南海西北次海盆新生代构造-沉积特征及伸展模式探讨
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摘要
通过对穿越西北次海盆的3条地震测线以及一条深反射地震剖面的解释,对其新生代的构造-沉积特征进行研究,探讨了伸展模型,并进而对其新生代的构造演化过程和动力学机制进行了分析。结果显示:西北次海盆在30Ma时开始发育,断层的活动期集中在渐新世,并大致以海盆中部的岩浆岩凸起为轴对称分布,对渐新统的沉积起控制作用。海盆扩张东强西弱,西部显示出更多的陆缘裂谷盆地的特征。25Ma后扩张轴向南跃迁,西北次海盆的海底扩张运动停止,进入裂后沉降阶段。构造展布方向受到其南侧的中—西沙地块的影响,大致沿其北部边界展布。深反射地震剖面所反映的深部地壳结构也显示出大致沿海盆中轴对称的特征,显示研究区很可能为纯剪的变形模式。
Several seismic profiles and one ocean-bottom-seismic profile crossing the Northwest Sub-basin,South China Sea,are introduced in this article.Based on the interpretations of these profiles and combined with structural geology,we have discussed the Cenozoic tectono-sedimentary characteristics and extension model of this sub-basin.The results show that the Northwest Sub-basin began its sea-floor spreading since 30 Ma.The extension activities mostly happened during the Oligocene.The rifts distributed symmetrically around the spreading center,which is occupied by igneous body now.Sediments in this period are characterized by chaotic and discontinuous reflectors,indicating rift-filling clastic sediments.Further to the west,the sub-basin has more rifted depression characteristics.After 25 Ma the spreading center migrated to the south,the Southwest Sub-basin began its spreading.The NW direction stress caused by it may have ceased the opening of the Northwest Sub-basin.The Northwest Sub-basin experienced thermal cooling and exhibited a broad subsidence.The Zhong-Xisha block may have influenced the structural distribution of the basin.The deep crustal structure showed by the velocity model of OBS profile are also symmetrical around the spreading center,which indicates that the Northwest Sub-basin experienced its extension in pure shear mode.
Several seismic profiles and one ocean-bottom-seismic profile crossing the Northwest Sub-basin,South China Sea,are introduced in this article.Based on the interpretations of these profiles and combined with structural geology,we have discussed the Cenozoic tectono-sedimentary characteristics and extension model of this sub-basin.The results show that the Northwest Sub-basin began its sea-floor spreading since 30 Ma.The extension activities mostly happened during the Oligocene.The rifts distributed symmetrically around the spreading center,which is occupied by igneous body now.Sediments in this period are characterized by chaotic and discontinuous reflectors,indicating rift-filling clastic sediments.Further to the west,the sub-basin has more rifted depression characteristics.After 25 Ma the spreading center migrated to the south,the Southwest Sub-basin began its spreading.The NW direction stress caused by it may have ceased the opening of the Northwest Sub-basin.The Northwest Sub-basin experienced thermal cooling and exhibited a broad subsidence.The Zhong-Xisha block may have influenced the structural distribution of the basin.The deep crustal structure showed by the velocity model of OBS profile are also symmetrical around the spreading center,which indicates that the Northwest Sub-basin experienced its extension in pure shear mode.
引文
[1]Tayler B,Hayes D E.The tectonic evolution of the South China Basin[M]∥Hayes D E.The Tectonic and Geologic E-volution of Southeast Asian Seas and Islands,Part1.Am Geophys Union Geophys Monogr,1980,23:89-104.
[2]Briasis A,Patriat P,Tapponnier P.Updated interpretation of magnetic anomalies and seafloor spreading in the South China Sea:Implications for the Tertiary tectonics of South-east Asia[J].J Geophys Res,1993,98(B4):6299-6328.
[3]Cande S C,Kent D V.Revised calibration of the geomagnetic polarity timescale for the Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic[J].J Geophys Res,1995,100(4):6093-6095.
[4]Yao B C,Zeng W J,Hayes D E,et al.The Geological Memoir of South China Sea Surveyed Jointly by China&U.S.A[M].Wuhan:China University of Geosciences Press,1994:1-204(in Chinese).
[5]Yao B C.Tectonic characteristics of Northwest Subbasin and seafloor spreading history of South China Seain Cenozoic[J].Tropic Oceanology,1999,18(1):7-15(in Chinese).
