伸展断层相关褶皱的几何学分析及其在车镇凹陷中的应用
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摘要
本文总结了伸展断层相关褶皱的发育类型,主要包括伸展断层传播褶皱与伸展断层转折褶皱(也叫断弯褶皱)等。伸展断层传播褶皱多形成在较陡的正断层之上,正断层向上传播使断层顶部地层弯曲,进而形成一个伸展的断层传播褶皱,其发育模式与三剪变形发育模式一致。车镇凹陷是渤海湾盆地南部一个典型的中新生代半地堑盆地。本文通过对横穿车镇凹陷的地震反射剖面进行精细的构造解析,以及车镇凹陷南部斜坡带小断层的精细解释,发现这个半地堑盆地的伸展构造具有明显的向斜构造特征,这种向斜构造并不是挤压所致,其发育符合伸展断层传播褶皱模型。由此运用伸展断层相关褶皱理论,同时按照三剪变形发育模式,模拟了车镇凹陷伸展构造的发育过程。经过对盆地内部构造变形的反复拟合和测算,我们确定了车镇凹陷伸展断层相关褶皱的构造几何学特征及其运动学过程,进而深化对渤海湾盆地半地堑构造的理解。
This paper summarized the structural styles of extensional fault-related folding, which includes extensional fault-propagation fold and extensional fault-bend fold and etc. Extensional fault-propagation fold formed upon a steep normal fault, which propagated upward and resulted in bending of the covering strata, forming a fault propagating folding. Its development model is similar to that of tri-shear deformation. The Chezhen depression is a typical Mesozoic-Cenozoic half-graben basin in the southern Bohai Bay Basin. Based on detailed structural geometric analysis of the seismic profiles across the Chezhen depression and south slope zone of the Chezhen depression, an obvious structural style of syncline has been identified, which did not result from structure compression but from extensional fault-propagation folding. Using the theories of extensional fault-related fold and the tri-shear model, we modeled the kinematic process of extensional faults in the Chenzhen depression. Using repeated modeling and measurements for the structural deformation within the basin, we present the geometric features of extensional fault-related folds and the process of deformation in the Chezhen depression, which further deepens understanding of the structural styles of half-graben of Bohai Bay basin.
This paper summarized the structural styles of extensional fault-related folding, which includes extensional fault-propagation fold and extensional fault-bend fold and etc. Extensional fault-propagation fold formed upon a steep normal fault, which propagated upward and resulted in bending of the covering strata, forming a fault propagating folding. Its development model is similar to that of tri-shear deformation. The Chezhen depression is a typical Mesozoic-Cenozoic half-graben basin in the southern Bohai Bay Basin. Based on detailed structural geometric analysis of the seismic profiles across the Chezhen depression and south slope zone of the Chezhen depression, an obvious structural style of syncline has been identified, which did not result from structure compression but from extensional fault-propagation folding. Using the theories of extensional fault-related fold and the tri-shear model, we modeled the kinematic process of extensional faults in the Chenzhen depression. Using repeated modeling and measurements for the structural deformation within the basin, we present the geometric features of extensional fault-related folds and the process of deformation in the Chezhen depression, which further deepens understanding of the structural styles of half-graben of Bohai Bay basin.
引文
侯贵廷,钱祥麟,蔡东升.2000.渤海中新生代盆地构造活动与沉积作用的时空关系.石油与天然气地质,21:201～206.
侯贵廷,钱祥麟,蔡东升.2001.渤海湾盆地中、新生代构造演化研究.北京大学学报(自然科学版),37:845～851.
贾东,陈竹新,张逸昆,王良书,陆建军,陈小明.2005.东营凹陷伸展断弯褶皱的构造几何学分析.大地构造与成矿学,29:295～302.
李军,王燮培.1998.渤海湾盆地构造格架及其演化.石油与天然气地质,19(1):63～67.
陆克政,漆家福,黄俊生,杨桥,童亨茂.1997.渤海湾新生代含油气盆地构造模式.北京:地质出版社,251.
