify the oblique contraction in the Southern Junggar Basin since the Late Cenozoic. Moreover,in the three anticlinal belts extending east-west over 300 km2 area,the axes of maximum principal strain change from south-north in Huoerguosi anticline to north-east eastward and north-west westward,which indicates the arc shaped thrusting,the typical thrusting style in foreland area and in deep structures. The strain distribution derived from the restoration of Huoerguosi deep anticline solid model do not have obviously corresponding relationship to the kinematic process,but are mainly controlled by contrasts in the mechanical strength of rock units,which caused the varieties of strain distributions in the same fault block. In the petroleum exploration and development,this volumetric restoration technique can be used as a means to estimate strain distributions within structural traps,which may help to predict patterns of natural fracture or other small scale structures.
Three-dimensional (3-D) restoration may help to validate volumetric consistency of structural interpretations; moreover,it is increasingly used as a means to address effects of mechanical properties in structural growth,and to estimate strain distribution within structures. We have constructed the tsurfs model of the Paleocene-Eocene Ziniquanzi Formation and the solid model of Huoerguosi deep anticline in the Southern Junggar Basin based on the interpretation of depth converted,two-and three-dimensional seismic data,with stratigraphic horizons by well control and surface geology defined by remote sensing data. In order to truly represent mechanical properties of rock units,shear module,Lame's constants and density were specified in the three-dimensional regions of the solid model. Then,we used a combination of horizon-based and volumetric restoration techniques,implemented in Gocad's structural restoration plug-in unit,to restore these two types of models. The axes of maximum principal strain,derived from the restoration of tsurfs model of Paleocene-Eocene Ziniquanzi formation in hanging wall of mountain front thrust faults,mostly extend north-west direction,which are obliquely intersecting with the Tianshan and the mountain front thrust belts. This characteristic may verify the oblique contraction in the Southern Junggar Basin since the Late Cenozoic. Moreover,in the three anticlinal belts extending east-west over 300 km2 area,the axes of maximum principal strain change from south-north in Huoerguosi anticline to north-east eastward and north-west westward,which indicates the arc shaped thrusting,the typical thrusting style in foreland area and in deep structures. The strain distribution derived from the restoration of Huoerguosi deep anticline solid model do not have obviously corresponding relationship to the kinematic process,but are mainly controlled by contrasts in the mechanical strength of rock units,which caused the varieties of strain distributions in the same fault block. In the petroleum exploration and development,this volumetric restoration technique can be used as a means to estimate strain distributions within structural traps,which may help to predict patterns of natural fracture or other small scale structures.
引文
[1]Dahlstrom C D A.Balanced cross sections[J].Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences,1969,6:743-757.
[2]Woodward N B,Boyer S E,Suppe J.An Outline of Balanced Cross-Sections[M].2nd ed.Knoxville:University of Ten-nessee,Depart ment of Geological Sciences,1985:170.
[3]Suppe J.Geometry and kinematics of fault-bend folding[J].American Journal of Science,1983,283:684-721.
[4]Suppe J,Medwedeff D.Geometry and kinematics of fault-propagation folding[J].Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae,1990,83(3):409-454.
[5]All mendinger R W.Inverse and forward numerical modeling of trishear fault-propagation folds[J].Tectonics,1998,17:640-656.
[6]Novoa E,Suppe J,Shaw J H.Inclined-shear restoration of growth folds[J].American Association of Petroleum Geolo-gists Bulletin,2000,84(6):787-804.
[7]Hardy S,Poblet J.Geometric and numerical model of pro-gressive li mb rotation in detachment folds[J].Geology,1994,22:371-374.
[8]Hardy S,Poblet J,McClay K,et al.Mathematical modeling of growth strata associated with fault-related fold structures[C]∥Buchanan P G,Nieuwland D A.Modern Developments in Structural Interpretation,Validation and Modeling.Lon-don:Geological Society of London Special Publication99,1996:265-282.