[6]Wessmann G,Kudrass H,Hinz K.Continuing rifting on the South China Margin[J].Geowissenschaften,1996,14:310-312.
[7]Wu S M,Yang Y,Zhou D,et al.Tectonic setting of the northern margin of South China Sea[J].Geological Journal of China Universities,2001,7(4):419-426(in Chinese).
[8]Feng Z Q,Miao WC.Structure and hydrocarbon of the para-passive continental margin of the Northern South China Sea[M]∥Geology and Geophysics of Continental Margin,AAPG Memoir,1992,53:27-41.
[9]Yan P,Zhou D,Liu Z S,et al.A crustal structure profile across the northern continental margin of the South China Sea[J].Tectonophysics,2001,338(1):1-21.
[10]Qiu X L,Ye S Y,We S M,et al.Crustal structure across the Xisha Trough,Northwestern South China Sea[J].Tec-tonophysics,2001,341:179-193.
[11]Song H B,Hao T Y,Jiang W W.Discussion on type and formation mechanism of the northern margin of the South China Sea[M]∥Chen Y,et al.Cundan Assembly.Beijing:Science Press,1998:74-81(in Chinese).
[12]Taylor B,Hayes D E.Origin and history of the South China Sea basin[M]∥Hayes D E.The Tectonic and Geologic Evo-lution of Southeast Asian Seas and Islands,Part2.Am Geo-phys Union Geophys Monogr,1983,27:23-56.
[13]Zhou D,Ru K,Chen HZ,et al.Kinematics of Cenozoic ex-tension on the South China Sea continental margin anditsim-plications for the tectonic evolution of the region[J].Tec-tonophysics,1995,251:161-177.
[14]Clift P,Lin J.Preferential mantle lithospheric extension un-der the South China margin[J].Marine and Petroleum Geolo-gy,2001,18:929-945.
[15]Liu G D.The Geological and Geophysical Map of the China s Seas and Adjacent Areas(at a scale of1∶5000000)[M].Beijing:Geological Publishing House,1992(in Chinese).
[16]Ding W W,Chen HL,Yang S F,et al.Geological and geo-physical analysis of the Southwestern and Eastern Sub-Ba-sins,South China Sea[J].Geological Journal of China Uni-versities,2002,8(3):268-279(in Chinese).
[17]Li MB,Jin X L,Chu F Y,et al.Sequence division and sedi-mentary evolution of Cenozoic in the middle Shenhu-Yitong Ansha Uplift[J].Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,2002,20(4):545-551(in Chinese).
[18]Li MB,Jin X L,Li J B,et al.Miocene deposition and paleo-slope evolvement of the middle part of northern continental slope in the South China Sea[J].Acta Oceanologica Sinica,2005,27(3):73-79(in Chinese).
[19]Gao H F,Bai Z L.Characteristics of seismic reflection and geologic ages of seismic sequences of Bijianan Basin,South China Sea[J].Earth Science Frontiers,2000,7(3):239-246(in Chinese).
[20]Pang X,Chen C M,Peng D J,et al.Sequence stratigraphy of Pearl River Deep-water fan systemin the South China Sea[J].Earth Science Frontiers,2007,14(1):220-229(in Chi-nese).
[21]Mckenzie D.Some remarks onthe development of sedimenta-ry basins[J].EPSL,1978,40:25-32.
[22]Wernicke B.Low-angle normal faults in the Basin&Range Province:Nappe tectonics in an extending orogen[J].Na-ture,219(25):645-648.
[23]Lister G S,Ethridge M A,Symonds P A.Detachment faul-ting and the evolution of passive continental margins[J].Ge-ology,1986,14:246-250.
[24]Hayes D E,Nissen S S,Buhl P,et al.Throughgoing crustal faults along the northern margin of South China Sea and their role in crustal extension[J].J Geophysical Res,1995,100(B11):22435-22446.
[25]Nissen S S,Hayes D E,Yao B C.Gravity heat flowand seis-mic constraints on the process of crustal extension:Northern margin of the South China Sea[J].J Geophys Res,1995,100(B11):22447-22483.
[26]Yao B C.On the lithospheric rifting model in the Southwest Subbasin of South China Sea[J].Marine Geology&Quater-nary Geology,1999,19(2):37-48(in Chinese).
[27]Wu S M,Yang Y,Zhou D,et al.Discussion on the exten-sion model for the conjugate continental margin of South Chi-na Sea[J].Geological Journal of China University,2005,11(1):105-110(in Chinese).
