汶川地震引发的次生灾害链
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摘要
汶川地震造成了大量的滑坡、崩塌,并诱发了多种地质和生态灾害链式发生。2008—2009年期间,在汶川地震震区开展了野外调查与试验,研究了各种不同的灾害链的形成条件及其链生机制。识别出了4种类型的灾害链,并重点研究了7起灾害链事件。发现灾害链中,每一级灾害事件都由其前一级灾害事件诱发。各级次生灾害造成的物质搬运量都远小于其上一级灾害所造成的物质搬运,灾害性沿灾害链呈现逐级衰减的趋势。由此定义灾害链衰减率为灾害链中某级次生灾害所造成的物质搬运或者灾害影响区面积与其上一级灾害所造成的物质搬运或灾害影响区面积之间的比值。汶川地震引起的次生灾害链衰减率在2%～30%。采用底栖动物作为指示物种,评价次生灾害链对震区河流生态造成的影响,发现受灾害链影响的河道中,底栖动物物种数急剧降低,生物多样性下降。
The Wenchuan Earthquake caused numerous landslides and avalanches,which initiated causal chains of secondary disasters.Field investigations and field experiments were performed in the earthquake area during 2008—2009 to study the disaster chains.Four types of disaster chains have been identified.In all of these disaster chains,each episode was caused by the previous episode.Moreover,the amount of mass movement decreased along the disaster chains.This paper defined an attenuation factor of disaster chain,which is expressed as the ratio of the volume of mass movement or affected area in one episode of a chain to the volume or affected area in the causal episode to express the decreasing.The attenuation factor of disaster chains caused by the Wenchuan Earthquake ranges from 2% to 30%.Macroinvertebrates were used to evaluate the ecological effect of the disaster chains,and it found that the species taxa were greatly reduced in the affected reach.
The Wenchuan Earthquake caused numerous landslides and avalanches,which initiated causal chains of secondary disasters.Field investigations and field experiments were performed in the earthquake area during 2008—2009 to study the disaster chains.Four types of disaster chains have been identified.In all of these disaster chains,each episode was caused by the previous episode.Moreover,the amount of mass movement decreased along the disaster chains.This paper defined an attenuation factor of disaster chain,which is expressed as the ratio of the volume of mass movement or affected area in one episode of a chain to the volume or affected area in the causal episode to express the decreasing.The attenuation factor of disaster chains caused by the Wenchuan Earthquake ranges from 2% to 30%.Macroinvertebrates were used to evaluate the ecological effect of the disaster chains,and it found that the species taxa were greatly reduced in the affected reach.
引文
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[20]Wang Zhaoyin,Liu Dandan,Shi Wenjing.Grain erosion inducedby the Wenchuan Earthquake and its control[J].Science of Soiland Water Conservation,2009,7(6):1-8[王兆印,刘丹丹,施文婧.汶川地震引发的颗粒侵蚀及其治理.中国水土保持科学,2009,7(6):1-8]
[21]Saas O,Krautblatter M.Debris flow-dominated and rockfall-domi-nated talus slopes:Genetic models derived from GPR measure-ments[J].Geomorphology,2007,86:176-192
[22]Matsuoka N.Frost weathering and rockwall erosion in the south-eastern Swiss Alps:Long-term(1994-2006)observations[J].Geomorphology,2008,99:353-368
[23]Duan Xuehua.Ecological impacts of water and sediment transporta-tion on macroinvertebrate community in rivers[D].Beijing:Disser-tation of Tsinghua University,2009[段学花.河流水沙对底栖动物的生态影响研究[D].北京:清华大学博士学位论文,2009]
[2]Yin Y-P.Researches on the geo-hazards triggered by Wenchuanearthquake,Sichuan[J].J Eng Geol,16(4):3-12[殷跃平.汶川八级地震地质灾害研究[J].工程地质学报,2008,16(4):3-12]
[3]Yin Sung Hsu,Yu Hsiung Hsu.Impact of earthquake-induceddammed lakes on channel evolution and bed mobility:case study ofthe Tsaoling landslide dammed lake[J].Journal of Hydrology,2009,374:43-55
[4]Xu Qiang,Fan Xuanmei,Huang Runqiu,et al.Landslide damstriggered by the Wenchuan Earthquake,Sichuan Province,southwest China[J].Bulletin of Engineering and Geological Environ-ment,2009,68:373-386