漆家福,肖焕钦,张卫刚.2003.东营凹陷主干边界断层(带)构造几何学、运动学特征及成因解释.石油勘探与开发,33(3):8～12.
任建业,张青林.2004.东营凹陷中央背斜隆起带形成机制分析.大地构造与成矿学,28(3):254～262.
王颖,赵锡奎,高博禹.2002.济阳坳陷构造演化特征.成都理工学院学报,29:181～187.
吴兴宁,周建勋.2000.渤海湾盆地构造成因观点剖析.地球物理学进展,15(1):98～107.
郑德顺,吴智平,李伟,周瑶琪.2005.济阳坳陷中新生代盆地转型期断裂特征及其对盆地的控制作用.地质学报,79:386～394.
宗国洪,肖焕钦,李常宝,施央申,王良书.1999.济阳坳陷构造演化及其大地构造意义.高校地质学报,5:275～282.
Allen M B, Macdonald D I M, Zhao X, Vincent S I, Brouet-MenziesC. 1997. Early Cenozoic two-phase extension and late Cenozoicthermal subsidence and inversion of the Bohai basin, northernChina. Mar. Pet. Geol., 14: 951～972.
Allmendinger R W. 1998. Inverse and forward numerical modelingof trishear fault-propagation folds. Tectonics, 17: 640～656.
Barnett J A M, Mortimer J, Rippon J H, Walsh J J, Watterson J.1987. Displacement geometry in the volume containing a singlenormal fault. AAPG Bulletin, 71: 925～937.
Cadozo Nestor. 2008. Trishear in 3D. algorithms, implementation,and limitations. Journal of Structural Geology, 30: 327～340.
Chen Jianyu, Li Shuifu, Xiong Ying, Bi Yanbong. 1998. Multiplepetroleum systems in Tertiary extensional basins, East China: acase study of the Gunan-Fulin basin. Journal of PetroleumGeology, 21: 105～118.
Cooper K, Hardy S. 1999. The interaction between fault-relatedfolding and sedimentation in 3D. Thrust Tectonics Conference(Abstract), Royal Holloway, University of London, 156.
Corfield S, Sharp I R. 2000. Structural style and stratigraphicarchitecture of fault propagation folding in extensional settings:a seismic example from the Smφrbukk area, Halten Terrace,Mid-Norway. Basin Research, 12: 329～341.
Cristallini E O, Giambiagi L, Allmendinger R W. 2004. True three-dimensional trishear: a kinematic model for strike-slip andoblique-slip deformation. Geological Society of AmericaBulletin, 116: 938～952.
Deng J F, Mo X X. 2004. A new model for the dynamic evolution ofChinese lithosphere: continental roots plume tectonics. Earth-Science Reviews, 65: 223～275.
Deng J, Zhao H, Luo Z. 1998. Mantle plumes and lithospheremotion in East Asia. In: Flower M F J, ed. Mantle Dynamicsand Plate Interactions in East Asia. Geodyn. Series 27: 59～65.
Erslev E A. 1991. Trishear fault-propagation folding. Geology, 19617～620.
Erslev E A, Rogers J L. 1993. Bsement-cover geometry of Laramidefault-propagation folds, in Laramide basement deformation inthe Rocky Mountain foreland of the Western United States,eduted by C. J. Schmidt, R. B. Chase, and E. A. Erslev,Spec. Pap. Geol. Soc. Am., 280: 125～146.
Fischer M P, Wilkerson M S. 2000. Predicting the orientation ofjoints from fold shape: results of psudo-three-dimensionalmodeling and curvature analysis. Geology, 28: 15～18.
Fischer M P, Wilkerson M S, Christensen R D. 1999. Three-dimensional evolution of trishear fault-propagation folds:relations between fold geometry, fault geometry and faultdisplacement ( abs ). Thrust Tectonics, Abstracts. RoyalHolloway, University of London, 198.
Gawthorpe R, Hardy S. 2002. Extensional fault-propagation foldingand base-level change as controls on growth-strata geometries.Sedimentary Geology, 146: 47～56.