[9]Poblet J,McClay K R,Storti F,et al.Geometries of syntec-tonic sedi ments associated with single layer detachment folds[J].Journal of Structural Geology,1997,19:369-381.
[10]Epard J L,Groshong R H.Excess area and depth to detach-ment[J].American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bul-letin,1993,77:1291-1302.
[11]Epard J L,Groshong R H.Kinematic model of detachment foldingincluding li mb rotation,fixed hinges,andlayer-paral-lel strain[J].Tectonophysics,1995,247:85-103.
[12]Homza T X,Wallace WK.Detachment folds withfixed hin-ges and variable detachment depth,Northeastern Brooks Range,Alaska[J].Journal of Structural Geology,1997,19:337-354.
[13]Cotton J T,Koyi H A.Modeling of thrust fronts above duc-tile and frictional detachments:Application to structures in Salt range and Potwar plateau[J].Geological Society of A-merica Bulletin,2000,112:351-363.
[14]Bilotti F,ShawJ H.Deep-water Niger Delta fold and thrust belt modeled as a critical-taper wedge:The influence of ele-vated basal fluid pressure on structural styles[J].American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin,2005,89:1475-1491.
[15]Spratt D A,Lawton D C.Variations in detachment levels,ramp angles and wedge geometries along the Alberta thrust front[J].Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology,1996,44:313-323.
[16]Plesch A,Shaw J H,Kronman D.Mechanics of low-relief detachment folding in the Bajiaochang Field,Sichuan Basin,China[J].American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin,2007,91(11):1559-1575.
[17]Guzofski C A,Mueller J P,Shaw J H,et al.Insights into the mechanisms of fault-related folding provided by volumet-ric structural restorations using spatially varying mechanical constraints[J].American Association of Petroleum Geolo-gists Bulletin,2009,93(4):479-502.
[18]Erickson S G,Jamison W R.Viscous-plastic fine-element models of fault-bendfolds[J].Journal of Structural Geology,1995,17:561-573.
[19]Salvini F,Storti F,McClay K.Self-determining numerical modeling of compressional fault-bend folding[J].Geology,2001,29:839-842.
[20]Cardozo N,Bhalla K,Zehnder A T,et al.Mechanical mod-els of fault propagation folds and comparison to the trishear kinematic model[J].Journal of Structural Geology,2003,25:1-18.
[21]Hardy S,Finch E.Discrete-element modeling of detachment folding[J].Basin Research,2005,17:507-520.
[22]Muron P,Mallet J L,Medwedeff D A.3D sequential struc-tural restoration:Geometry and kinematics[J].AAPG An-nual Meeting Program,2005,14:A98.
[23]Mller J P,Guzofski C,Rivero C,et al.Newapproaches to3D structural restoration in fold-and-thrust belts using growth strata[J].AAPG Annual Meeting Program,2005,14:A97.
[24]de Santi MR,Campos J L E,Martha L F.3Dgeological res-toration using a finite element approach[C]∥Proceedings of the23rd Gocad Meeting.Nancy,France:Association Scien-tifique pour la Geologie et ses Applications,2003:12.
[25]Muron P.3-D Numerical Methods for the Restoration of Faulted Geological Structures[D].de Lorraine:Institut Na-tional Polytechnique de Lorraine,France,2005:141.
[26]Muron P,Mallet J L.3-D balanced unfolding:The tetrahe-dral approach[C]∥Proceedings of the23rd Gocad Meeting.Nancy,France:Association Scientifique pour la Geologie et ses Applications,2003:17.
[27]Muron P,Mallet J L.3-D balanced unfolding and rock prop-erties[C]∥Proceedings of the24th Gocad Meeting.Nancy,France:Association Scientifique pour la Geologie et ses Ap-plications,2004:16.
[28]Muron P.Handling faults in3D structural restoration[C]∥Proceedings of the25th Gocad Meeting.Nancy,France:As-sociation Scientifique pour la Geologie et ses Applications,2005:15.
[29]Avouac J P,Tapponnier P,Bai M,et al.Active thrusting and folding along the Northern Tian Shan and Late Cenozoic rotation of the Tari mrelative to Dzhungaria and Kazakhstan[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1993,98:6755-6840.