[5]Cui Peng,Zhu Yingyan,Han Yongshun,et al.The 12 May Wen-chuan earthquake-induced landslide lakes:Distribution and prelim-inary risk evaluation[J].Landslides,2009,6:209-223
[6]Perotto-Baldiviezo H L,Thurow T L,Smith CT,et al.GIS-basedspatial analysis and modeling for landslide hazard assessment insteeplands,southern Honduras[J].Agric.Ecosyst.Environ.,2004,103:165-176
[7]Wen Tzu Lin,Chao Yuan Lin,Jing Shyan Tsai,et al.Eco-environ-mental changes assessment at the Chiufenershan landslide areacaused by catastrophic earthquake in Central Taiwan[J].Ecologi-cal engineering,2008,33:220-232
[8]Ohmori H.Dynamics and erosion rate of the river running on a thickdeposit supplied by a large landslide[J].Z.Geom.,N.F.,1992,36:129-140
[9]Koi T,Hotta N,Ishigaki I,et al.Prolonged impact of earthquakeinduced landslides on sediment yield in a mountain watershed:TheTanzawa region,Japan[J].Geomorphology,2008,101:692-702
[10]Pearce A J,Watson A J.Effects of earthquake-induced landslideson sediment budget and transport over a 50-yr period[J].Geolo-gy,1986,14:52-55
[11]Bruce D Malamud,Donald L Turcotte,Fausto Guzzetti,et al.Landslides,earthquakes,and erosion[J].Earth and Planetary Sci-ence Letters,2004,229:45-59
[12]Ouyang Zhiyun,Xu Weihua,Wang Xuezhi,et al.Impact assess-ment of Wenchuan earthquake on ecosystems[J].Acta EcologicaSinica,2008,28(12):5801-5809[欧阳志云,徐卫华,王学志,等.汶川大地震对生态系统的影响[J].生态学报,2008,28(12):5801-5809]
[13]National Panel of Wenchuan Earthquake(2008)Atlas of geologicaland earthquake disasters of the Wenchuan Earthquake[M].Sino-maps Press,Beijing(in Chinese)[汶川地震图版.汶川地震地质及地震灾害图[M].北京:中国地图出版社,2008]
[14]Smith M J,Kay W R,Edward D H D,et al.AusRivAS:Usingmacroinvertebrates to assess ecological condition of rivers in West-ern Australia[J].Freshwater Biol.,1999,41:269-282
[15]Karr J R.Defining and measuring river health[J].Freshwater Bi-ol.,1999,41:221-234
[16]Duan Xuehua,Wang Zhaoyin,Xu Mengzhen,et al.Effect of stre-ambed sediment on benthic ecology[J].International Journal ofSediment Research,2009,24(3):325-338
[17]Zhang Yongshuang,Lei Weizhi,Shi Jusong,et al.General Char-acteristic of 5.12 earthquake-induced geoharzards in Sichuan[J].J Geomech,2008,14(2):109-116[张永双,雷伟志,石菊松,等.四川5.12地震次生地质灾害的基本特征初析[J].地质力学学报,2008,14(2):109-116]
[18]Sichuan Geological Engineering Corporation.Emergency geologicalprospecting project for 5.12 earthquake and earthquake-triggereddisasters:exploration,feasibility study,design reports of the Wen-jiagou Gully[R],2009[四川省地质工程集团公司.四川省地震灾区2008年重大地质灾害应急勘查设计项目:绵竹市文家沟泥石流勘查、可研、初设报告[R],2009]
[19]Wang Zhaoyin,Shi Wenjing,Liu Dandan.Continual erosion ofbared rocks after the Wenchuan Earthquake and control strategies[J].Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,2011,40(4):915-925
[20]Wang Zhaoyin,Liu Dandan,Shi Wenjing.Grain erosion inducedby the Wenchuan Earthquake and its control[J].Science of Soiland Water Conservation,2009,7(6):1-8[王兆印,刘丹丹,施文婧.汶川地震引发的颗粒侵蚀及其治理.中国水土保持科学,2009,7(6):1-8]
[21]Saas O,Krautblatter M.Debris flow-dominated and rockfall-domi-nated talus slopes:Genetic models derived from GPR measure-ments[J].Geomorphology,2007,86:176-192
[22]Matsuoka N.Frost weathering and rockwall erosion in the south-eastern Swiss Alps:Long-term(1994-2006)observations[J].Geomorphology,2008,99:353-368
[23]Duan Xuehua.Ecological impacts of water and sediment transporta-tion on macroinvertebrate community in rivers[D].Beijing:Disser-tation of Tsinghua University,2009[段学花.河流水沙对底栖动物的生态影响研究[D].北京:清华大学博士学位论文,2009]
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