海相碳酸盐岩优质储层形成机理与分布预测
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摘要
针对碳酸盐岩储层具有易溶蚀、易充填和成因、演化复杂的特点,以塔里木盆地寒武系-奥陶系、川东北二叠系-三叠系为主要对象,开展了环境描述、形成机理、发育模式和分布预测的研究,取得了以下三方面的认识。①不同条件下碳酸盐岩溶蚀能力对比实验表明,不同岩性、岩石结构、流体介质、添加物加入在开放与封闭状态下,碳酸盐岩溶蚀行为差异很大,但基本上遵循碳酸盐岩溶解—沉淀的"溶蚀窗"规律。②碳酸盐岩储层总体上受控于环境与地质作用过程两大条件。通过对不同类型储集体"五因素"(构造、地层、岩相、流体、时间)的剖析,表明不同地区和层系的储层分别具有各自特有的成因特点、主控因素和分布规律。③海相碳酸盐岩储层预测面临复杂地表—构造、埋深大、形态复杂、非均质性强等不利条件,通过"以岩石物理分析为基础,提高地震资料处理技术水平,利用井—震结合,厘清不同类型碳酸盐岩储层地质特征和地球物理响应特征,建立碳酸盐岩储层的地球物理响应模式,分析其非线性特征,揭示储层内部的不连续性、不规则性,定量计算储层物性和含油气性"技术路线的实施,可以有效预测优质碳酸盐岩储层的空间分布。
Marine carbonate reservoirs are characterized by high propensity for dissolution and filling and complexity of genesis and evolution.We performed description of sedimentary environment,study of forming mechanism and development models,and prediction of distribution of carbonate reservoirs in the Cambrian-Ordovician in Tarim Basin and the Permian-Triassic in Northeastern Sichuan Basin,and came to the following three conclusions. First,the behaviors of carbonates dissolution are quite different depending on lithologies,structures, fluids and fillings as well as the system being open or closed.However,they still obey the law of "dissolution window".Secondly,carbonate reservoirs are principally controlled by sedimentary environment and diagenetic process.Analysis of five influential factors including structures,stratigraphy,lithofacies,fluids and forming time shows that reservoirs in different areas and different layers are different in genesis,controlling factors and distributing characteristics.Thirdly,the geophysical prediction for carbonate reservoirs are confronted with complex surface conditions,complicated structures,great burial depth,complicated geometry and strong heterogeneity. However,the spatial distribution of high-quality carbonate reservoirs can be predicted effectively by utilizing the integrated predicting methods including petrophysical characteristic analysis of logging data,processing of high-resolution 3-D seismic data,calibration of seismic data with well data,differentiation of geological and geophysi- cal characteristics of different types of reservoirs,construction of the model of the geophysical response to carbonate reservoirs,demonstration of the discontinuity and irregularity of reservoirs,as well as quantitative calculation of the physical parameters and the hydrocarbon potential of carbonate reservoirs.
Marine carbonate reservoirs are characterized by high propensity for dissolution and filling and complexity of genesis and evolution.We performed description of sedimentary environment,study of forming mechanism and development models,and prediction of distribution of carbonate reservoirs in the Cambrian-Ordovician in Tarim Basin and the Permian-Triassic in Northeastern Sichuan Basin,and came to the following three conclusions. First,the behaviors of carbonates dissolution are quite different depending on lithologies,structures, fluids and fillings as well as the system being open or closed.However,they still obey the law of "dissolution window".Secondly,carbonate reservoirs are principally controlled by sedimentary environment and diagenetic process.Analysis of five influential factors including structures,stratigraphy,lithofacies,fluids and forming time shows that reservoirs in different areas and different layers are different in genesis,controlling factors and distributing characteristics.Thirdly,the geophysical prediction for carbonate reservoirs are confronted with complex surface conditions,complicated structures,great burial depth,complicated geometry and strong heterogeneity. However,the spatial distribution of high-quality carbonate reservoirs can be predicted effectively by utilizing the integrated predicting methods including petrophysical characteristic analysis of logging data,processing of high-resolution 3-D seismic data,calibration of seismic data with well data,differentiation of geological and geophysi- cal characteristics of different types of reservoirs,construction of the model of the geophysical response to carbonate reservoirs,demonstration of the discontinuity and irregularity of reservoirs,as well as quantitative calculation of the physical parameters and the hydrocarbon potential of carbonate reservoirs.