[28]Holl way N H.The stratigraphic and tectonic evolution of Reed Bank,North Palawan and Mindoro to the Asian main-land and its significance in the evolution of the South China Sea[J].AAPG Bulletin,1982,66:1357-1383.
[29]Northrup CJ,Royden L H,Burchfiel B C.Motion of the Pa-cific plate relation to Eurasia and its potential relation to Ce-nozoic extension along the eastern margin of Eurasia[J].Ge-ology,1995,23:719-722.
[30]Lüdmann T,Wong H K.Neotectonic regime on the passive continental margin of the Northern South China Sea[J].Tec-tonophysics,1999,311(1-4):113-138.
[31]Hilde T WC,Uyeda S,Kroenke L.Evolution of the West-ern Pacific and its margin[J].Tectonophysics,1977,38:145-165.
[32]Hamilton W.Tectonics of the Indonesian Region[M].US Geol Surv,Prof Paper1078,1979:345.
[33]Williams P R,Johnston C R,Al mond R A,et al.Late Cre-taceous to Early Tertiary structural elements of West Kali-mantan[J].Tectonophysics,1988,148:279-297.
[34]Shi X B,Zhou D,Zhang Y X,et al.Density,thermal and rheological structures of Xisha Trough,South China Sea[J].Journal of Tropical Oceanolography,2002,21(2):23-31(in Chinese).
[35]Sun Z,Zhong Z H,Keep M,et al.3Danalogue modeling of the South China Sea:A discussion on breakup pattern[J].Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,2009,34:544-556(in Chi-nese).
[36]Li J B.Evolution of China s Marginal Seas and Its Effect ofNatural Resources[M].Beijing:Ocean Press,2005:228-240(in Chinese).
[4]姚伯初,曾维军,Hayes D E,等.中美合作调研南海地质专报[M].武汉:中国地质大学出版社,1994:1-204.
[5]姚伯初.南海西北海盆的构造特征及南海新生代的海底扩张[J].热带海洋,1999,18(1):7-15.
[7]吴世敏,杨恬,周蒂,等.南海北部陆源的构造属性问题[J].高校地质学报,2001,7(4):419-426.
[11]宋海斌,郝天珧,江为为.南海北部张裂边缘的类型及其形成机制[M]∥陈禺,等.寸丹集(庆贺刘光鼎院士工作50周年学术论文集).北京:科学出版社,1998:74-81.
[15]刘光鼎.中国海区及邻区地质地球物理系列图(1∶500万)[M].北京:地质出版社,1992.
[16]丁巍伟,陈汉林,杨树锋,等.南海西南次海盆与东部次海盆地质与地球物理分析[J].高校地质学报,2002,8(3):268-279.
[17]黎明碧,金翔龙,初凤友,等.神狐—一统暗沙隆起中部新生代地层层序划分及沉积演化[J].沉积学报,2002,20(4):545-551.
[18]黎明碧,金翔龙,李家彪,等.南海中北部中新世陆坡区凹陷沉积与古陆坡形态演变[J].海洋学报,2005,27(3):73-79.
[19]高红芳,白志琳.南海笔架南盆地地震反射波特征及地震层序地质时代探讨[J].地学前缘,2000,7(3):239-246.
[20]庞雄,陈长民,彭大均,等.南海珠江深水扇系统的层序地层学研究[J].地学前缘,2007,14(1):220-229.
[26]姚伯初.南海西南海盆的岩石圈张裂模式探讨[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,1999,19(2):37-48.
[27]吴世敏,杨怡,周蒂,等.南海南北共轭边缘伸展模型探讨[J].高校地质学报,2005,11(1):105-110.
[34]施小斌,周蒂,张毅祥,等.南海西沙海槽岩石圈的密度结构与热-流变结构[J].热带海洋学报,2002,21(2):23-31.
[36]李家彪.中国边缘海形成演化与资源效应[M].北京:海洋出版社,2005:228-240.
[2]Briasis A,Patriat P,Tapponnier P.Updated interpretation of magnetic anomalies and seafloor spreading in the South China Sea:Implications for the Tertiary tectonics of South-east Asia[J].J Geophys Res,1993,98(B4):6299-6328.
[3]Cande S C,Kent D V.Revised calibration of the geomagnetic polarity timescale for the Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic[J].J Geophys Res,1995,100(4):6093-6095.