[30]Burchfiel B C,Brown E T,Deng Q D,et al.Crustal short-ening on the margins of the Tienshan,Xinjiang,China[J].International Geology Review,1999,41:665-700.
[31]Charreau J,Chen Y,Gilder S,et al.Magnetostratigraphy and rock magnetism of the Neogene Kuitun He section(Northwest China):I mplications for Late Cenozoic uplift of the Tianshan Mountains[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2005,230:177-192.
[32]Deng Q D,Feng X Y,Zhang P Z,et al.Active Tectonics in Tianshan[M].Beijing:Seismological Press,2000:399(inChinese).
[33]Guan S W,Li B L,He D F,et al.Late Cenozoic active fold-and-thrust beltsinthe southern and northernflanks of Tians-han[J].Acta Geologica Sinica,2007,81(6):725-744(in Chinese).
[34]Guan S W,Li B L,He D F,et al.Recognition and explora-tion of structural wedges:Acase study of the southern mar-gin of Junggar Basin[J].Earth Science Frontiers,2009,16(3):129-137(in Chinese).
[35]Bilotti F,ShawJ H,Brennan P A.Quantitative structural a-nalysis with stereoscopic remote sensingi magery[J].Ameri-can Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin,2000,84:727-740.
[36]Mallet J L.Discrete smoothinterpolationin geometric model-ing[J].Computer Aided Design,1992,24(4):178-191.
[37]Lepage F.Three Di mensional Mesh Generationfor the Si mu-lation of Physical Phenomena in Geosciences[D].de Lor-raine:Institut National Polytechnique de Lorraine,France,2003:254.
[38]Dahlstorm C D A.Geometric constraints derived from the lawof conservation volume and applied to evolutionary mod-els for detachment folding[J].American Association of Pe-troleum Geologists Bulletin,1990,74:336-344.
[39]Suppe J,Chou G T,Hook S C.Rates of folding and faulting determined from growth strata[C]∥McKlay K R.Thrust Tectonics.New York:Chapman Hall,1992:105-121.
[40]Suppe J,Sàbat F,Mu oz J A,et al.Bed-by-bedfold growth by kink-band migration:Sant Lloren de Morunys,Eastern Pyrenees[J].Journal of Structural Geology,1997,19:443-461.
[41]Shaw J H,Connors C,Suppe J.Seismic Interpretation of Contractional Fault-related Folds:An AAPG Seismic Atlas[M].Tulsa:American Association of Petroleum Geologists,2005:156.
[42]Shaw J H,Suppe J.Earthquake hazards of active blind-thrust faults under the central Los Angeles Basin,California[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1996,101:8623-8642.
[43]Medwedeff D A,Suppe J.Multibend fault-bend folding[J].Journal of Structural Geology,1997,19(3/4):279-292.
[32]邓起东,冯先岳,张培震,等.天山活动构造[M].北京:地震出版社,2000:399.
[33]管树巍,李本亮,何登发,等.晚新生代以来天山南、北麓冲断作用的定量分析[J].地质学报,2007,81(6):725-744.
[34]管树巍,李本亮,何登发,等.构造楔形体的识别与勘探:以准噶尔盆地南缘为例[J].地学前缘,2009,16(3):129-137.
[2]Woodward N B,Boyer S E,Suppe J.An Outline of Balanced Cross-Sections[M].2nd ed.Knoxville:University of Ten-nessee,Depart ment of Geological Sciences,1985:170.
[3]Suppe J.Geometry and kinematics of fault-bend folding[J].American Journal of Science,1983,283:684-721.
[4]Suppe J,Medwedeff D.Geometry and kinematics of fault-propagation folding[J].Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae,1990,83(3):409-454.
[5]All mendinger R W.Inverse and forward numerical modeling of trishear fault-propagation folds[J].Tectonics,1998,17:640-656.