Gawthorpe R L, Sharp I R, Underhill J R, Gupta S. 1997. Linkedsequence stratigraphic and structural evolution of propagatingnormal faults. Geology, 25: 795～798.
Hamblin W K. 1965. Origin of "reverse drag" on the downthrownsides of normal faults. Geological Society of America Bulletin,76: 1145～1164.
Hardy S, Ford M. 1997. Numerical modeling of trishear fault-propagation folding and associated growth strata. Tectonics,16: 841～854.
Hardy S, McClay K. 1999. Kinematic modeling of extensional fault-propagation folding. Journal of Structural Geology, 21: 695～702.
He Lijuan, Wang Jiyang. 2004. Tectono-thermalmodelling ofsedimentary basins with episodic extension and inversion, a casehistory of the Jiyang Basin, North China. Basin Research, 16:587～599.
Jackson C A L, Gawthorpe R L, Sharp I R. 2006. Style andsequence of deformation during extensional fault-propagationfolding: examples from the Hammam Faraun and El-Qaa faultblocks, Suez Rift, Egypt. Journal of Structural Geology, 28:519～535.
Jin G, Groshong J H. 2006. Trishear kinematic modeling ofextensional fault-propagation folding. Journal of StructuralGeology, 28: 170～183.
Khalil S M, McClay K R. 2002. Extensional fault-related foldingnorthwestern Red Sea, Egypt. Journal of Structural Geology24: 743～762.
Laubscher H P. 1982. Die Sudostecke des Rheingrabens ein kine-matisches and dynamisches problem. Eclogae GeologicaeHelvetiae, 75: 101～116.
Li Pilong. 2004. Oil/gas distribution patterns in Dongyindepression, Bohai Bay basin. Journal of Petroleum Science &Engineering, 41: 57～66.
Maurin J C, Niviere B. 1999. Extensional forced folding andecollement of the pre-rift series along the Rhine graben antheir influence on the geometry of the syn-rift sequences. InCosgrove J W, Ameen M S, eds. Forced Folds and FracturesSpecial Publication, 169: 73～86.
Morley C K. 1999. Patterns of displacement along large normalfaults: implications for basin evolution and fault propagation,based on examples from East Africa. AAPG Bulletin, 83: 613～634.
Morley C K. 2002. Evolution of large normal faults: evidence fromseismic reflection data. AAPG Bulletin, 86: 961～978.
Okay A I, Sengor A M C. 1992. Evidence for intra-continentathrust-related exhumation of the ultra-high-pressure rocks inChina. Geology, 20: 411～414.
Ren Jianye, Tamak Kensaku, Li Sitian, Zhang Junxia. 2002. LateMesozoic and Cenozoic rifting and its dynamic setting in EasternChina and adjacent areas. Tectonophysics, 175～205.
Ren J S. 1996. The continental tectonics of China. Journal oSoutheast Asian Earth Sciences, 13: 197～204.
Schlische R W. 1995. Geometry and origin of fault-related folds inextensional settings. AAPG Bulletin, 79: 1661～1678.
Sharp I R, Gawthorpe R L, Underhill J R, Gupta S. 2000. Faultpropagation folding in extensional settings: examples ofstructural style and synrift sedimentary response from the Suezrift, Sinai, Egypt. GSA Bulletin, 112: 1877～1899.
Shaw J H, Hook S C, Sitohang E P. 1997. Extensional fault-benfolding and synrift deposition: an example from the centraSumatra basin, Indonesia. AAPG Bulletin, 81: 367～379.
Stewart S A, Harvey M J, Otto S C, Weston P J. 1996. Influencof salt on fault geometry: examples from the UK salt basinsIn: Alsop G I, Blundell D J, Davison I, eds. Salt Tectonics100. Geological Society Special Publication, 175～202.
Su Jinbao, Zhu Wenbin, Lu Huafu, Xu Mingjie, Yang Wei,Zhiyong Zhang. 2009. Geometry styles and quantification ofinversion structures in the Jiyang depression, Bohai Bay basin,eastern China. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 26: 25～38.