[4]Yao B C,Zeng W J,Hayes D E,et al.The Geological Memoir of South China Sea Surveyed Jointly by China&U.S.A[M].Wuhan:China University of Geosciences Press,1994:1-204(in Chinese).
[5]Yao B C.Tectonic characteristics of Northwest Subbasin and seafloor spreading history of South China Seain Cenozoic[J].Tropic Oceanology,1999,18(1):7-15(in Chinese).
[6]Wessmann G,Kudrass H,Hinz K.Continuing rifting on the South China Margin[J].Geowissenschaften,1996,14:310-312.
[7]Wu S M,Yang Y,Zhou D,et al.Tectonic setting of the northern margin of South China Sea[J].Geological Journal of China Universities,2001,7(4):419-426(in Chinese).
[8]Feng Z Q,Miao WC.Structure and hydrocarbon of the para-passive continental margin of the Northern South China Sea[M]∥Geology and Geophysics of Continental Margin,AAPG Memoir,1992,53:27-41.
[9]Yan P,Zhou D,Liu Z S,et al.A crustal structure profile across the northern continental margin of the South China Sea[J].Tectonophysics,2001,338(1):1-21.
[10]Qiu X L,Ye S Y,We S M,et al.Crustal structure across the Xisha Trough,Northwestern South China Sea[J].Tec-tonophysics,2001,341:179-193.
[11]Song H B,Hao T Y,Jiang W W.Discussion on type and formation mechanism of the northern margin of the South China Sea[M]∥Chen Y,et al.Cundan Assembly.Beijing:Science Press,1998:74-81(in Chinese).
[12]Taylor B,Hayes D E.Origin and history of the South China Sea basin[M]∥Hayes D E.The Tectonic and Geologic Evo-lution of Southeast Asian Seas and Islands,Part2.Am Geo-phys Union Geophys Monogr,1983,27:23-56.
[13]Zhou D,Ru K,Chen HZ,et al.Kinematics of Cenozoic ex-tension on the South China Sea continental margin anditsim-plications for the tectonic evolution of the region[J].Tec-tonophysics,1995,251:161-177.
[14]Clift P,Lin J.Preferential mantle lithospheric extension un-der the South China margin[J].Marine and Petroleum Geolo-gy,2001,18:929-945.
[15]Liu G D.The Geological and Geophysical Map of the China s Seas and Adjacent Areas(at a scale of1∶5000000)[M].Beijing:Geological Publishing House,1992(in Chinese).
[16]Ding W W,Chen HL,Yang S F,et al.Geological and geo-physical analysis of the Southwestern and Eastern Sub-Ba-sins,South China Sea[J].Geological Journal of China Uni-versities,2002,8(3):268-279(in Chinese).
[17]Li MB,Jin X L,Chu F Y,et al.Sequence division and sedi-mentary evolution of Cenozoic in the middle Shenhu-Yitong Ansha Uplift[J].Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,2002,20(4):545-551(in Chinese).
[18]Li MB,Jin X L,Li J B,et al.Miocene deposition and paleo-slope evolvement of the middle part of northern continental slope in the South China Sea[J].Acta Oceanologica Sinica,2005,27(3):73-79(in Chinese).
[19]Gao H F,Bai Z L.Characteristics of seismic reflection and geologic ages of seismic sequences of Bijianan Basin,South China Sea[J].Earth Science Frontiers,2000,7(3):239-246(in Chinese).
[20]Pang X,Chen C M,Peng D J,et al.Sequence stratigraphy of Pearl River Deep-water fan systemin the South China Sea[J].Earth Science Frontiers,2007,14(1):220-229(in Chi-nese).
[21]Mckenzie D.Some remarks onthe development of sedimenta-ry basins[J].EPSL,1978,40:25-32.
[22]Wernicke B.Low-angle normal faults in the Basin&Range Province:Nappe tectonics in an extending orogen[J].Na-ture,219(25):645-648.
[23]Lister G S,Ethridge M A,Symonds P A.Detachment faul-ting and the evolution of passive continental margins[J].Ge-ology,1986,14:246-250.
[24]Hayes D E,Nissen S S,Buhl P,et al.Throughgoing crustal faults along the northern margin of South China Sea and their role in crustal extension[J].J Geophysical Res,1995,100(B11):22435-22446.
[25]Nissen S S,Hayes D E,Yao B C.Gravity heat flowand seis-mic constraints on the process of crustal extension:Northern margin of the South China Sea[J].J Geophys Res,1995,100(B11):22447-22483.