[6]Novoa E,Suppe J,Shaw J H.Inclined-shear restoration of growth folds[J].American Association of Petroleum Geolo-gists Bulletin,2000,84(6):787-804.
[7]Hardy S,Poblet J.Geometric and numerical model of pro-gressive li mb rotation in detachment folds[J].Geology,1994,22:371-374.
[8]Hardy S,Poblet J,McClay K,et al.Mathematical modeling of growth strata associated with fault-related fold structures[C]∥Buchanan P G,Nieuwland D A.Modern Developments in Structural Interpretation,Validation and Modeling.Lon-don:Geological Society of London Special Publication99,1996:265-282.
[9]Poblet J,McClay K R,Storti F,et al.Geometries of syntec-tonic sedi ments associated with single layer detachment folds[J].Journal of Structural Geology,1997,19:369-381.
[10]Epard J L,Groshong R H.Excess area and depth to detach-ment[J].American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bul-letin,1993,77:1291-1302.
[11]Epard J L,Groshong R H.Kinematic model of detachment foldingincluding li mb rotation,fixed hinges,andlayer-paral-lel strain[J].Tectonophysics,1995,247:85-103.
[12]Homza T X,Wallace WK.Detachment folds withfixed hin-ges and variable detachment depth,Northeastern Brooks Range,Alaska[J].Journal of Structural Geology,1997,19:337-354.
[13]Cotton J T,Koyi H A.Modeling of thrust fronts above duc-tile and frictional detachments:Application to structures in Salt range and Potwar plateau[J].Geological Society of A-merica Bulletin,2000,112:351-363.
[14]Bilotti F,ShawJ H.Deep-water Niger Delta fold and thrust belt modeled as a critical-taper wedge:The influence of ele-vated basal fluid pressure on structural styles[J].American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin,2005,89:1475-1491.
[15]Spratt D A,Lawton D C.Variations in detachment levels,ramp angles and wedge geometries along the Alberta thrust front[J].Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology,1996,44:313-323.
[16]Plesch A,Shaw J H,Kronman D.Mechanics of low-relief detachment folding in the Bajiaochang Field,Sichuan Basin,China[J].American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin,2007,91(11):1559-1575.
[17]Guzofski C A,Mueller J P,Shaw J H,et al.Insights into the mechanisms of fault-related folding provided by volumet-ric structural restorations using spatially varying mechanical constraints[J].American Association of Petroleum Geolo-gists Bulletin,2009,93(4):479-502.
[18]Erickson S G,Jamison W R.Viscous-plastic fine-element models of fault-bendfolds[J].Journal of Structural Geology,1995,17:561-573.
[19]Salvini F,Storti F,McClay K.Self-determining numerical modeling of compressional fault-bend folding[J].Geology,2001,29:839-842.
[20]Cardozo N,Bhalla K,Zehnder A T,et al.Mechanical mod-els of fault propagation folds and comparison to the trishear kinematic model[J].Journal of Structural Geology,2003,25:1-18.
[21]Hardy S,Finch E.Discrete-element modeling of detachment folding[J].Basin Research,2005,17:507-520.
[22]Muron P,Mallet J L,Medwedeff D A.3D sequential struc-tural restoration:Geometry and kinematics[J].AAPG An-nual Meeting Program,2005,14:A98.
[23]Mller J P,Guzofski C,Rivero C,et al.Newapproaches to3D structural restoration in fold-and-thrust belts using growth strata[J].AAPG Annual Meeting Program,2005,14:A97.
[24]de Santi MR,Campos J L E,Martha L F.3Dgeological res-toration using a finite element approach[C]∥Proceedings of the23rd Gocad Meeting.Nancy,France:Association Scien-tifique pour la Geologie et ses Applications,2003:12.
[25]Muron P.3-D Numerical Methods for the Restoration of Faulted Geological Structures[D].de Lorraine:Institut Na-tional Polytechnique de Lorraine,France,2005:141.
[26]Muron P,Mallet J L.3-D balanced unfolding:The tetrahe-dral approach[C]∥Proceedings of the23rd Gocad Meeting.Nancy,France:Association Scientifique pour la Geologie et ses Applications,2003:17.
