西沙碳酸盐岩建隆发育模式及其主控因素
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摘要
西沙碳酸盐岩建隆自晚渐新世开始发育于西沙隆起之上,层序分析对比和西沙群岛浅部钻井沉积相的研究表明,西沙碳酸盐岩建隆可分为灰沙岛相、礁坪相、粘结灰岩相、礁格架相和礁后泻湖相等沉积相带。西沙碳酸盐岩建隆在地震剖面上表现为具有一定规模的正地形,顶部强振幅,底界不明显,内部为弱振幅杂乱发射,规模较大的建隆表现为平顶,顶部为强振幅连续反射,内部为弱振幅反射,连续性不一,底界不明显。结合相对海平面变化影响分析,建立了西沙碳酸盐岩建隆的沉积模式,相对海平面的上升引起碳酸盐岩建隆向构造高部位的迁移,以及建隆内部水体的流通,而相对海平面的下降则引起建隆的向海侧积以及其顶部水体的流通性降低和泻湖的形成。此外,构造作用、陆源碎屑输入及水体温度盐度等因素也影响着西沙碳酸盐岩建隆的发育。
Carbonate buildups started growing up in the Late Oligocene on the edge of the Xisha Islands and structural highs.Sequence analysis and drilling well facies analysis suggest that a carbonate buildup may consist of various facies,such as the lime sand island facies,reef flat facies,bindstone facies,reef framework facies and backreef lagoon facies etc.In seismic profiles,the carbonate platform usually occurs as a positive landform with high amplitude at the top,low amplitude and chaotic reflection inside,and an ambiguous boundary at the bottom.Large scale carbonate buildups usually have high amplitude,continuous reflection and a flat top.We proposed in this study a sedimentary model for the Xisha carbonate buildup with respect to relative sea level changes.The rise of relative sea level leads to the retreat of carbonate buildup toward the structure highs,while dropping of the relative sea level causes the lateral accretion of the carbonate buildup towards the sea,leaving a lagoon behind the buildup.Besides,tectonic movement,terrigenous clastic input and temperature and salinity of sea water also influence the development of the carbonate buildup.
Carbonate buildups started growing up in the Late Oligocene on the edge of the Xisha Islands and structural highs.Sequence analysis and drilling well facies analysis suggest that a carbonate buildup may consist of various facies,such as the lime sand island facies,reef flat facies,bindstone facies,reef framework facies and backreef lagoon facies etc.In seismic profiles,the carbonate platform usually occurs as a positive landform with high amplitude at the top,low amplitude and chaotic reflection inside,and an ambiguous boundary at the bottom.Large scale carbonate buildups usually have high amplitude,continuous reflection and a flat top.We proposed in this study a sedimentary model for the Xisha carbonate buildup with respect to relative sea level changes.The rise of relative sea level leads to the retreat of carbonate buildup toward the structure highs,while dropping of the relative sea level causes the lateral accretion of the carbonate buildup towards the sea,leaving a lagoon behind the buildup.Besides,tectonic movement,terrigenous clastic input and temperature and salinity of sea water also influence the development of the carbonate buildup.
引文
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[18]赵强,西沙海域生物礁碳酸盐岩沉积学研究[P],中国科学院研究生院博士学位论文,2010.[ZHAO Qiang.The sedimen-tary research about reef carbonate in Xisha Waters[P].2010.]
[19]张云帆,孙珍,郭兴伟,等.琼东南盆地新生代沉降特征[J].热带海洋学报,2008,27(5):30-36.[ZHANG Yunfan,SUNZhen,GUO Xingwei,et al.Tectonic subsidence characteris-tics of Qiongdongnan basin in Cenozoic[J].Journal of Tropi-cal Oceanography,2008,27(5):30-36.]
[20]Ma Yubo,Wu Shiguo,Lv Fuliang,et al.Seismic character-istics and development of the Xisha carbonate platforms,northern margin of the South China Sea[J].Journal of AsianEarth Sciences,2011(40):770-783.
[21]马玉波.南海北部深水区生物礁碳酸盐岩台地的地球物理特征与地质演化[D].中国科学院研究生院博士学位论文,2010.[MA Yubo.Geophysical signature and geologic evolu-tion of reef and carbonate platform in deepwater area ofNorthern South China Sea[D],2010.]
[2]Heckel P H.Carbonate buildups in the geological record:a re-view[J].Mineral.Spec.Publ,1974,18:90 154.
[3]范嘉松,张维.生物礁的概念、分类及识别特征[J].岩石学报,1985,1(3):45-59.[FAN Jiasong,ZHANG Wei.Reefs andoil-gas in China[J].1996.]
[4]Read J F.Carbonate platform facies models[J].AAPG Bulle-tin,1985,69(1):1-21.
[5]许红,张金川,蔡峰.西沙群岛中新世生物礁矿物相研究及其意义[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,1994,14(4):15-23.[XUHong,ZHANG Jingchuan,CAI Feng.Study and significanceof Miocene biohermal mineral facies in the Xisha Islands[J].Marine Geology&Qliaternary Geology,1994(12),14(4):15-23.]
[6]许红,蔡峰,王玉净,等.西沙中新世生物礁演化与藻类的造礁作用[J].科学通报,1999,44(13):1435-1439.[XU Hong,CAI Feng,WANG Yujing,et al.Reef evolution and reefbuilding action in Miocene of Xisha Islands[J].Chinese Sci-ence Bulletin,1999(7),44(13):1435-1439.]