Su Jinbao, Zhu Wenbin, Wei Jia, Xu Leiming, Yang Yanfeng,Wang Zhiqiang, Zhang Zhiyong. 2011. Fault growth andlinkage: implications for tectonosedimentary evolution in theChezhen basin of Bohai Bay, eastern China. AAPG Bulletin,95: 1～26.
Suppe J, Chou G T, Hook S C. 1992. Rates of folding and faultingdetermined from growth strata. In: Mcklay K R, ed. ThrustTectonics. London, 145: 859～873.
Tapponnier P, Peltzer G, Armijo R. 1986, On the mechanics of thecollision between India and Asia. Spec. Publ.-Geol. Soc.(London), 19: 115～157.
White I R, Crider J G. 2006. Extensional fault-propagation folds:mechanical 118 models and observations from the ModocPlateau, northeastern California. Jouranl of StructuralGeology, 28: 1352～1370.
Willsey S P, Umhoefer P J, Hilley G E. 2002. Early evolution of anextensional monocline by a propagating normal fault: 3Danalysis from combined field study and numerical modeling.Journal of Structural Geology, 24: 651～669.
Withjack M O, Olson J, Peterson E. 1990. Experimental models ofextensional forced folds. American Association of PetroleumGeologists Bulletin, 74: 1038～1045.
Xiao Hongbin, Suppe J. 1992. Origin of rollover. AAPG Bulletin,76: 509～529.
Zhang Linye, Zhang Shouchun, Chen Zhilin, Zhang Chunrong,Hong Zhihua. 2004. The generation of immature oils in thelacustrine Jiyang mega-depression, Bohai Bay basin, China.Journal of petroleum Geology, 27: 389～402.
侯贵廷,钱祥麟,蔡东升.2001.渤海湾盆地中、新生代构造演化研究.北京大学学报(自然科学版),37:845～851.
贾东,陈竹新,张逸昆,王良书,陆建军,陈小明.2005.东营凹陷伸展断弯褶皱的构造几何学分析.大地构造与成矿学,29:295～302.
李军,王燮培.1998.渤海湾盆地构造格架及其演化.石油与天然气地质,19(1):63～67.
陆克政,漆家福,黄俊生,杨桥,童亨茂.1997.渤海湾新生代含油气盆地构造模式.北京:地质出版社,251.
漆家福,肖焕钦,张卫刚.2003.东营凹陷主干边界断层(带)构造几何学、运动学特征及成因解释.石油勘探与开发,33(3):8～12.
任建业,张青林.2004.东营凹陷中央背斜隆起带形成机制分析.大地构造与成矿学,28(3):254～262.
王颖,赵锡奎,高博禹.2002.济阳坳陷构造演化特征.成都理工学院学报,29:181～187.
吴兴宁,周建勋.2000.渤海湾盆地构造成因观点剖析.地球物理学进展,15(1):98～107.
郑德顺,吴智平,李伟,周瑶琪.2005.济阳坳陷中新生代盆地转型期断裂特征及其对盆地的控制作用.地质学报,79:386～394.
宗国洪,肖焕钦,李常宝,施央申,王良书.1999.济阳坳陷构造演化及其大地构造意义.高校地质学报,5:275～282.
Allen M B, Macdonald D I M, Zhao X, Vincent S I, Brouet-MenziesC. 1997. Early Cenozoic two-phase extension and late Cenozoicthermal subsidence and inversion of the Bohai basin, northernChina. Mar. Pet. Geol., 14: 951～972.
Allmendinger R W. 1998. Inverse and forward numerical modelingof trishear fault-propagation folds. Tectonics, 17: 640～656.
Barnett J A M, Mortimer J, Rippon J H, Walsh J J, Watterson J.1987. Displacement geometry in the volume containing a singlenormal fault. AAPG Bulletin, 71: 925～937.
Cadozo Nestor. 2008. Trishear in 3D. algorithms, implementation,and limitations. Journal of Structural Geology, 30: 327～340.