引文
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[3]刘再华,Dreybrodt W.DBL理论模型及方解石溶解、沉积速率预报[J].中国岩溶,1998,17(1):1-7. Liu Zaihua,Dreybrodt W.The DBL model and predicton of calcite dissolution/precipititation rates[J].Carsologica Sinica, 1998,17(1):1 -7.
[4]Alkattan M,Oelkers E H,Dandurand J L.An experimental study of calcite and limestone dissolution rates as a function of pH from 1 to 3 and temperature from 25℃to 80℃[J]. Chemestry Geology,1998,151:199-214.
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[6]唐健生,夏日元,邹胜章,等.塔里木盆地西北缘野外溶蚀试验研究[J].中国岩溶,2004,23(3):234-237. Tang Jiansheng,Xia Riyuan,Zou Shengzhang,et al.Experimental study on the field corrosion on the northwest verge of Tarim Basin[J].Carsologica Sinica,2004,23(3):234-237.
[7]顾家裕,张兴阳,罗平,等.塔里木盆地奥陶系台地边缘生物礁、滩发育特征[J].石油与天然气地质,2005,26 (3):277-283. Gu Jiayu,Zhang Xingyang,Luo Ping,et al.Development characteristics of organic reef-bank complex on Ordovician carbonate platform margin in Tarim Basin[J].Oil & Gas Geology, 2005,26(3):277-283.
[8]于炳松,陈建强,林畅松,等.塔里木盆地奥陶系层序地层格架及其对碳酸盐岩储集体发育的控制[J].石油与天然气地质,2005,26(3):305-316. Yu Bingsong,Chen Jianqiang,Lin Changsong,et al.Sequence stratigraphic framework and its control on development of Ordovician carbonate reservoir in Tarim basin[J].Oil & Gas Geology,2005,26(3):305 -316.
[9]Charles K.Karst-controUed reservoir heterogeneity in Ellenburger Group carbonates of west Texas[J].AAPG Bull., 1988,72(10):1160-1183.
[10]叶德胜.塔里木盆地北部寒武-奥陶系碳酸盐岩的深部溶蚀作用[J].沉积学报,1994,12(1):66-71. Ye Desheng.Deep dissolution of Cambrian-Odovician carbonates in the Northern Tarim Basin[J].Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,1994,12(1):66-71.
[11]金之钧,朱东亚,胡文瑄,等.塔里木盆地热液活动地质地球化学特征及其对储层影响[J].地质学报,2006,80 (2):245-253. Jin Zhijun,Zhu Dongya,Hu Wenxuan,et al.Geological and geochemical signatures of hydrothermal activity and their influence on carbonate reservoir beds in the Tarim Basin[J].Acta Geological Sinica,2006,80(2):245 -253.
[12]朱光有,张水昌,梁英波.TSR对深部碳酸盐岩储层的溶蚀改造—四川盆地深部碳酸盐岩优质储层形成的重要方式[J].岩石学报,2006,22(8):2182-2193. Zhu Guangyou,Zhang Shuichang,Liang Yingbo.Dissolution impact of TSR on the deep carbonate reservoirs—an important forming mechanism of the deep carbonate reservoirs in Sichuan Basin[J].Acta Petrologica Sinica,2006,22(8):2182 - 2193.
[13]黄思静,胡作维,邹明亮,等.四川盆地东北部三叠系飞仙关组硫酸盐还原作用对碳酸盐成岩作用的影响[J].沉积学报,2007,25(6):815-824. Huang Sijing,Hu Zuowei,Zou Mingliang,et al.Influence of sulfate reduction on diagenesis of Feixianguan carbonate in Triassic, NE Sichuan Basin of China[J].Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,2007,25(6):815 -824.
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