[7]张明书,刘建,李绍全,等.西沙群岛西琛一井礁序列成岩作用研究[J].地质学报,1997,71(3):236-244.[ZHANG Ming-shu,LIU Jian,LI Shaoquan,et al.Diagenesis of the reef suc-cession in the Xisha Islands[J].Acta geologica sinica,1997(8),71(3):236-245.]
[8]王玉净,勾韵娴,章炳高.西沙群岛西琛1井中新世地层、古生物群和古环境研究[J].微体古生物学报,1996,13(3):215-223.[WANG Yujing,GOU Yunxian,ZHANG Bingao.Studyof Miocene strata,biota and palaeoenvironment from Xi-chenNo.1hole in Xisha Islands[J].Acta Micropalaeontologica Sin-ica,1996(9),13(3):215-223.]
[9]魏喜,贾承造,孟卫工,等.西琛1井碳酸盐岩的矿物成分、地化特征及地质意义[J].岩石学报,2007,23(11):3015-3025.[WEI Xi,JIA Chengzao,MENG Weigong,et al.Mineralcontent and geochemistry characteristics of carbonate rock inwell No.Xichen-1and geological significance[J].Acta Petro-logica Sinica,2007,23(11):3015-3025.]
[10]龚再升,杨甲明,郝芳,等.莺歌海盆地与琼东南盆地成藏条件的比较及天然气勘探方向[J].地球科学(中国地质大学学报),2001,26(3):284-290.[GONG Zaisheng,YANGJiaming,HAO Fang,et al.Difference in natural gas accumu-lation conditions between Yinggehai and Qiongdongnan basinsand its implications for natural gas exploration[J].Earth Sci-ence!Journal of China University of Geosciences,2001(5),26(3):284-290.]
[11]李绪宣,钟志洪,董伟良,等.琼东南盆地古近纪裂陷构造特征及其动力学机制[J].石油勘探与开发,2006,33(6):713-721.[LI Xuxuan,ZHONG Zhihong,DONG Weiliang,et al.Paleogene rift structure and its dynamics of Qiongdongnanbasin[J].Petroleum Exploration and Development,2006,33(6):713-721.]
[12]Chen Percy-P H,Chen Zhiyuong,Zhang Qimin.Sequencestratigraphy and continental margin development of thenorthwestern shelf of the South China Sea[J].AAPG Bulle-tin,1993,77:842-862.
[13]Wu Shiguo,Yuan Shengqiang,Zhang Gongcheng,et al.Seismic characteristics of a reef carbonate reservoir and impli-cations for hydrocarbon exploration in deepwater of the Qion-gdongnan Basin,northern SCS[J].Marine and PetroleumGeology,2008,26(6):817-823;
[14]吴时国,袁圣强,董冬冬,等,南海北部深水区中新世生物礁发育特征[J].海洋与湖沼,2009,40(2):117-121.[WU Shiguo,YUAN Shengqiang,DONG Dongdong,et al.The Miocenereef development characteristics in northern South China Sea[J].Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica,2009,40(2):117-121.]
[15]马玉波,吴时国,许建龙,等.琼东南盆地南部深水凹陷生物礁及碳酸盐岩台地发育模式[J].天然气地球科学,2009,20(1):119-124.[MA Yubo,WU Shiguo,XU Jianlong,et al.Distribution and model of reef and carbonate platforms in thesouth deepwater sag of Qiongdongnan Basin[J].Natural GasGeoscience,2009,20(1):119-124.]
[16]魏魁生,崔旱云,叶淑芬,等.琼东南盆地高精度层序地层学[J].2001,26(1):59-66.[WEI Kuisheng,CUI Hanyun,YE Shufen,et al.High-precision sequence stratigraphy inQiongdongnan basin[J].Earth Science!Journal of ChinaUniversity of Geosciences,2001,26(1):59-66.]
[17]何仕斌,张功成,米立军,等.南海北部大陆边缘盆地深水区储层类型及沉积演化[J].石油学报,2007(9),28(5):51-56.[HE Shibin,ZHANG Gongcheng,MI Lijun,et al.Reser-voir type and sedimentary evolution in the continental margindeepwater area of the northern South China Sea[J].Acta Pe-trolei Sinica,2007(9),28(5):51-56.]
[18]赵强,西沙海域生物礁碳酸盐岩沉积学研究[P],中国科学院研究生院博士学位论文,2010.[ZHAO Qiang.The sedimen-tary research about reef carbonate in Xisha Waters[P].2010.]
[19]张云帆,孙珍,郭兴伟,等.琼东南盆地新生代沉降特征[J].热带海洋学报,2008,27(5):30-36.[ZHANG Yunfan,SUNZhen,GUO Xingwei,et al.Tectonic subsidence characteris-tics of Qiongdongnan basin in Cenozoic[J].Journal of Tropi-cal Oceanography,2008,27(5):30-36.]
[20]Ma Yubo,Wu Shiguo,Lv Fuliang,et al.Seismic character-istics and development of the Xisha carbonate platforms,northern margin of the South China Sea[J].Journal of AsianEarth Sciences,2011(40):770-783.
[21]马玉波.南海北部深水区生物礁碳酸盐岩台地的地球物理特征与地质演化[D].中国科学院研究生院博士学位论文,2010.[MA Yubo.Geophysical signature and geologic evolu-tion of reef and carbonate platform in deepwater area ofNorthern South China Sea[D],2010.]
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