Chen Jianyu, Li Shuifu, Xiong Ying, Bi Yanbong. 1998. Multiplepetroleum systems in Tertiary extensional basins, East China: acase study of the Gunan-Fulin basin. Journal of PetroleumGeology, 21: 105～118.
Cooper K, Hardy S. 1999. The interaction between fault-relatedfolding and sedimentation in 3D. Thrust Tectonics Conference(Abstract), Royal Holloway, University of London, 156.
Corfield S, Sharp I R. 2000. Structural style and stratigraphicarchitecture of fault propagation folding in extensional settings:a seismic example from the Smφrbukk area, Halten Terrace,Mid-Norway. Basin Research, 12: 329～341.
Cristallini E O, Giambiagi L, Allmendinger R W. 2004. True three-dimensional trishear: a kinematic model for strike-slip andoblique-slip deformation. Geological Society of AmericaBulletin, 116: 938～952.
Deng J F, Mo X X. 2004. A new model for the dynamic evolution ofChinese lithosphere: continental roots plume tectonics. Earth-Science Reviews, 65: 223～275.
Deng J, Zhao H, Luo Z. 1998. Mantle plumes and lithospheremotion in East Asia. In: Flower M F J, ed. Mantle Dynamicsand Plate Interactions in East Asia. Geodyn. Series 27: 59～65.
Erslev E A. 1991. Trishear fault-propagation folding. Geology, 19617～620.
Erslev E A, Rogers J L. 1993. Bsement-cover geometry of Laramidefault-propagation folds, in Laramide basement deformation inthe Rocky Mountain foreland of the Western United States,eduted by C. J. Schmidt, R. B. Chase, and E. A. Erslev,Spec. Pap. Geol. Soc. Am., 280: 125～146.
Fischer M P, Wilkerson M S. 2000. Predicting the orientation ofjoints from fold shape: results of psudo-three-dimensionalmodeling and curvature analysis. Geology, 28: 15～18.
Fischer M P, Wilkerson M S, Christensen R D. 1999. Three-dimensional evolution of trishear fault-propagation folds:relations between fold geometry, fault geometry and faultdisplacement ( abs ). Thrust Tectonics, Abstracts. RoyalHolloway, University of London, 198.
Gawthorpe R, Hardy S. 2002. Extensional fault-propagation foldingand base-level change as controls on growth-strata geometries.Sedimentary Geology, 146: 47～56.
Gawthorpe R L, Sharp I R, Underhill J R, Gupta S. 1997. Linkedsequence stratigraphic and structural evolution of propagatingnormal faults. Geology, 25: 795～798.
Hamblin W K. 1965. Origin of "reverse drag" on the downthrownsides of normal faults. Geological Society of America Bulletin,76: 1145～1164.
Hardy S, Ford M. 1997. Numerical modeling of trishear fault-propagation folding and associated growth strata. Tectonics,16: 841～854.
Hardy S, McClay K. 1999. Kinematic modeling of extensional fault-propagation folding. Journal of Structural Geology, 21: 695～702.
He Lijuan, Wang Jiyang. 2004. Tectono-thermalmodelling ofsedimentary basins with episodic extension and inversion, a casehistory of the Jiyang Basin, North China. Basin Research, 16:587～599.
Jackson C A L, Gawthorpe R L, Sharp I R. 2006. Style andsequence of deformation during extensional fault-propagationfolding: examples from the Hammam Faraun and El-Qaa faultblocks, Suez Rift, Egypt. Journal of Structural Geology, 28:519～535.
Jin G, Groshong J H. 2006. Trishear kinematic modeling ofextensional fault-propagation folding. Journal of StructuralGeology, 28: 170～183.
Khalil S M, McClay K R. 2002. Extensional fault-related foldingnorthwestern Red Sea, Egypt. Journal of Structural Geology24: 743～762.
Laubscher H P. 1982. Die Sudostecke des Rheingrabens ein kine-matisches and dynamisches problem. Eclogae GeologicaeHelvetiae, 75: 101～116.
Li Pilong. 2004. Oil/gas distribution patterns in Dongyindepression, Bohai Bay basin. Journal of Petroleum Science &Engineering, 41: 57～66.