[26]Yao B C.On the lithospheric rifting model in the Southwest Subbasin of South China Sea[J].Marine Geology&Quater-nary Geology,1999,19(2):37-48(in Chinese).
[27]Wu S M,Yang Y,Zhou D,et al.Discussion on the exten-sion model for the conjugate continental margin of South Chi-na Sea[J].Geological Journal of China University,2005,11(1):105-110(in Chinese).
[28]Holl way N H.The stratigraphic and tectonic evolution of Reed Bank,North Palawan and Mindoro to the Asian main-land and its significance in the evolution of the South China Sea[J].AAPG Bulletin,1982,66:1357-1383.
[29]Northrup CJ,Royden L H,Burchfiel B C.Motion of the Pa-cific plate relation to Eurasia and its potential relation to Ce-nozoic extension along the eastern margin of Eurasia[J].Ge-ology,1995,23:719-722.
[30]Lüdmann T,Wong H K.Neotectonic regime on the passive continental margin of the Northern South China Sea[J].Tec-tonophysics,1999,311(1-4):113-138.
[31]Hilde T WC,Uyeda S,Kroenke L.Evolution of the West-ern Pacific and its margin[J].Tectonophysics,1977,38:145-165.
[32]Hamilton W.Tectonics of the Indonesian Region[M].US Geol Surv,Prof Paper1078,1979:345.
[33]Williams P R,Johnston C R,Al mond R A,et al.Late Cre-taceous to Early Tertiary structural elements of West Kali-mantan[J].Tectonophysics,1988,148:279-297.
[34]Shi X B,Zhou D,Zhang Y X,et al.Density,thermal and rheological structures of Xisha Trough,South China Sea[J].Journal of Tropical Oceanolography,2002,21(2):23-31(in Chinese).
[35]Sun Z,Zhong Z H,Keep M,et al.3Danalogue modeling of the South China Sea:A discussion on breakup pattern[J].Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,2009,34:544-556(in Chi-nese).
[36]Li J B.Evolution of China s Marginal Seas and Its Effect ofNatural Resources[M].Beijing:Ocean Press,2005:228-240(in Chinese).
[4]姚伯初,曾维军,Hayes D E,等.中美合作调研南海地质专报[M].武汉:中国地质大学出版社,1994:1-204.
[5]姚伯初.南海西北海盆的构造特征及南海新生代的海底扩张[J].热带海洋,1999,18(1):7-15.
[7]吴世敏,杨恬,周蒂,等.南海北部陆源的构造属性问题[J].高校地质学报,2001,7(4):419-426.
[11]宋海斌,郝天珧,江为为.南海北部张裂边缘的类型及其形成机制[M]∥陈禺,等.寸丹集(庆贺刘光鼎院士工作50周年学术论文集).北京:科学出版社,1998:74-81.
[15]刘光鼎.中国海区及邻区地质地球物理系列图(1∶500万)[M].北京:地质出版社,1992.
[16]丁巍伟,陈汉林,杨树锋,等.南海西南次海盆与东部次海盆地质与地球物理分析[J].高校地质学报,2002,8(3):268-279.
[17]黎明碧,金翔龙,初凤友,等.神狐—一统暗沙隆起中部新生代地层层序划分及沉积演化[J].沉积学报,2002,20(4):545-551.
[18]黎明碧,金翔龙,李家彪,等.南海中北部中新世陆坡区凹陷沉积与古陆坡形态演变[J].海洋学报,2005,27(3):73-79.
[19]高红芳,白志琳.南海笔架南盆地地震反射波特征及地震层序地质时代探讨[J].地学前缘,2000,7(3):239-246.
[20]庞雄,陈长民,彭大均,等.南海珠江深水扇系统的层序地层学研究[J].地学前缘,2007,14(1):220-229.
[26]姚伯初.南海西南海盆的岩石圈张裂模式探讨[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,1999,19(2):37-48.
[27]吴世敏,杨怡,周蒂,等.南海南北共轭边缘伸展模型探讨[J].高校地质学报,2005,11(1):105-110.
[34]施小斌,周蒂,张毅祥,等.南海西沙海槽岩石圈的密度结构与热-流变结构[J].热带海洋学报,2002,21(2):23-31.
[36]李家彪.中国边缘海形成演化与资源效应[M].北京:海洋出版社,2005:228-240.
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