[27]Muron P,Mallet J L.3-D balanced unfolding and rock prop-erties[C]∥Proceedings of the24th Gocad Meeting.Nancy,France:Association Scientifique pour la Geologie et ses Ap-plications,2004:16.
[28]Muron P.Handling faults in3D structural restoration[C]∥Proceedings of the25th Gocad Meeting.Nancy,France:As-sociation Scientifique pour la Geologie et ses Applications,2005:15.
[29]Avouac J P,Tapponnier P,Bai M,et al.Active thrusting and folding along the Northern Tian Shan and Late Cenozoic rotation of the Tari mrelative to Dzhungaria and Kazakhstan[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1993,98:6755-6840.
[30]Burchfiel B C,Brown E T,Deng Q D,et al.Crustal short-ening on the margins of the Tienshan,Xinjiang,China[J].International Geology Review,1999,41:665-700.
[31]Charreau J,Chen Y,Gilder S,et al.Magnetostratigraphy and rock magnetism of the Neogene Kuitun He section(Northwest China):I mplications for Late Cenozoic uplift of the Tianshan Mountains[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2005,230:177-192.
[32]Deng Q D,Feng X Y,Zhang P Z,et al.Active Tectonics in Tianshan[M].Beijing:Seismological Press,2000:399(inChinese).
[33]Guan S W,Li B L,He D F,et al.Late Cenozoic active fold-and-thrust beltsinthe southern and northernflanks of Tians-han[J].Acta Geologica Sinica,2007,81(6):725-744(in Chinese).
[34]Guan S W,Li B L,He D F,et al.Recognition and explora-tion of structural wedges:Acase study of the southern mar-gin of Junggar Basin[J].Earth Science Frontiers,2009,16(3):129-137(in Chinese).
[35]Bilotti F,ShawJ H,Brennan P A.Quantitative structural a-nalysis with stereoscopic remote sensingi magery[J].Ameri-can Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin,2000,84:727-740.
[36]Mallet J L.Discrete smoothinterpolationin geometric model-ing[J].Computer Aided Design,1992,24(4):178-191.
[37]Lepage F.Three Di mensional Mesh Generationfor the Si mu-lation of Physical Phenomena in Geosciences[D].de Lor-raine:Institut National Polytechnique de Lorraine,France,2003:254.
[38]Dahlstorm C D A.Geometric constraints derived from the lawof conservation volume and applied to evolutionary mod-els for detachment folding[J].American Association of Pe-troleum Geologists Bulletin,1990,74:336-344.
[39]Suppe J,Chou G T,Hook S C.Rates of folding and faulting determined from growth strata[C]∥McKlay K R.Thrust Tectonics.New York:Chapman Hall,1992:105-121.
[40]Suppe J,Sàbat F,Mu oz J A,et al.Bed-by-bedfold growth by kink-band migration:Sant Lloren de Morunys,Eastern Pyrenees[J].Journal of Structural Geology,1997,19:443-461.
[41]Shaw J H,Connors C,Suppe J.Seismic Interpretation of Contractional Fault-related Folds:An AAPG Seismic Atlas[M].Tulsa:American Association of Petroleum Geologists,2005:156.
[42]Shaw J H,Suppe J.Earthquake hazards of active blind-thrust faults under the central Los Angeles Basin,California[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1996,101:8623-8642.
[43]Medwedeff D A,Suppe J.Multibend fault-bend folding[J].Journal of Structural Geology,1997,19(3/4):279-292.
[32]邓起东,冯先岳,张培震,等.天山活动构造[M].北京:地震出版社,2000:399.
[33]管树巍,李本亮,何登发,等.晚新生代以来天山南、北麓冲断作用的定量分析[J].地质学报,2007,81(6):725-744.
[34]管树巍,李本亮,何登发,等.构造楔形体的识别与勘探:以准噶尔盆地南缘为例[J].地学前缘,2009,16(3):129-137.
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