Maurin J C, Niviere B. 1999. Extensional forced folding andecollement of the pre-rift series along the Rhine graben antheir influence on the geometry of the syn-rift sequences. InCosgrove J W, Ameen M S, eds. Forced Folds and FracturesSpecial Publication, 169: 73～86.
Morley C K. 1999. Patterns of displacement along large normalfaults: implications for basin evolution and fault propagation,based on examples from East Africa. AAPG Bulletin, 83: 613～634.
Morley C K. 2002. Evolution of large normal faults: evidence fromseismic reflection data. AAPG Bulletin, 86: 961～978.
Okay A I, Sengor A M C. 1992. Evidence for intra-continentathrust-related exhumation of the ultra-high-pressure rocks inChina. Geology, 20: 411～414.
Ren Jianye, Tamak Kensaku, Li Sitian, Zhang Junxia. 2002. LateMesozoic and Cenozoic rifting and its dynamic setting in EasternChina and adjacent areas. Tectonophysics, 175～205.
Ren J S. 1996. The continental tectonics of China. Journal oSoutheast Asian Earth Sciences, 13: 197～204.
Schlische R W. 1995. Geometry and origin of fault-related folds inextensional settings. AAPG Bulletin, 79: 1661～1678.
Sharp I R, Gawthorpe R L, Underhill J R, Gupta S. 2000. Faultpropagation folding in extensional settings: examples ofstructural style and synrift sedimentary response from the Suezrift, Sinai, Egypt. GSA Bulletin, 112: 1877～1899.
Shaw J H, Hook S C, Sitohang E P. 1997. Extensional fault-benfolding and synrift deposition: an example from the centraSumatra basin, Indonesia. AAPG Bulletin, 81: 367～379.
Stewart S A, Harvey M J, Otto S C, Weston P J. 1996. Influencof salt on fault geometry: examples from the UK salt basinsIn: Alsop G I, Blundell D J, Davison I, eds. Salt Tectonics100. Geological Society Special Publication, 175～202.
Su Jinbao, Zhu Wenbin, Lu Huafu, Xu Mingjie, Yang Wei,Zhiyong Zhang. 2009. Geometry styles and quantification ofinversion structures in the Jiyang depression, Bohai Bay basin,eastern China. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 26: 25～38.
Su Jinbao, Zhu Wenbin, Wei Jia, Xu Leiming, Yang Yanfeng,Wang Zhiqiang, Zhang Zhiyong. 2011. Fault growth andlinkage: implications for tectonosedimentary evolution in theChezhen basin of Bohai Bay, eastern China. AAPG Bulletin,95: 1～26.
Suppe J, Chou G T, Hook S C. 1992. Rates of folding and faultingdetermined from growth strata. In: Mcklay K R, ed. ThrustTectonics. London, 145: 859～873.
Tapponnier P, Peltzer G, Armijo R. 1986, On the mechanics of thecollision between India and Asia. Spec. Publ.-Geol. Soc.(London), 19: 115～157.
White I R, Crider J G. 2006. Extensional fault-propagation folds:mechanical 118 models and observations from the ModocPlateau, northeastern California. Jouranl of StructuralGeology, 28: 1352～1370.
Willsey S P, Umhoefer P J, Hilley G E. 2002. Early evolution of anextensional monocline by a propagating normal fault: 3Danalysis from combined field study and numerical modeling.Journal of Structural Geology, 24: 651～669.
Withjack M O, Olson J, Peterson E. 1990. Experimental models ofextensional forced folds. American Association of PetroleumGeologists Bulletin, 74: 1038～1045.
Xiao Hongbin, Suppe J. 1992. Origin of rollover. AAPG Bulletin,76: 509～529.
Zhang Linye, Zhang Shouchun, Chen Zhilin, Zhang Chunrong,Hong Zhihua. 2004. The generation of immature oils in thelacustrine Jiyang mega-depression, Bohai Bay basin, China.Journal of petroleum Geology, 27: 389～402.
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